Theories of character accentuations Accentuations of a human character: classification according to Leonhard and Lichko. Treatment methods for accentuations of various types

Character accentuation, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, in which deviations in the psychology and behavior of a person that are not beyond the norm are observed, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary mental conditions are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. When a child is growing up, the features of his character, manifested in childhood, remain quite pronounced, lose their severity, but with age they can again manifest clearly (especially if a disease occurs).

1. Hypertensive type. Adolescents of this type are characterized by mobility, sociability, and a tendency to mischief. Their mood is always good, elated. With good general abilities, they show restlessness, lack of discipline, learn unevenly. They often overestimate their abilities, are too self-confident, tend to show themselves, boast, impress others.

2. Cycloid type. It is characterized by increased irritability and a tendency to apathy. Adolescents of this type prefer to be at home alone, instead of being with peers somewhere. They experience even minor troubles heavily; they react extremely annoyingly to comments. Their mood periodically changes from high to low (hence the name of this type) with periods of about two to three weeks.

3. Labile type.   Extremely volatile in mood, and it is often unpredictable. Reasons for an unexpected change in mood may be the most insignificant. The behavior of these adolescents largely depends on the momentary mood. The present and the future, according to mood, can be colored with rainbow or gloomy colors. Such adolescents, being in a depressed mood, are in dire need of help and support from those who can improve their mood, able to distract, cheer and entertain.

4. Asthenoneurotic type. This type is characterized by increased suspiciousness and moodiness, fatigue and irritability. Fatigue is especially common when performing difficult mental work.

5. Sensitive type. Hypersensitivity to that which pleases, and to that which grieves or frightens. They do not like big companies, they are shy and timid with strangers. They are open and sociable only with those who are familiar to them; they differ. In adolescence, such adolescents may have difficulty adapting to their peers, as well as an “inferiority complex”. A sense of duty, high moral requirements for oneself and for people around are formed quite early.

6. Psychasthenic type. They are characterized by accelerated and early intellectual development, a tendency to think and reason, to introspection and assess the behavior of other people. Their self-confidence is combined with indecision, and peremptory judgments are combined with hasty actions taken at precisely those moments when caution and prudence are required.

7. Schizoid type. Closure. They are not very attracted to peers; they prefer to be alone, to be in the company of adults. They often demonstrate external indifference to people around them, a lack of interest in them, poorly understand the conditions of other people, their experiences, and are not able to sympathize.

8. Epileptoid type. They like to torture animals, tease the younger ones, and mock helpless ones. In children's companies, they act like dictators. Their typical features are cruelty, power, selfishness. In the conditions of a strict disciplinary regime, they feel at their best, try to please the bosses, achieve certain advantages over their peers, gain power, establish their dictatorship over others.

9. Hysteroid type. Self-centeredness, a thirst for constant attention to one's own person. Expressed a tendency to theatricality, posturing, drawing. Such children with great difficulty endure when in their presence someone praises their friend, when others pay more attention than themselves.

10. Unstable type. Weak-headed, floating with the flow, increased tendency and craving for entertainment, indiscriminately, as well as idleness and idleness. They lack any serious, including professional, interests; they almost never think about their future.

11. Conformal type. Mindless submission to any authority, the majority in the group. Such adolescents are usually prone to moralizing and conservatism, and their main life credo is "to be like everyone else." This is a type of opportunist who, for the sake of his own interests, is ready to betray his comrade, to leave him in difficult times, but no matter what he does, he will always find a “moral” justification for his act, and often not just one.

Character   - an individual combination of stable, significant psychological personality traits that determine a typical way of behavior for a given subject in certain life conditions and circumstances (Asmolov).

Character   - the framework of the personality, which includes only the most pronounced and closely interrelated personality traits, clearly manifested in various types of activities

Character- a set of stable properties of the individual, which expresses the ways of his behavior and emotional response. A person’s character is an alloy of the innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired during life, it consists in individualizing personality traits and these properties are used to socialize (adapt) in the world. Character is the result of individualization and socialization of an individual’s properties.

Character determines the content side. It is formed on the basis of temperament in the process of education and socialization. The character is formed under the influence of both biological factors and social. The ability to influence its formation becomes the central distinguishing moment in comparison with temperament (modern approach). But there were opposing opinions.

Lazursky: Chr. Is formed on an anatomical and physiological basis and it is impossible to “re-educate” nature. Preset traits can only be sharpened or smoothed, but they already exist from birth.

Today it is considered that environmental and genetic factors are equivalent in character formation, character is formed throughout life. Changes in character appear in critical, stressful, difficult, painful conditions.

Signs of character:

· The features of x-ray are manifested only in socially significant conditions that are of particular importance to humans.

· Xp differs from psychological states and processes in its stability.

· Formed based on temperament

· Due to the characteristics of education

· Of particular importance in the formation of x-ray is the volitional component (without the will, xp is not formed). In order for the character to be stable, a stable attitude of the individual to his own characteristics is necessary. Will is a force that allows for insufficiently motivated behavior.

Character Features:

1. adaptive: any feature of XP helps a person to interact effectively with the world. It is maladaptive only in its extreme manifestation.

2. protective: xp is formed in the environment due to the conflict between personality substructures.

3. facilitating (facilitating): according to Asmolov, hr determines the mode of action in relation to the outside world. We behave in accordance with the lines, without thinking that it saves energy. Manifestations of xp without thinking, contrary to consciousness, is impulsiveness (increased caution, pretentiousness). Impulsivity is a form of automatism of character (habit).

4. expressive: expressions of a person’s qualitative relationship to what is happening, i.e. expression (politeness, harshness, negligence), speech style (oral, written).

Through the functions of XP, we can talk about volitional, emotional, intellectual properties of character. XP properties   - these are such individually-peculiar personality traits that are manifested only in typical situations (socially significant) depending on the socially typical (significant) relationships of the individual on the one hand and on the properties of the individual on the other.

Structure x-ra:

Character traits exist in its structure not randomly, but harmoniously organized. So, by the presence of some features, we can judge the presence / absence of others. Some authors distinguish contradictory (a combination of opposing traits) and consistent x-ray.

Character structure - an integral organization of individual character properties that depend on each other, are connected with each other.

In the structure we can distinguish:

1. - leading (basic): they set the general orientation of the personality, practically do not change.

Minor: determined by the main ones. It can be changed thanks to the volitional factor.

2. Xr is manifested in 3 areas: - emotional (passion, sentimentality, jealousy)

Strong-willed (perseverance, determination, laziness)

Cognitive (practicality, criticality, curiosity, analyticity, etc.)

