Borrowed words translation. Words that came into the Russian language from foreign languages and their meaning

Borrowed words in Russian

By the nature and volume of borrowings in the Russian language, one can trace the ways historical development language, that is, the path of international travel, communications and scientific development, and, as a result, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Observing the transition of words and phrases from any foreign language into the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language, both literary and dialects.

Borrowings and foreign words

It is necessary to distinguish between borrowings and foreign words.

Borrowings (words, less often syntactic and phraseological phrases) are adapted in the Russian language, undergoing the necessary semantic and phonetic changes. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowing from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.

In the history of the language, periods of predominant borrowing alternated:

from Germanic languages and Latin (Proto-Slavic period);
from the Finno-Ugric languages (the period of colonization by the Slavs of Northern and North-Eastern Rus');
from the Greek, and then the Old / Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization, further book influence);
from the Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
from in English( - the beginning of the XXI century).

Borrowing history

Borrowings in Old Russian

Many foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the distant past are so assimilated by them that their origin is discovered only with the help of etymological analysis. These are, for example, some borrowings from the Turkic languages, the so-called Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages have penetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus coexisted with such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Cumans, Berendeys, Pechenegs and others. Around the 8th-12th centuries, such ancient Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages \u200b\u200bdate as boyar, tent, hero, pearl, koumiss, gang, cart, horde. It should be noted that historians of the Russian language often disagree about the origin of certain borrowings. So, in some linguistic dictionaries the word horse is recognized as Turkism, while other experts attribute this word to the original Russian.

A noticeable trace was left by Greekisms, which came into the Old Russian language mainly through the medium of Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium played an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language begins. The Greekisms of the period of the X-XVII centuries include words from the area religions: anathema, angel, bishop, daemon, icon, monk, monastery, lampada, sexton; scientific terms: mathematics, philosophy, story, grammar; household terms: lime, sugar, bench, notebook, flashlight; denominations plants and animals: buffalo, beans, beet and others. Later borrowings refer mainly to the area arts and sciences: trochee, comedy, mantle, poem, logics, analogy and others. Many Greek words that received international status entered the Russian language through Western European languages.

TO XVII century translations from Latin into Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words into the Russian language has begun. Many of these words continue to exist in our language to this day ( Bible, doctor, medicine, lily, rose and others).

Borrowings under Peter I

The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I. The transformational activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. The Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of some household items, new concepts in science and technology, in maritime affairs, in administration, in art, etc., had a huge impact on the language of that time. Russian borrowed foreign words such as algebra, optics, globe, apoplexy, varnish, compass, cruiser, port, frame, army, deserter, cavalry, office, Act, rent, rate and many others.

Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly in the time of Peter the Great in connection with the development of navigation. These include ballast, buer, spirit level, shipyard, harbor, drift, tack, pilot, sailor, yardarm, rudder, flag, fleet, navigator and so on.

From the English language at the same time, terms from the field of maritime affairs were also borrowed: barge, bot, brig, whaleboat, midshipman, schooner, boat and others.

It is known, however, that Peter himself had a negative attitude towards the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible”, without abusing non-Russian words. So, for example, in his message to Ambassador Rudakovsky, Peter wrote:

“In your communications, you use many Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to comprehend the case itself: for the sake of you, from now on, write your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms”

Borrowings in the XVIII-XIX centuries

Great contribution to the study and streamlining foreign borrowings introduced by M.V. Lomonosov, who in his work "Anthology on the History of Russian Linguistics" outlined his observations about Greek words in the Russian language in general, and in the field of the formation of scientific terms in particular.

“... Avoiding foreign borrowings, Lomonosov at the same time sought to promote the convergence of Russian science with Western European, using, on the one hand, international scientific terminology, composed mainly of Greek-Latin roots, and on the other hand, forming new Russian terms or rethinking already existing words

Lomonosov believed that the Russian language had lost stability and language norm due to the "clogging" of the living spoken language with borrowings from a variety of languages. This prompted Lomonosov to create a "Foreword on the Usefulness of Church Books", in which he manages to lay the foundations of the Russian language, corresponding to the time.