3. All the features of XP express the relation:

To oneself (self-satisfaction, self-sufficiency)

To others (aggressiveness, contempt, greed, hospitality)

To business, goals, work (diligence, prudence, dedication, determination).

HR types:

Receptive: Corresponds to the oral x-th according to Freud. Passive absorption of resources. The environment is a source of resources -\u003e it is necessary to maintain contact with nature.

Exploratory: The desire to get something from the outside. Does it actively, aggressively. Prone to theft, kleptomania, plagiarism. Rarely considers his own ideas worthwhile, so he takes them from others. This type of x-ray becomes an obstacle to creativity. Inherent: envy, jealousy, cynicism, suspicion, sarcasm, causticity, black humor.

Cumulative: The tendency to accumulate, save. The main thing is not to receive, but to save. In the emotional sphere, restraint of feelings. Own-but: suspiciousness, suspicion, stinginess, greed, a tendency to litigation.

Market: Corresponds to the neurotic x-th according to Freud. The whole world, in their opinion, is “buying and selling”. It educates in itself the qualities necessary for society, which can be sold more profitably (I am the object of sale). Weak willpower, love built on the exchange of something. The desire to do what they think is useful in life, and not what you want.

Productive: Cognizes the world, other people. Productivity - the ability to use one’s full strength and realize one’s potential. It is important to develop the qualities that you already possess. "-" traits must be transformed: obstinacy into perseverance, a tendency to exploit in initiative. This is the only type who is capable of true love and is not afraid of intimacy.

Accentuation of HR (according to Lichko):

The concept of “accentuation” was introduced by C. Leonhard (50s): A. - This is a marginal version of the norm of x-ra, which provides the person’s resistance to one life event and increases sensitivity to others.

According to the famous German. psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20-30% of people some character traits are so pointed (accentuated) that under certain circumstances this leads to similar conflicts and nervous breakdowns.

Usually accentuations develop during the formation of character and are smoothed out with growing up. Character features during accentuations may not appear constantly, but only in some situations, in a certain environment, and almost never be found in ordinary conditions. Social maladaptation with accentuations is either completely absent, or it can be short-lived.

Accentuation of character - the exaggerated development of certain character traits to the detriment of others; as a result, interaction with people around them worsens. The severity of accentuation can be different - from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options when you have to think about whether there is a disease-psychopathy (painful deformity of character, as a result, relations with people sharply worsen, total, irreversible, leads to social maladaptation) . But unlike psychopathy, accentuations are manifested inconsistently, over the years they can significantly smooth out, get closer to normal.

Ganushkin: A normal person - incompatible concepts. Because the personality is individuality, and the norm is the average, outstanding.

A.E. Lichko (80s): it is not necessary to separate the accentuation of x-ray and the accentuation of temperament (as was done by Leonhard). Any accentuations personally are accentuations of XP.

Type of accentuated personality by K. Leonhard (1976)	Type of character accentuation according to our classification
Demonstrative	Hysteroid
Pedantic	Psychasthenic
Stuck
Excitable	Epileptoid
Hyperthymic	Hypertensive
Dysthymic
Affective labile	Cycloid
Affectively exalted	Labile
Emotive	Labile
Anxious (fearful)	Sensitive
Extroverted	Hyperthymic conformal
Introverted	Schizoid
Also	Sensitive
	Unstable
	Conformal
	Asthenoneurotic

Hypertensive type:

Hypertensive teenagers are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relation to adults. From the first years of their life, they make a lot of noise everywhere, like peer companies and strive to command them. The main feature of hyperthymic teenagers is almost always. Very good, even high spirits. Only occasionally and briefly is this sunshine clouded by flashes of irritation, anger, aggression.

The good mood of hyperthymic adolescents is harmoniously combined with good health, high vitality, and often flowering appearance. They always have a good appetite and healthy sleep ... The reaction of emancipation is especially pronounced. An unstoppable interest in everything around makes hyperthymic teenagers indiscriminate in their choice of acquaintances. Always a good mood and high vitality create favorable conditions for the reassessment of their abilities and capabilities. Excessive self-confidence encourages one to “show oneself”, to stand in front of others in a favorable light, to boast.

Hyperthymic unstable   the option of psychopathization is the most frequent. Here, the thirst for entertainment, fun, adventurous adventures more and more comes to the fore and pushes to neglect classes and work, to alcoholization and drug use, to sexual excesses and delinquency - ultimately can lead to an asocial lifestyle ...

Hyperthymo-hysteroid   option is much less common. Against the background of hyperthymus, hysteroid features gradually emerge. In the face of difficulties in life, in failures, in desperate situations, and with the threat of serious punishment, there is a desire to pity others (up to demonstrative suicidal actions), and impress with their extraordinary, and boast, "throw dust in the eyes."

Hyperthymo-affective   the variant of psychopathization is distinguished by the enhancement of the traits of affective explosiveness, which creates a similarity with explosive psychopathies. The outbursts of irritation and anger, often characteristic of hyperthyms, when they meet opposition or fail, become especially stormy here and arise for the slightest reason. At the height of affect, self-control is often lost

Cycloid type:

In adolescence, two variants of cycloid accentuation can be seen: typical labile cycloids.

Typical cycloids in childhood are no different from peers or more often give the impression of hyperthyms. With the onset of puberty, the first subdepressive phase occurs. She is distinguished by a tendency to apathy and irritability. What used to be easy and simple, now requires incredible efforts. It becomes harder to learn. Human society begins to be burdened, peer companies are avoided, adventure and risk lose all appeal. Minor troubles and setbacks, which usually begin to crumble due to a drop in performance, are extremely difficult. Serious failures and complaints of others can deepen the subdepressive state or cause an acute affective reaction with suicidal attempts. In typical cycloids, the phases are usually short-lived and last two to three weeks ...

Labile cycloids, in contrast to typical ones, come close to the labile (emotionally labile or reactive labile) type in many respects. The phases here are much shorter — a few “good” days are replaced by a few “bad” ones. "Bad" days are more marked by bad mood than lethargy, loss of strength, or poor health. Within one period, short mood swings are possible due to relevant news or events.

Adolescent behavioral reactions in cycloids, both typical and labile, are usually mild. Hobbies are unstable - in subdepressive periods they are abandoned, during the recovery period they find new ones or return to the old abandoned ones. Self-assessment of character in cycloids is formed gradually, as the experience of “good” and “bad” periods is accumulated. Teenagers do not yet have this experience, and therefore self-esteem may still be very inaccurate ...

Labile type.

The main feature of the labile type is the extreme variability of mood. We can talk about the emerging formation of a labile type in cases where the mood changes too often and excessively abruptly, and the reasons for these fundamental changes are insignificant. Not only frequent and abrupt changes are inherent in the mood, but also their considerable depth. Well-being, and appetite, and sleep, and working ability depend on the mood of this moment. Representatives of the labile type are capable of deep feelings, of great and sincere affection. Labile teenagers are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all lead to arrogance or conceit. The emancipation reaction in labile adolescents is very moderate. Self-esteem is distinguished by sincerity.

Astheno-neurotic type

The main features of astheno-neurotic accentuation are increased fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Fatigue is especially evident in mental activities. Irritability of neurotics is most similar to affective outbreaks in labile-type adolescents. The tendency to hypochondriacis is a particularly typical feature. Delinquency, escape from home, alcoholism and other behavioral disorders in adolescents of the astheno-neurotic type are not peculiar. Self-esteem of astheno-neurotic adolescents usually reflects their hypochondria. They note the dependence of bad mood on ill health, poor sleep at night and drowsiness during the day, weakness in the morning. In thoughts about the future, the central place is taken by the care of one's own health.

Sensitive type

From childhood, shyness and timidity are manifested. Such children are often afraid of the dark, shy away from animals, afraid to be alone, feel timidity and shyness among strangers, in a new environment and generally are not inclined to easily communicate with strangers. All this sometimes gives the impression of being closed, fenced off from the environment and makes us suspect autistic tendencies characteristic of schizoids. The early interest in abstract knowledge characteristic of schizoids, "children's encyclopedia," also does not appear. The onset of the pubertal period usually goes away without any particular complications. Adaptation difficulties more often arise in 16-19 years. It is at this age that both of the main qualities of the sensitive type, noted by P. B. Gannushkin, are “extreme sensitivity” and “sharply expressed feeling of one’s own failure”. The reaction of emancipation in sensitive adolescents is quite weak. The sense of inferiority in sensitive adolescents makes the reaction of hypercompensation especially pronounced. Due to the same hypercompensation reaction, sensitive adolescents find themselves in public posts (wardens, etc.). They are put forward by educators, attracted by obedience and diligence. However, they are enough only to fulfill the formal side of the function entrusted to them with great personal responsibility, but the informal leadership in such collectives goes to others. Unlike schizoids, sensitive teenagers are not fenced off from their comrades, do not live in imaginary fantasy groups and are not able to be a black sheep in an ordinary teenage environment. Self-esteem of sensitive teenagers is characterized by a rather high level of objectivity. The weak link of sensitive individuals is the attitude of others around them. The situation is unbearable for them, where they become the object of ridicule or suspicion of unseemly acts, when the slightest shadow falls on their reputation or when they are subjected to unfair accusations ...

Psychasthenic type

Psychasthenic manifestations in childhood are insignificant and are limited by timidity, timidity, motor clumsiness, a tendency to reasoning and early “intellectual interests” ... The main features of the psychasthenic type in adolescence are indecision and a tendency to reasoning, anxious suspiciousness and a love of introspection and, finally, ease of formation of obsessions - obsessive fears, fears, actions, rituals, thoughts, ideas. The fears of a psychasthenic are wholly addressed to the possible, even the unlikely future (futuristic orientation). The dangers are real and the hardships that have already happened scare much less. The protection against constant anxiety for the future is specially invented signs and rituals. Another defense is specially developed pedantry and formalism .. The indecisiveness and reasoning of a psychasthenic teenager go hand in hand. Any independent choice, no matter how insignificant it may be - for example, which film to go watch on Sunday - can become the subject of long and painful hesitation. However, a decision that has already been made must be immediately implemented. Psychasthenics are not able to wait, showing amazing impatience. The tendency to introspection most of all extends to thoughts about the motives of their actions and actions, manifests itself in the company in their feelings and feelings. Self-esteem, despite the tendency to introspection, is far from always the right one. Often there is a tendency to find the most diverse character traits, including completely unusual ones.

Schizoid type

The most significant feature of this type is isolation (Kahn; 1926), isolation from the environment, inability or unwillingness to make contacts, reduced need for communication ... Sometimes spiritual loneliness does not even bother a schizoid teenager who lives in his own world. But more often, schizoids themselves suffer from their isolation, loneliness, inability to communicate, and the inability to find a friend for themselves. The lack of empathy is the inability to share the joy and sadness of another, to understand resentment, to feel someone else's excitement and anxiety. This is sometimes referred to as weak emotional resonance. To the range of schizoid features, one can add the inability to convince others in their own words. The inner world is almost always closed from prying eyes. The hobby reaction in schizoid adolescents is usually brighter than all other specific behavioral reactions of this age. Hobbies are often distinguished by unusualness, strength and stability. Most often, one has to meet intellectual and aesthetic hobbies. Self-esteem of schizoids is distinguished by a statement of what is associated with isolation, loneliness, difficulty in contacts, and misunderstanding on the part of others. Attitude to other problems is rated much worse. They usually do not notice or attach importance to the contradictions in their behavior. They love to emphasize their independence and autonomy.

Epileptoid type

The main features of the epileptoid type are the tendency to dysphoria, and affective explosiveness closely related to them, the intense state of the instinctual sphere, sometimes reaching attraction anomalies, as well as viscosity, stiffness, heaviness, inertness, which leave an imprint on the whole psyche, from motility and emotionality to thinking and personal values. Affective discharges may be the result of dysphoria - adolescents in these conditions often themselves seek cause for scandal. But affects can be the fruit of those conflicts that easily arise in epileptoid teens due to their power, intransigence, cruelty and selfishness. The love of representatives of this type is almost always colored by dark tones of jealousy. The emancipation reaction in epileptoid adolescents is often very difficult. Things can go to a complete break with relatives, in relation to which there is extreme bitterness and revenge. The reaction of enthusiasm is usually quite pronounced. Almost all epileptoids pay tribute to gambling.

Hysteroid type

Its main feature is boundless egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for constant attention to your person, admiration, surprise, reverence, sympathy. At worst, even indignation or hatred is preferred, but not indifference and indifference. All other qualities of the hysteroid feed on this trait. Among the behavioral manifestations of hysteroidity in adolescents, suicidality should be put in the first place. We are talking about frivolous attempts, demonstrations, "pseudo-suicides", "suicidal blackmail." The emancipation reaction can have violent external manifestations: escape from home, conflicts with relatives and elders, loud demands for freedom and independence, etc. However, in fact, the real need for freedom and independence is not at all characteristic of adolescents of this type - from the attention and cares of relatives they don't crave at all to get rid of. Hobbies are almost entirely concentrated in the field of the egocentric type of hobby. Self-esteem of hysteroid adolescents is far from objective. Emphasizes those character traits that can currently impress.