Active political and social ties with France in the 18th-19th centuries contributed to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of borrowings from French. French becomes the official language of court and aristocratic circles, the language of secular noble salons. Borrowings of this time are the names of household items, clothing, food products: the Bureau, boudoir, stained glass window, couch; shoe, veil, wardrobe, vest, coat, bouillon, the vinaigrette, jelly, marmalade; art words: actor, entrepreneur, poster, ballet, juggler, director; military terms: battalion, garrison, gun, squadron; socio-political terms: bourgeois, declassed, demoralization, department and others.

Italian and Spanish borrowings are mainly associated with the field of art: aria, allegro, Bravo, cello, short story, piano, recitative, tenor(Italian) or guitar, mantilla, castanets, serenade(Spanish), as well as with everyday concepts: currency, villa; vermicelli, pasta(Italian).

By the end of the XVIII century. the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, has reached a high degree of development. The Old Book linguistic culture was supplanted by the new European one. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, consciously uses Church Slavonicisms and Western European borrowings.

Borrowings in the XX-XXI centuries

Leonid Petrovich Krysin in his work "On the Russian Language of Our Days" analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. According to him, the collapse Soviet Union, activation of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, flourishing foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers foreign languages. Thus, first in professional, and then in other areas, terms related to computer technology appeared (for example, computer, display, file, interface, Printer and others); economic and financial terms (for example, barter, broker, voucher, dealer and others); names of sports windsurfing, skateboard, arm wrestling, kickboxing); in less specialized areas of human activity ( image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show).

Many of these words have already been fully assimilated into the Russian language.

Word formation using borrowings

In addition to borrowing foreign vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign word-building elements to create proper Russian words. Among such borrowings, special mention is

prefixes A-, anti-, archi-, pan- and others from Greek ( apolitical, anti-worlds, rogues, pan-Slavism); de-, counter-, trance-, ultra- from Latin ( deheroization, counteroffensive, trans-regional, far right);
suffixes: -ism, -PC, -izirov-a(t), -er from Western European languages: collectivism, essayist, militarize, boyfriend.

At the same time, these word-building elements are often used in the Russian language together with the word-building model, which is characteristic of foreign words or elements of this model ((fr.) conductor, trainee and (Russian) boyfriend with a French suffix). This shows the regularity of the introduction of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and their active assimilation to a borrowed language.

Thus, the formation of foreign language structural elements as independent morphemes in the Russian language takes place, in other words, the process of morphemization is carried out. It is clear that this is a long-term, gradual process, involving a number of stages and stages in the acquisition of morphemic properties in the Russian language by a foreign structural element.

Quotes

Aphorism of the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky:

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov:

Notes

Literature

Shcherba L.V. Selected Works on the Russian Language, Aspect Press, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.
Sobolevsky A.I. Russian history literary language. Languages of Slavic Culture 2006 ISBN 5-95510-128-4.
Filkova P. D. On the assimilation of Church Slavonicisms by the lexical system of the Russian literary language // Issues of historical lexicology of East Slavic languages. - M., 1974.
Explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. Language Changes at the End of the 20th Century, Astrel, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.
Krysin L.P. Russian word, one's own and someone else's, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.
Brandt R. F. Lectures on the History of the Russian Language 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.
Demyanov V. G. Foreign vocabulary in the history of the Russian language in the XI-XVII centuries. Problems morphological adaptation Science, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.
Uspensky B. A. Historical and Philological Essays, Languages of Slavic Culture, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.
Lotte D.S. Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and term elements. - M., 1982.
Vinogradov V.V., Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1938.
Semenova M. Yu. Dictionary of Anglicisms. - Rostov n / a, 2003.