Unstable type

Kraepelin (1915) called representatives of this type unrestrained, unstable (With the similarity of the names “labile” and “unstable”, it should be pointed out that the former refers to the emotional sphere, and the latter to behavior). Schneider (1923) and Stutte (1960) more emphasized in their names a lack of will ("weak-willed", "weak-willed"). Their lack of will clearly comes out when it comes to study, work, fulfillment of duties and responsibilities, achievement of goals that are set before them by relatives, seniors, and society. However, in the search for entertainment, representatives of this type also do not show assertiveness, but rather go with the flow. Indifference to their future, they do not make plans, do not dream of any profession or any situation for themselves. They entirely live in the present, wanting to derive maximum entertainment and pleasure from it. Weakness is apparently one of the main features of unstable. It is weak will that allows them to be kept in an atmosphere of a harsh and highly regulated regime. Self-esteem of unstable teenagers is often different in that they ascribe to themselves either hyperthymic or conformal traits.

Conformal type

P. B. Gannushkin (1933) aptly outlined some features of this type - a constant willingness to obey the voice of the majority, stereotypedness, commonplace, a penchant for walking morality, good manners, conservatism. The main character trait of this type is constant and excessive conformity to its immediate familiar environment. These individuals are characterized by distrust and a wary attitude to strangers. Representatives of the conformal type are people of their environment. Their main quality, the main rule of life is to think “like everyone else”, to act “like everyone else”, to try to make everything “like everyone else”. Trying to always be in accordance with their surroundings, they absolutely cannot resist it. Therefore, a conformal personality is completely a product of its microenvironment. Conformity is combined with striking uncriticality. Everything that the environment familiar to them says, everything that they learn through the channel of information familiar to them, is the truth for them. To all this, conformal subjects are conservative by nature. They do not like the new, because they can’t quickly adapt to it, it’s difficult to master in a new situation. They are non-initiative.

Mixed types. These types make up almost half of the cases of explicit accentuations. Their features are easy to imagine based on previous descriptions. The occurring combinations are not accidental. They obey certain laws. Traits of some types are combined with each other quite often, while others almost never. There are two kinds of combinations.

Intermediate types are due to endogenous patterns, primarily genetic factors, as well as, possibly, developmental features in early childhood. These include the labile-cycloid and conformally-hyperthymic types already described, as well as the combination of the labile type with the astheno-neurotic and sensitive, astheno-neurotic with the sensitive and psychastenic. Intermediate types such as schizoid-sensitive, schizoid-psychasthenic, schizoid-epileptoid, schizoid-hysteroid, hysteroid-epileptoid can also be attributed to this. By virtue of endogenous patterns, the transformation of the hyperthymic type into the cycloid one is possible.

Amalgam types are also mixed types, but of a different kind. They are formed as a result of stratification of traits of one type on the endogenous core of another due to improper upbringing or other chronically acting psychogenic factors. Here, not all are possible, but only some layers of one type on another. These phenomena are discussed in more detail in the chapter on psychopathic developments. It should be noted here that the hyperthymic-unstable and hyperthymic-hysteroid types represent the addition of unstable or hysteroid traits to the hyperthymic base. The labile-hysteroid type is usually the result of stratification and hysteroidity on emotional lability, and the schizoid-unstable and epileptoid-unstable - instability on a schizoid or epileptoid basis. The latter combination is characterized by increased criminogenic danger. With a hysteroid-unstable type, instability is only a form of expression of hysteroid traits. The conformally unstable type arises as a result of the education of a conformal teenager in an asocial environment. The development of epileptoid traits based on conformity is possible when a teenager grows up in a tough relationship. Other combinations are almost never found.

Similar information.

Accentuation of personality: the essence of the concept and typology

03.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

Accentuation of character - excessive intensity (or strengthening) of individual traits of a person’s character ...

In order to understand what is meant by accentuations of character, it is necessary to analyze the concept of “character”. In psychology, this term is understood to mean a set (or set) of the most stable traits of a person, which leave an imprint on the entire life of a person and determine his relationship to people, to himself and to his work. Character finds its manifestation both in the activity of man, and in his interpersonal contacts, and, of course, he gives his behavior a peculiar shade characteristic only of him.

The term character itself was proposed Theofrastomwho first gave a broad description of the 31st type of person’s character ( read about), among which he singled out boring, boastful, insincere, talkative, etc. In the future, many different classifications of character were proposed, but all of them were built on the basis of typical traits inherent in a certain group of people. But there are cases when typical character traits manifest themselves more vividly and peculiarly, which makes them unique and original. Sometimes these features can be "sharpened", and more often they appear spontaneously, under the influence of certain factors and in appropriate conditions. Such a sharpening (or rather intensity of traits) in psychology is called accentuation of character.

The concept of character accentuation: definition, essence and severity

Character accentuation   - excessive intensity (or strengthening) of individual traits of a person’s character, which emphasizes the peculiarity of a person’s reactions to influencing factors or a specific situation. So, for example, anxiety as a character trait in its usual degree of manifestation is reflected in the behavior of most people who fall into extraordinary situations. But if anxiety takes on features of an accentuation of the character of a person, then the behavior and actions of a person will differ in the prevalence of inadequate anxiety and nervousness. Such manifestations of traits are, as it were, on the border of norm and pathology, but, under the influence of negative factors, certain accentuations can go into psychopathy or other deviations in the human mental activity.

So, the accentuation of human character traits ( in per. with lat. accentus means stress, reinforcement) inherently do not go beyond the norm, but in some situations they often interfere with a person's ability to build normal relationships with people around him. This is due to the fact that each type of accentuation has its own “Achilles heel” (the most vulnerable spot) and most often the impact of negative factors (or traumatic situations) falls on it, which in the future can lead to mental disorders and inappropriate behavior person. But it is necessary to clarify that accentuations in themselves are not mental deviations or disorders, although in the current International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) accentuations are all there and are included in class 21 / paragraph Z73 as a problem that is associated with certain difficulties in supporting normal for a lifestyle person.

Despite the fact that the accentuation of certain traits in character, by its strength and characteristics of the manifestation, quite often goes beyond the boundaries of a person’s usual behavior, nevertheless they cannot themselves be attributed to pathological manifestations. But it must be remembered that under the influence of difficult life circumstances, traumatic factors, and other irritants that destroy the human psyche, the manifestations of accentuations increase and the frequency of their repetitions increases. And this can lead to various neurotic and hysterical reactions.