Links

Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words, 2007, Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Compiled by L. P. Krysin
Formation of Russian vocabulary. Mastering borrowed words in Russian
Horse and horse. Turkisms in Russian. Interview with I. G. Dobrodomov Radio Liberty
L. Bozhenko. Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called early modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. Vocabulary enriched huge amount words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought in the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) in many cases were subjected to latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural ties with various countries during the New English period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th and 19th centuries, more or less words were introduced into the English language from the most diverse languages of the world. IN modern times the international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic ties between the two states were established rather late, only to XVI century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the extant English descriptions Moscow state, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sables, were highly valued in Europe. In English dictionaries, this word was already recorded in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun "sable", it is also given in the meaning of the adjective "black".

More Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, estate, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (headman), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet ), rouble (ruble), altyn (altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (patties), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Penetrate into English and some special terms. For example: siberite is a special kind of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the vocabulary of the English language and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through the Polish language. Of course, the roots of words like nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they originated in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrate into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as, for example, ispravnik (spravnik), miroed (world-eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings that have become widespread in modern English is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] was indicated in the letter by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (for the first time this word was included in Ludolf's Russian Grammar).

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social order and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan (five-year plan), palace of culture (palace of culture), hero of labor (hero of labor).

Here are some more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as cripples (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (borzoi), byelorussian * (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (cottage), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (karakul, astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail) ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen on the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound image of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. The plural of most nouns borrowed from the Russian language is formalized in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives according to the word-building models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should also be noted that the borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day make up an insignificant proportion, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of the life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

FOREIGN WORDS IN MODERN SPEECH: FOR AND AGAINST

Dolgorukov Alexander Igorevich

3rd year student, Department of ISE PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Email: djinka[email protected] mail. en

Bogdanov Anton Igorevich

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. f. Sciences, art. teacher, PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Nowadays, it is very common to hear some foreign words in people's conversations. This fact is especially clear in the communication of young people. At the same time, for sure, many people have a question: is it possible to say the same word, only in Russian? In most cases, this question can be answered in the affirmative. Then it becomes interesting, why use other words, because there are native ones that have long been used in the Russian language? It turns out that the topic is very relevant for modern society and it is necessary to determine exactly whether such borrowings bring benefit, or maybe harm, to our language.

The purpose of this work is to study the arguments for and against words borrowed from other languages in our modern speech.

Among the objectives of our study, we highlight the following: processing various sources of information on this issue, familiarization with the history of borrowings in modern language and analysis performed with drawing conclusions about the study.

According to many researchers, the lexicon of our language has come a long way of development. Our lexicon consists not only of ancient Russian words, but also words that appeared as a result of borrowing from other languages. All nations live among others and in most cases have some kind of ties with them: for example, trade, industrial and economic. As a result - the mutual influence of peoples on each other. Moreover, the influence is stronger, the more stable and longer the relationship. Foreign words replenished our language along the entire path of its historical development. But some borrowings were made in ancient times, while others are relatively recent. And how things are at the present time, our study will help us to find out.

The languages of the peoples in contact have mutual influence, since they are the main means of contact, the means by which international relations are carried out. The main form of the linguistic influence of one people on another is the borrowing of new words from other peoples. Borrowing enriches any language, makes it more stable and usually does not infringe on its independence, since it preserves the main vocabulary of the language, the grammatical structure characteristic of the given language, and does not infringe on the internal laws of language development.

Russians in the course of their history have had various connections with other peoples around the world. The result of these connections was a large number of foreign words borrowed by Russian from other languages.

In linguistics, a borrowed word is understood as a word that came into the Russian language from another source, even if in terms of morphemes this word does not differ at all from native Russian words.

The process of borrowing new words is a completely adequate phenomenon, and in certain historical periods even inevitable and necessary for the development of the people as a whole. In principle, learning a foreign vocabulary enriches the vocabulary of the current language. One can recall the great role played by the Greek and Latin languages in Europe, the Old Church Slavonic language in the Slavic world, and Arabic in the Muslim East. The borrowing of words from non-native languages was carried out, is happening and will continue at all times, regardless of the language of the people. If you count the borrowed words, you can get very interesting results. For example, among Germans, borrowings fluctuate in the region of tens of thousands of words, and in the English lexicon they make up more than half.

Thus, the borrowing of words from a foreign language into the native one is quite understandable, since the development of a people cannot take place without this borrowing. In addition, there is probably not a single language in the world in which there would be no borrowings at all. The reasons that contribute to the arrival of foreign words in the current language, we will consider in the next subheading.

The reasons for borrowing are divided into two groups: extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic.

The main reason for external borrowing is the close political, trade, economic, industrial and cultural ties between representatives and native speakers. The most common form of influence explained by such connections is the borrowing of a word along with the borrowing of its definition or subject matter. For example, with the advent of such inventions as a car, a conveyor belt, a radio, a cinema, a TV set, a laser, and many others, their names, which were not originally native Russian, also entered the Russian language.

Another reason for such borrowing is giving meaning with the help of a foreign word to some special kind of objects or concepts that were previously called just one Russian (or borrowed before this new word) word. For example, for a designation that distinguishes from the Russian variety, jam (in the form of a thick homogeneous mass) was fixed English word"jam". The need for a narrow meaning of things and definitions leads to the borrowing of most scientific and technical terms, for example, “relevant” - “essential”, “local” - “local”, “transformer” - “transducer”, etc.

Another intralinguistic reason for borrowing, inherent in all languages, including Russian, is the replacement of a descriptive, consisting of several words, names with one-word ones. Because of this, a borrowed word is often preferred to an already existing descriptive phrase of several words, if both of them serve to define the same concept, for example, "sniper" - instead of a marksman, etc.

It happens that the tendency to replace native descriptive phrases with borrowed words is opposed by another, only on the contrary, restraining the effect of the first. And it consists in the following: groups of names appear in the language that have the meaning of correlative concepts, and usually the names that form these groups are similar in structure: either they all consist of one word (the most common), or they consist of two words (white bread - black bread, etc.). If the names that form a group consist of two words, then the replacement of one of the names with a borrowed word occurs very rarely.

So, with the advent of “silent” cinema with sound, the German word “film” appeared in our language. But it could not become part of the language due to the fact that there was already a formed group of names consisting of two words: “silent cinema” - “talk film”.

There is one more reason that contributes to the appearance of foreign words. If borrowed words are strengthened in our language, which contribute to the emergence of a series that is united by the similarity of meaning and morphological structure, then the borrowing of a new word similar to the words inherent in this series becomes much easier. So, in the 19th century, the words gentleman and policeman were borrowed from the English language. Already in late XIX- At the beginning of the 20th century, an athlete, a record holder, a yachtsman were added here. As a result, a number of words appeared that had the meaning of a person and a common element - men. New borrowings began to join this small series, which today are already quite significant and often used: bartender, businessman, showman, etc.

Among the reasons and conditions for borrowing, a certain role is given to public assessment“foreign” word as more prestigious than a native word similar in lexical meaning: “presentation” instead of “representation”, “exclusive” instead of “exceptional”, etc.

Thus, all the reasons for the appearance of loanwords in the current language fall into two categories, each of which is explained in the above text. These reasons once again confirm borrowing as a factor in the development of any language in general.

And what about borrowed words (in relation to quantity) in Russian now?

foreign words in vocabulary modern literary language may be quite numerous in the vocabulary, but still do not exceed 10% of the total vocabulary. In the general system of the language, only a small part is common to all styles of common vocabulary; most of them have a stylistically fixed use in speech and therefore are used in a narrow field of application (terms, professionalisms, specific book words, etc.) /

There is no doubt that even with borrowing, our vocabulary still remains Indo-European-Slavic-Russian at the root. And this is an indicator of the preservation of the originality of the Russian language.

In fact, it is not so easy to distinguish between concepts. Borrowing can develop in two ways: oral and written (through books). With written borrowing, the word practically does not change, with oral borrowing it often changes more strongly.