Itself the concept of "character accentuation"   was introduced by a German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard   (or rather, he used the terms "accentuated personality" and "accentuated personality trait"). He also belongs to the first attempt to classify them (it was presented to the scientific community in the second half of the last century). Subsequently, the term was clarified A.E. Face, which by accentuations understood the extreme variants of the norm of character, when there is an excessive amplification of some of its features. According to the scientist, at the same time, selective vulnerability is observed, which refers to certain psychogenic influences (even in the case of good and high stability). A.E. Lichko emphasized that, regardless of the fact that any accentuation, although an extreme option, is nevertheless a norm, and therefore it cannot be presented as a psychiatric diagnosis.

The degree of severity of accentuations

Andrei Lichko identified two degrees of manifestation of accentuated traits, namely: explicit (presence of clearly defined traits of a certain accentuated type) and hidden (under standard conditions, traits of a particular type appear very weakly or are not visible at all). The table below provides a more detailed description of these degrees.

The degree of severity of accentuations

Severity	Norm Options	Features
explicit	extreme	Accentuated traits are well expressed and manifest throughout the individual life of a person. Accentuated traits are often well compensated (even if there is no mental trauma), but disadaptation can be observed in adolescence.
hidden	usual	Accentuations find their manifestations most often as a result of mental trauma or under the influence of a traumatic situation. Basically, accentuated traits do not lead to impaired adaptation (short-term maladaptation is occasionally possible).

The dynamics of personality character accentuation

In psychology, unfortunately, today the problems related to the development and dynamics of accentuations have not yet been sufficiently studied. The most significant contribution to the development of this issue was made by A.E. Lichko, who emphasized the following phenomena in the dynamics of types of accentuations (in stages):

• the formation of accentuations and the sharpening of their features in humans (this happens in the puberty), and later they can be smoothed out and compensated (explicit accentuations are replaced by hidden ones);
• with hidden accentuations, the features of a particular accentuated type are revealed under the influence of psycho-traumatic factors (the blow is delivered to the most vulnerable place, that is, where the least resistance is observed);
• against the background of a certain accentuation, certain violations and deviations occur (deviant behavior, neurosis, acute affective reaction, etc.);
• types of accentuations undergo a certain transformation under the influence of the environment or by virtue of mechanisms that were laid down constitutionally;
• the formation of acquired psychopathy occurs (accentuations were the basis for this, creating vulnerability, which is selective, for the adverse effects of external factors).

Typology of character accentuations

As soon as scientists turned their attention to the peculiarities of the manifestation of a person’s character and the presence of some similarity, their various typologies and classifications immediately began to appear. In the last century, the scientific searches of psychologists focused on the peculiarities of the manifestation of accentuations - this is how the first typology of character accentuations in psychology appeared, which was proposed back in 1968 by Karl Leonhard. His typology gained widespread fame, but the classification of types of accentuations developed by Andrei Lichko, which during its creation was based on the works of K. Leonhard and P. Gannushkin (he developed a classification of psychopathies) became even more popular. Each of these classifications is intended to describe certain types of character accentuation, some of which (both in Leonhard's typology and Lichko's typology) have common features of their manifestations.

Accentuation of character according to Leonhard

K. Leonhard divided his classification of character accentuations into three groups, which were allocated to them depending on what origin of accentuations, and more precisely where they are localized (related to temperament, character or personal level). In total, K. Leonhard singled out 12 types and they were distributed as follows:

• temperament (natural formation) included hyperthymic, dysthymic, affective-labile, affectively-exalted, anxious and emotional types;
• the character (socially-conditioned education) the scientist attributed to the demonstrative, pedantic, stuck and excitable types;
• two types belonged to the personal level - extra- and introverted.

Accentuation of character according to Leonhard

Type of	Characteristic
hyperthymic	optimistic, active, focused on luck; there is a desire for activity, the need for experiences
dysthymic	slow (retarded), silent, oriented to failure; excessive emphasis on ethical manifestations, frequent fears and various experiences, a heightened sense of justice
affective labile	focused on standards, there is compensation (mutual) trait
affectively exalted	emotional, (the desire to elevate feelings and cultivate various emotions), excitable, inspired, contact
disturbing	timid, timid (fearful), submissive, confused, non-contact, insecure, executive, friendly, self-critical
emotive	kind-hearted, sensitive, impressionable, fearful, executive, responsive (inclination for compassion)
demonstrative	self-confident, boastful, agile, ambitious, conceited, easy, deceitful; focused on his "I" (is the standard)
pedantic	indecision, not conflict and conscientiousness: hypochondria is observed; Often there is a fear that your own "I" does not meet the ideals
stuck	suspicious, touchy, responsible, conceited, stubborn, conflicting; subject to jealousy; transitions from recovery to despair
excitable	quick-tempered, pedantic, difficult to climb, focuses primarily on instincts
extroverted	contact, sociable, open, non-conflict, frivolous, spontaneity
introverted	non-contact, closed, silent, restrained, principled, stubborn

C. Leonhard developed his typology of accentuations based on an assessment of interpersonal communication between people. His classification is mainly focused on adults. Based on the concept of Leonhard, a characterological questionnaire was developed, authored by H. Schmishek. This questionnaire allows you to determine the dominant type of accentuation in a person.

The types of accentuation of Schmiszek’s character are as follows: hyperthymic, anxious-timid, dysthymic, pedantic, excitable, emotive, stuck, demonstrative, cyclomatic and affectively exalted. In the Schmiszek questionnaire, the characteristics of these types are presented according to the Leonhard classification.

Accentuation of character by Lichko

Classification basis A. Lichko   accentuations of character in adolescents were, because he directed all his research to studying the features of character manifestation in adolescence and the causes of the appearance of psychopathy in this period. According to Lichko, in adolescence, pathological character traits manifest themselves most vividly and find expression in all spheres of the teenager's life (in the family, school, interpersonal contacts, etc.). Teenage accentuations of character are manifested in a similar way, for example, a teenager with a hyperthymic type of accentuation splashes everywhere with his energy, with a hysterical one - attracts as much attention as possible, and with a schizoid type, on the contrary, tries to protect himself from others.

According to Lichko, in the puberty period are relatively stable, but speaking about this, it is necessary to remember the following features:

• most types are sharpened precisely in adolescence, and this period is the most critical for the occurrence of psychopathies;
• all types of psychopathies are formed at a certain age (the schizoid type is determined from an early age, the features of the psychosthenic are manifested in elementary school, the hyperthymic type is most pronounced in adolescents, cycloid mainly in youth (although in girls it may appear at the beginning of the puberty), and the sensitive mainly formed by 19 years);
• the presence of patterns of transformation of types in adolescence (for example, hyperthymic traits can change to cycloid), under the influence of biological and social factors.