Borrowings can be direct (from one language to another) and indirect (through intermediaries): "painter", "fair" - from German through Polish.

It is definitely clear that as part of the general literary language, special foreign vocabulary does not lose its terminological character.

The normal process of borrowing is a creative and active act. He assumes a high degree independence, a high degree of language development. The effectiveness and meaning of language contacts lie not so much in the number of borrowings, but in those processes of creative excitement, creative activity and strength that arise in the language's own means as a result of these contacts.

Thus, with regard to the admissibility of this or that borrowing, it is necessary to take into account that it is not the borrowed words themselves that are bad, but their misuse, unnecessary use without the need and taking into account the genres and styles of speech to which these words belong.

After analyzing the various opinions of experts, we can summarize our work done.

It is worth emphasizing that there is nothing critical in the presence in mother tongue I do not see new words from other languages, they are borrowed as a result of communication between different peoples. In addition, borrowings are an indicator of the normal development of the language and its integration into the international society /

In addition to the above, it is necessary to clearly understand and distinguish the meaning of the foreign words used, since in this case they can harm our speech and the language as a whole, being used in erroneous or inaccurate meanings. However, very often new foreign words that have come into the language make it possible to replace entire phrases with one new word, which cannot be assessed negatively. In the case of using the wrong meaning of words, the meaning of their appearance in the language as a whole is lost.

As a result of the study, it must be said that borrowed words play a positive role in modern speech, if used in correct values and not to use the "dominance" of their own speech by them. In our information society the influence of different languages on each other is inevitable, therefore, this fact should be positively perceived, but not allow a foreign language to completely replace your native one.

I hope that in the current political situation, the Russian language will not die under the influence of external factors, but will continue to develop without violating its originality.

Bibliography:

Drovnikova L.N. Priority and alternative // Russian speech. 1998. No. 5.
Morozova L.A. Reflections on new terms // Russian literature. 1993. No. 1.

IN modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech ...

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, the long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the one who came from German language word fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language without decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In the article brought to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

***
Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. The word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer even think about its meaning. And meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creativity." The word poem is translated as "creation", and rhyme - "proportion", "consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. The stanza in Greek means “turn”, and the epithet is “figurative definition”.

WITH Ancient Greece such terms as epic (“collection of legends”), myth (“word”, “speech”), drama (“action”), lyrics (from the word musical), elegy (“mournful tune of a flute”), ode ( "song"), epithalama ("wedding poem or song"), epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy ("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these representations. Well, the stage is, of course, the “tent”, where the actors performed. As far as parody is concerned, it is “singing inside out”.

***
Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us what it is short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech". The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and the illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “what should be read”, a memorandum is “what should be remembered”, and an opus is “work”, “work”. The word fabula in Latin means "story", "tale", but in Russian it came from German with the meaning "plot". A manuscript is a document “written by hand”, but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order”. Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means a song in the native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", then - "mystery" and only later began to be used in the meaning of "writing", "letters".

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“in another place”), verdict (“truth is spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I call”), notary - (“scribe”), protocol (“ first page”), visa (“viewed”), etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("to confuse") are also of Latin origin. The Romans, on the other hand, came up with the word blunder - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”. Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy (“dissection”), agony (“struggle”), hormone (“I set in motion”), diagnosis (“definition”), diet (“lifestyle”, "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), invalid (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“mouse”), obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm (“divine inspiration”) was translated into Old Slavonic as “possession” (!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that an angel is a “messenger”, an apostle is a “messenger”, a clergy is a “lot”, an icon case is a “box”, a liturgy is a “duty”, a deacon is a “servant” , the bishop is “looking from above”, and the sexton is “watchman”. The word hero is also Greek and means "holy" - no more, no less! But the word filthy, which has become abusive, came to us from the Latin language and means only “rural” (resident). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenaciously held in countryside, as a result, this word has become synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. The word demon in Greek means "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts neither on earth nor in heaven – this is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Damn is not a name, but an epithet (“horned”). The devil is “seducer”, “slanderer” (Greek). Other names of the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan - "contradictory", "adversary", Belial - from the phrase "without benefit." The name Mephistopheles was invented by Goethe, but it is made up of two Hebrew words - “liar” and “destroyer”. But the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, it is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

The word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them " good people and "peaceful neighbors".