Many psychologists, including Lichko himself, argue that the term “character accentuations” is most ideal for the puberty period, since it is teenage character accentuations that are most pronounced. By the time the puberty comes to an end, accentuations are mostly smoothed out or compensated, and some go from explicit to hidden. But it should be remembered that adolescents who have obvious accentuations are a special risk group, since under the influence of negative factors or traumatic situations, these traits can develop into psychopathy and affect their behavior (deviation, delinquency, suicidal behavior, etc. )

Accentuations of character according to Lichko were identified on the basis of the classification of accentuated personalities of K. Leonhard and psychopathies of P. Gannushkin. The Lichko classification describes the following 11 types of character accentuations in adolescents: hyperthymic, cycloid, labile, asthenoneurotic, sensitive (or sensitive), psychasthenic (or anxious-suspicious), schizoid (or introverted), epileptoid (or inert-impulsive), hysteroid ( or demonstrative), unstable and conformal types. In addition, the scientist also called the mixed type, which combined some features of various types of accentuations.

Accentuation of character by Lichko

Type of	Characteristic
hyperthymic	most often there is a good mood, sometimes short temper and irritability are manifested; well-being, increased activity, energy, high working capacity
cycloid	frequent mood swings (polar) - from depressive and irritable to calm and upbeat (phase rotation)
labile	increased mood variability (the reason may be the most insignificant), outwardly fragile and infantile, increased affectiveness, the need for friendship and
asthenoneurotic	high fatigue, irritability, moodiness, suspiciousness, low concentration, weakness and increased level of claims are observed
sensitive	high sensitivity and responsibility, instability of self-esteem, timidity, timidity, sensitivity are observed
psychasthenic	increased suspiciousness (anxious), indecision, prudence, pedantry,
schizoid	introversion, isolation, dryness (do not show empathy), low emotionality,
epileptoid	a combination of inert traits and impulsive manifestations (painstakingness, accuracy, determination, suspicion, conflict and hostility)
hysteroid	emotionality, instability of self-esteem, the need for increased attention
unstable	characterized by a weak will, inability to withstand negative influences
conformal	high comfort (adapts to the standards of behavior established in a particular group), therefore this type is characterized by stereotyping, banality, conservatism

Though A.E. Face   studied mainly teenage character accentuations, his typology is widely used to identify accentuations in adults.

Not all psychologists interpret the accentuation of character in the same way, although in many episodes there are parallel points. One of the most famous specialists who worked in this direction is considered A.E. Lichko. His theory of accentuations is quite interesting, so it makes sense to consider it. So, what is accentuation, according to Lichko? This is a manifestation of certain character traits that are most noticeable, expressed strongly and vividly. They do not go beyond the normal state, but, nevertheless, are close to nervous diseases. Lichko claims that adolescents are most susceptible to this condition. Further, as they grow older, the traits of character accentuation appear weaker, they become more smooth, are expressed to a lesser extent.

There are a number of factors that can exacerbate accentuation. The psychologist Lichko personally proposed to them a compiled typology of accentuations observed in adolescents, in which there are eleven types of characters. Type number one is hyperthymic. It is determined by the fact that adolescents are very hyperactive, are sociable and prefer to be in the spotlight. Also, teenagers make a lot of noise, so it’s impossible for them to sit quietly in place. Such individuals have good academic abilities, but given the lack of attention and perseverance, academic performance does not shine. They are carried away at the same time in many areas, therefore, basically, the work that has been started is incomplete.

Type number two is cycloid. Children of this type prefer to avoid noisy companies, for them it is better to sit at home. There is a tendency to depression and depression. They are apathetic, irritable, experiencing difficulties with difficulty. A typical change of mood every two weeks is typical for them. The third type is labile. These are people who are characterized by a quick change of mood. Even a minor trifle can upset them. The reality in their view is constantly changing, then they see everything in the most rainbow light, then it seems to them that everything around is dull and gloomy. Such children need help, and parents should notice this mood in time, and comfort the child. With the fourth type, asthenoneurotic, people are prone to whims. Fatigue is observed, and they should rest for a long time. In addition, they are suspicious and irritable.

Next comes type five - sensitive. These are very sensitive individuals who take any event to heart. They do not like strangers, are closed, they negatively relate to large companies. But with those who are well known, they feel relaxed and at ease. Moral qualities are valuable to them; the opinion of the parents whom they always obey is important. The sixth type is psychasthenic. In this case, adolescents have increased intellectual abilities, but often act recklessly, and they are largely hindered by self-confidence. With the seventh type - schizoid, people prefer to be alone, have little contact with their peers, are indifferent to their feelings and feelings. They love to be in the world of their fantasies.

The eighth type is epileptoid. These children love to act up, they literally mock parents and others. Often they mock animals, behave oppressively towards peers, like dictators. The children’s company insists on their strict rules, demanding that they obey. The ninth type is hysteroid. Lichko claims that these people are very selfish, prefer to be in the center of attention, with their actions they expect to attract other people's attention. Praise is very fond of, and if another child is praised in their presence, they are quite capable of throwing a tantrum. They do not possess leadership qualities, therefore they rarely gain authority.

The tenth type is unstable. According to Lichko, this type can be attributed to one of the most carefree. Such people do not worry about the future, do not strive for self-realization. They are lazy, prefer to lead a wild life, and just go with the flow. Any work is given to them with great difficulty. And finally, the last type from the Lichko classification, which is called conformal. In this case, adolescents try to keep up with the others, they adapt to the conditions surrounding them. They rarely become leaders, since they themselves are willingly subordinate to authoritative personalities. For the sake of profit, they can betray friends without feeling remorse.

It should be noted that Lichko’s typology has a not entirely scientific approach. The fact is that at least half of the people do not belong to one particular type. Very often character accentuations have mixed traits. The theory itself has a basis in the form of generalizations and observations. These criteria are guidelines in the diagnosis of various psychopathies of adolescence. At this age, the totality of pathological features is especially striking. A teenager suffering from psychopathy shows a type of character in a family environment and at school, on vacation. These features become vivid not only in emergency situations, but also in everyday life, in everyday life.

Character accentuationor   accentuation of personality   - excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This personality trait determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all areas of its activity: attitude to oneself, to others, to the world. Accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or illness.