The word dwarf was coined by Paracelsus. In Greek, it means "inhabitant of the earth." In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called a "kobold". Later, this name was given to a metal that had a "harmful character" - it made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel was the name of an elf living by the water, a great lover of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

The word dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracan. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby is “red” (Latin), chrysolite is “golden” (Greek), olevin is “green” (Greek), lapis lazuli is “sky blue” (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst is translated from Greek as “non-drunk”: according to legends, this stone is able to “curb passions”, therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he was supposed to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and different time, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words colossus, machination and machine have the same root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", the other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabra contains a Greek root meaning "deity" and a Hebrew root meaning "word". That is, "the word of God" is an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob is interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ("without nobility"), which was shortened to s. nob.: this is how passengers on English ships began to be called who did not have the right to dine with the captain. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.

***
But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples.

So, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became the Russian word admiral.

The name of the fabric satin in Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth". Bondage is a “receipt”, “obligation”, shackles are “fetters”, “fetters”, etc. It has long been perceived as Russian Turkic words doodle ("black or bad hand") and karapuz ("like a watermelon"). The antiquity of the word iron is evidenced by its Sanskrit origin (“metal”, “ore”). The kettlebell is “heavy” (Persian), the stage is “scaffold” (Spanish), the coat of arms is “inheritance” (Polish). The words roll (from "to put the ship on its side") and yacht (from "to drive") are of Dutch origin. The words avral (“up all” - over all), bluff (“deception”), velveteen (“velvet”) came to Russia from England. The last word it is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. From the German language came the words jung ("boy"), tie ("scarf"), weather vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, a trampoline (“hit”), a quarry (“running”), a feint (“pretense”, “fiction”), a stamp (“seal”), a relay race (“stirrup”) are Italian. Scam ("case"), gauze ("muslin"), balance ("scales"), compliment ("hello"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. The Italian word for conservatory (“shelter”) recalls the decision of the Venice authorities to turn 4 convents to music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", the word cantata is derived from the Italian cantare - "sing", capriccio - from the word "goat" (a work with a galloping, "like a goat", a change of themes and moods), opera - "composition", tutti - " performance by the whole team.

Now it's France's turn: arrangement - "bringing in order", overture from the word "open", benefit performance - "profit", "benefit", repertoire - "list", decoration - "decoration", pointe shoes (hard socks of ballet shoes) - " point”, “tip”, divertissement - “entertainment”, foyer - “hearth”. And in modern pop music, the word plywood is very popular, which comes from the German “overlay” (voice over already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. So, the word garnish comes from the French "to supply", "equip". Glace means “frozen”, “icy”. Cutlet - "rib". Consomme - "broth". Langet - "tongue". Marinade - "put in salt water." Roll - from the word "folding". The word vinaigrette is an exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world, this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Because French (and later English) Russian nobles they knew better than their own, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri (“Cutie”)? Of course, Sharik! Trezor translated into Russian means “treasure” (fr.), the nickname Barbos comes from the French word “bearded”, and Rex is “king” (lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby, Zhuchka and Zhulka came from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that many languages of the world included Russian word man. The word grandmother in English is used in the meaning of "women's headscarf", and pancakes in Britain are called small round sandwiches. The word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

The words satellite and comrade are known all over the world, and Kalashnikov for a foreigner is not a surname, but a name Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms perestroika and glasnost made a triumphal march around the world. The words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which was included in the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia (author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "in origin", but they were invented in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, we owe the appearance of the words acid, refraction, balance to M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with the words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, concentrated. Radishchev introduced the word citizen in its modern meaning into the Russian language. Ivan Panaev was the first to use the word dude, and Igor Severyanin - the word mediocrity. V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim the authorship of the word zaum.