Prevalence. Accentuation of personality is widespread especially among adolescents. Among young people, explicit or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of the examined. With age, people will be able to smooth out unwanted traits, and the number of accentuations decreases to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations.   On the one hand, the accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuations are talented actors, and with hyperthymic ones they are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, the accentuated character trait becomes a person’s vulnerability, complicates the life of him and others. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypotensive type of accentuation experience difficulties when they need to get to know each other and make contact.

There is a danger that in difficult situations, these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, cause alcoholism, illegal behavior.

In which cases accentuations can develop into pathology

• Adverse environmental conditions, which hit the accentuated line, as the weakest point, for example for conformal accentuation, is a rejection of a person in a team.
• Long-term exposure to this factor.
• The impact of an adverse factor during the period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often these are the elementary grades and adolescence.

  If these conditions are met, accentuation is aggravated and goes into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How are accentuations different from psychopathies?

The reasons for the formation of accentuations.   It is believed that the formation of accentuations is influenced by the innate properties of temperament. So a person born of choleric is prone to the development of accentuation of an excitable type, and a sanguine person to hypertymic. Strengthening of individual character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic psycho-traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and characteristics of upbringing.
The degree of accentuation of personality

• Explicit   - manifests itself in the behavior of a person in most situations, but does not violate his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
• Hidden   - does not manifest itself in life, can only be detected in critical situations that affect accentuated traits of character.

Types of accentuations of personality.Each scientist who was engaged in character accentuations distinguished his own species. To date, several dozen have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
  Psychologists began to deal with the problem of accentuations of personality in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, there are many controversial issues regarding classification, diagnosis and correction.

Types of Accentuation

There are many character traits, and each of them can be excessively enhanced. It is the accentuated traits that determine the personality type and character traits, make a person unlike others. Here are short descriptions of the main types of personality.

Hysteroid type

  In other classifications demonstrative   type of. Widely distributed among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young age. Distinctive features:

• The desire to attract attention   surrounding to his person. Attention is achieved in all ways - by actions, by the manner of dressing and speaking, by appearance. They demand respect, surprise, sympathy, and, in extreme cases, anger from others. Appearance is bright, attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they can look spectacular.
• Increased emotionality.   Differ in high sensitivity and violent reaction. At the same time, pain, grief and resentment are easily tolerated, although it demonstrates strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency to envy and jealousy. Do not tolerate if the attention of others switches to another person.
• Artistry   manifested in all life situations. Easily get used to any role, which facilitates adaptation to new situations. They are distinguished by arrogant facial expressions and mannered poses.
• Developed imaginationand imaginative thinking. They themselves believe in what was invented. Amenable to suggestion. They are fond of applied magic, believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
• Fearful. They tend to exaggerate the danger.
• Positive features:   open to communication, easily establish contact with a new person. They adapt well to new situations. They have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
• disadvantages: excessive emotionality, an overly acute reaction to all events relating to one's own personality, while being indifferent to the problems of others. Difficulties that have arisen along the way force us to abandon our plans. Do not tolerate routine work. They can easily get sick on a nervous basis - psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to thoughts of suicide. They provoke conflicts, the basis of which is the desire to be in the spotlight.

Epileptoid type

  In other classifications excitablepersonality type. People with this accentuation, like hysteroids, tend to attract attention. But they do it not so demonstratively, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, complaints. Distinctive features:

• Discontent and irritability. Prone to negative emotions. Constantly grumbling, complaining. They get hung up on the bad and ponder over the problem for a long time, while discontent grows until it splashes out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior model of such people is compared with a steam boiler, in which the temperature rises until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. In family life, they show despotism, arrange frequent scandals due to trifles.
• Propensity to previously established order   in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes, permutations. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. Disorder can cause a major quarrel. Particular attention is paid to rationality, not purity.
• Easy attitude to moral standards.   In actions they are guided only by their own opinion, therefore they can transcend moral standards, especially in a fit of anger. They can be rude, show disrespect for elders, physical violence towards children and animals. At the same time, they will not even notice the misconduct, and will not be tormented by remorse.
• Structured thinking.   When making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from reaching rage attacks if their wishes are not fulfilled. Do not consider alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
• Incredulity   based on critical thinking. They do not believe in the word; they require evidence. Do not trust strangers. They do not believe in horoscopes and predictions.
• It’s hard to adapt to the new situation.
• Positive features:   scrupulousness, increased accuracy, taking care of one’s health, ability to get profit, ability to defend one’s interests. In a calm state, they show extreme kindness and care for family members and animals. Energetic and active in matters of maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, farm managers.
• disadvantages   violent bouts of anger, after which it cools for a long time, gloom, intolerance of contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These aspects of character provoke the discontent of others, frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Addictions to alcohol, sexual perversions, sadistic tendencies are possible.

Schizoid type

  People with schizoid accentuations are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to impaired adaptation. Distinctive features:

• Enclosure. They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. Seek solitude. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with a person, which is why disappointment and self-relapse come.
• Combination of conflicting properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, suppleness and stubbornness.
• Lack of intuition regarding feelings   other people. The interlocutor cannot understand for good or bad how they reacted to their words.
• Inability to empathize. Indifferent, do not show emotions in communication.
• SecretiveDo not show your inner world. Open only to like-minded people.
• Unusual interests and hobbies.   Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only stamps with the image of flowers).
• Positive features: developed imagination, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve your body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments (guitar, violin).
• disadvantages. Sometimes there may be a tendency to peep or exhibitionism, they can take small doses of alcohol or soft drugs to overcome shyness in communication.

1. Cycloid type of. Accentuation causes a periodic change of mood (duration of periods from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

• Wavy mood swings. Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes between them there are breaks of "balance". Cycloid accentuation is often found in adolescents and is smoothed out with age.
• Rise Periods   - a person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, cycloids are cheerful and sociable, strive for leadership, achieve success in school and work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, monotony.
• Recession periods   or subdepression   - mood and performance decreases sharply. There is no desire to communicate, do anything, drowsiness develops. Strive for loneliness, entertainment lose their appeal. Become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem sharply decreases, thoughts about one's uselessness and inferiority appear.
• Positive features: in the ascent phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
• disadvantages. Low activity in the recession phase. In the event that the subdepressive phase has dragged on, thoughts of suicide may arise. Under unfavorable circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

1. Paranoid type. It is formed late - by 30 years. Its main characteristics are persistence and perseverance in achieving goals. People with paranoid accentuation feel bad and are afraid that others will think about them if they learn about their essence. In this regard, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, one they consider useless and despise her. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. Between these two poles, an internal conflict that exhausts a person occurs. Distinctive features:

• The projection of their own character traits on other people. Attribute to them their thoughts and intentions. This leads to the fact that they see in others anger, envy. Constantly trying to recognize the hostility in the behavior of others.
• Self-centeredness. Selfish, constantly thinking about themselves, experiencing their internal conflict.
• Excessive sensitivity to comments,   criticism, rejection.
• Grumpiness   and the constant desire to assert their rights, even if they were not infringed.
• Unreasonable jealousysuspicions of conspiracies.
• Inability to refuse.   They do not know how to say no, but prefer to make promises and not fulfill them.
• Inclination towards exclusivityand uniqueness in clothing and hobbies.
• Positive features:   persistent and purposeful. They have non-standard thinking, are smart, well-read. They are able to analyze and anticipate the result of their and others' actions. They have a sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
• disadvantages: tendency to hypercontrol over loved ones, suspicion, aversion to people.