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and fully describe the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers, who themselves will be able to continue their fascinating journey through the vocabulary of the Russian language.

http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_rus/rus.1september.ru/2005/16/9.htm
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200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
active - active
Actual - topical
immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
Entourage - environment
Argument - argument
business - business
Boyfriend - buddy
Briefing - letuchka
variant - variety
Dimensions - dimensions
Sealed - impenetrable
hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - Overview
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demo - show
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - Detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Managing Director
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
Differentiation - division
Dominate - dominate, dominate
duel - duel
ignore - disregard
identical - identical
Image - image
Import - import
individual - sole
indifferent - indifferent
Industry - Industry
inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
international - international
infected - infected
Information - information
Camouflage - cover
Merchant - merchant
Compensation - reimbursement
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - convenient, well-appointed
specific - specific
Competitor - Rival
Competition - competition
ascertain - establish
construct - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - agreement
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - concentration
Corrections - amendments
Correspondence - correspondence; message
lender - lender
criminal - criminal
Legitimate - legal
Lepta - contribution
Liquidation - destruction
Linguist - linguist
Lifting - skin tightening
Maximum - maximum, limit
Mask - disguise
Mentality - mindset
Method - reception
Minimum - smallest
Mobility - Mobility
Model - Sample
Modernization - update
Moment - moment
instant - instant
Monologue - speech
monument - monument
monumental - majestic
natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize
Objective - unbiased
Original - original
Hotel - hotel
Parameter - value
Parking - parking
Passive - inactive
personal - personal
Pluralism - plurality
positive - positive
Controversy - dispute
potential - possible
prevail - prevail
claim - claim
Precise - refined
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - prediction
Progress - promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (action) - publication, publication
Radical - indigenous
Reaction - response
Implement - put into practice
Revision - check
Revolution - coup
Regression - decline
Resolution - decision
Resonance - echo
Result - consequence, consequence
Reconstruction - perestroika
Relief - outline
Renaissance - rebirth
respectable - venerable
Restoration - restoration
Reform - transformation
secret - secret
Service - maintenance
Symposium - session
Symptom - symptom
Synthesis - collection, generalization
Synchronously - simultaneously
Situation - position, situation
Social - public
Sociology - social science
Sponsor - philanthropist (philanthropist)
Stability - resilience
stagnation - stagnation
Stress - tension, shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - area
Theme - subject
Tolerance - tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - transformation
Actual - valid
Forum - meeting
Fundamental - fundamental
Hobby - hobby
Chief - head
Shopping - shopping
Show is a spectacle
Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposition - display
Export - export
Embryo - fetus
Era - chronology

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, a long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the word that came from the German language fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. all sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In the article brought to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. Word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. However, in Greek it means "creation". Word poem translates as "Creation", A rhyme – "proportionality", "consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. Stanza translated from Greek "turn", A epithet – "figurative definition".

Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("collection of stories"), myth (word, speech),drama ("action"), lyrics(from the word musical), elegy ("the mournful tune of the flute"), Oh yeah ("song"),epithalamus("wedding poem or song"),epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy ("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. well and scene- of course, "tent" where the actors performed. Concerning parodies, that is - "singing inside out".

Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech." The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). Word text means "connection", "compound", A illustration – "explanation"(to the text). Legend- This "what needs to be read",memorandum – "things to remember", A opus– "work", "work". Word plot translated from Latin means "story", "tale", but it came to Russian from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript- This handwritten document, well and editor- This a person who has to "put everything in order". Madrigal- also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means song in native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", Then - "secret" and only later began to be used in the meaning letters, letters.

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice ("fairness", "lawfulness"), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("truth spoken"), advocate(from Latin "call"), notary – ("scribe"),protocol("first leaf"), visa ("viewed") etc. Words version ("turn") And intrigue ("confuse") is also of Latin origin. The Romans coined the word blunder – "fall", "mistake", "wrong step". Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy ("dissection"), agony ("struggle"), hormone ("set in motion"), diagnosis ("definition"), diet ("lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital ("hospitable"), immunity ("liberation from something"),disabled person ("powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),muscle ("mouse"), obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy – "another action"(the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("divine inspiration") was translated into Old Church Slavonic as "rage"(!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that angel- This "herald", apostle – "messenger",clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon – "servant", bishop– "seeing from above", A sexton– "watchman". Word hero also Greek and means "saint"- no more, no less! But the word that has become abusive filthy came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural"(inhabitant). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. Word daemon "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts either on earth or in heaven, This is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Crap- this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil same - "deceiver", "slanderer"(Greek). Other names for the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan – "opposite", "adversary", Belial- from the phrase "useless". Name Mephistopheles invented by Goethe, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word dwarf invented by Paracelsus. In Greek it means "inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called "kobold". Later this name was given to a metal that had "bad character", - made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel called elf living by the water, a big fan of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

Word the Dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word Hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracana. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.), chrysolite – "golden"(Greek), olevin – "green"(Greek), lapis lazuli– "sky blue"(Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst translated from Greek as "not drunk": according to legends, this stone is able to "curb passions", therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he had to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, words colossus, machination and machine- single root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: word abracadabra contains a Greek root with the meaning "deity" and Hebrew with the meaning "word". That is "word of God"- an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "no nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on English ships passengers who did not have the right to dine with the captain began to be called. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.

But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples.

Yes, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became a Russian word admiral.

Fabric name atlas translated from Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth". cabal- This "receipt", "commitment",shackles – "fetters", "fetters" etc. Long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("black or bad hand") And peanut ("like a watermelon"). About the antiquity of the word iron evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "metal", "ore"). Weight- This "heavy"(Persian), stage – "platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"(Polish). Words bank(from "put the ship on its side") And yacht(from "drive") are of Dutch origin. Words rush ("top everything"– over all), bluff("deception"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. The words came from the German language cabin boy("boy"), tie ("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), Workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),career("run"), feint ("pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("seal"), relay race ("stirrup") are Italian. scam ("case"), gauze ("Kiseya"), balance ("scales"),compliment ("Hello"), negligee ("negligence") are French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", word cantata derived from Italian kantare – "sing", capriccio- from the word "goat"(a work with a galloping, “like a goat”, change of themes and moods), opera –"composition", tutti – "performing by the whole team".

Now it's France's turn: arrangement – "tidying up", overture from the word "open", benefit – "profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration – "decoration", pointe shoes(solid toe ballet shoes) - "point", "tip", divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "hearth". And in modern pop music, the word is very popular plywood which comes from the German "impose"(voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. Yes, the word garnish derived from French "to equip", "to equip". Glace- Means "frozen", "icy". Cutlet – "rib". Consomme – "bouillon". Langet – "tongue". Marinade– "put in salt water". Roll- from the word "clotting". Word the vinaigrette– exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre – "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since the Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course, Ball! Trezor translated into Russian means "treasure"(French), nickname watchdog derived from the French word "bearded", A Rex- This "tsar"(lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik- these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,Bug and Julie descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word grandmother in English is used in the meaning "women's headscarf", A pancakes in Britain is called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

Words satellite And comrade known all over the world and kalashnikov for a foreigner - not a surname, but the name of a Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms made a triumphal procession around the world perestroika and glasnost. Words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, is frankly a shame. Words intelligentsia(author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, the appearance of words acid, refraction, equilibrium we must M.V. Lomonosov.N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, focused. Radishchev introduced the word into Russian citizen in its modern sense. Ivan Panaev first used the word dude , A Igor Severyanin- word mediocrity . V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim the authorship of the word zaum .

Borrowed words translation. Words that came into the Russian language from foreign languages ​​and their meaning