1. Unstable (rampant) type of. People with an unstable type are distinguished by a desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

• Laziness and weakness.   It’s hard to force yourself to do something unpleasant. Under any pretext, they take off from work or imitate labor activity.
• Instability of emotions. Any event causes a momentary surge of emotions. Therefore, they need a frequent change of impressions.
• The need for strict control. Only the knowledge that the result of their work will be monitored can make the task complete. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
• The tendency to obey the informal leader. They show independence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others, do what they are offered.
• Positive features.Carelessness, curiosity, optimistic view of the future.
• disadvantages. A constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. Prone to gambling.

Labile type

  People experience frequent unpredictable mood changes that occur on any unimportant occasion (they did not like the tone or look of the interlocutor). Distinctive features:

• Mood swings. The mood swings are sharp and deep. People are not just upset, they fall into despair, and after half an hour they can experience genuine joy. Their well-being and ability to work, ideas about their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these differences. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, and is optimistic about the future. If the mood has fallen, then everything becomes negative.
• High sensitivity to praise and criticism.   Praise causes joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause despondency and abandonment of activity.
• Sociability. They are drawn to their peers, in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from a break in relations.
• Positive features: sincere, direct, positive, faithful. This accentuation rarely goes into the phase of psychopathy.
• disadvantages. It is hard to tolerate loss, have extremely low stress resistance. Not ready to deal with difficulties, they can abandon the goal.

Conformal type

  People with a conformal accentuation tend to trust and follow their surroundings. Distinctive features:

• Submission to the majority opinion. They tend to agree with the majority opinion in the group to which they belong. Criticality of thinking is absent; they do not analyze how the group decision complies with the norms of morality and law.
• Fashion following. Adhere to fashion trends in clothing, choosing a hobby or profession.
• The desire to be "like everyone else."   Reluctance to stand out from the group stimulates to be no worse than others in study, work. At the same time, they don’t have a desire to take a leadership position, to become better than the majority.
• Conservatism. They tend to adhere to the established order imposed by the majority.
• Hard to survive a break with the group.   The expulsion from the group, the conflict with its leaders and the loss of authority cause serious psychological trauma.
• Positive features. In a positive environment, successful. This accentuation extremely rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
• disadvantages. Do not show independence, independence, initiative. They dislike people of other nationalities, to strangers in the group. Once in a bad company, they go on the road, consume drugs and alcohol, break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

  People with an astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are characterized by rapid fatigability, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

• Hard to bear mental and physical stress   (exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Great fatigue causes mental and emotional stress. They also feel fatigue from noisy companies, outdoor activities. If possible, try to avoid stress.
• Irritability, appearing against a background of fatigue.   Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep worsens and appetite disappears.
• Hypochondria propensity   is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They love to be treated, they are happy to observe bed rest, listen to bodily sensations. They note the connection - the higher the well-being, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, rather than far-fetched, disease can develop.
• Positive features. Attachment to loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscience.
• disadvantages. The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes addressed to them, high fatigue makes it difficult to study well and work productively.

Psychasthenic type

  People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

• Reflection   - attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
• Indecision. Avoid situations in which you need to make a choice.
• Striving to live up to expectationsthat family, friends, and superiors are entrusted to them. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between “must” and “can”, which depletes mental strength.
• The development of obsessions.   Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person’s desire and cause negative emotions.
• Future experiences. They are terrified that misfortune may occur with them or their loved ones in the future.
• Pedantry. Strictly follow the rules. These rules can be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to protect yourself from trouble.
• Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, following moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
• disadvantages: indecision, tendency to neurosis of obsessive states.

1. Hypertensive type of. The main feature of people with hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

• A good mood   often without good reason - a hallmark of hyperthyms that makes them the soul of the company.
• Energetic, active, hardy.   They do everything fast. Sometimes the quality of work may suffer.
• Talkative. They like to tell, exaggerate, sometimes embellish the truth.
• Sociable. They like to chat and make new friends. Seek to command. They love jokes and practical jokes.
• Positive features:   high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
• disadvantages: illegibility in the choice of acquaintances, the risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Restless, do not like work requiring accuracy. Wasteful, can borrow and not give. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, addiction to petty theft happens.

Sensitive type of

  Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and silent. Mostly depressed mood.

• Impressionability. Even in adulthood, they remain extremely susceptible to all external stimuli. It is very difficult to tolerate stress and conflict, they survive for a long time.
• Difficulties in managing yourself in stressful situations. If this situation dragged on, they could get very hot. What later they regret. In critical situations, capable of courageous deeds.
• Diffidence. In their imagination they draw a strict "I-ideal", they worry that they do not correspond to it in real life.
• Pessimism. They see the future in gloomy colors.
• Concern about the attitude of others around them.   They worry what they think about, other people will say. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
• Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, fidelity.
• disadvantages: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Accentuation Type Combinations

  ABOUT mixed accentuations   They say that when a person’s character is amplified, not one, but several traits at once. It is such options that are found in the overwhelming majority of cases of accentuations.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

• Hypertensive + conformal;
• Labile + cycloid;
• Sensitive + schizoid;
• Sensitive + astheno-neurotic + psychasthenic;
• Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonhard

The German psychologist Karl Leonhard shared all character traits into primary and secondary. Basic - this is the core of personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these features is enhanced (accentuated), then it determines the behavior of a person. When exposed to adverse factors, pathology can develop.

Group	Type of accentuation	Characteristic
temperamentas a natural education	Emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, values \u200b\u200bclose friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time he is distinguished by timidity, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affectively exalted	Sociable, amorous, distinguished by good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time prone to panic, lost in stress, prone to mood swings.
	Affective labile	Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But prone to abrupt cyclical mood swings that determine his relationship with people. He does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, rudeness.
	Disturbing	Friendly, loyal, executive, self-critical. The mood is often lowered, timid, does not defend his interests, needs support.
	Dysthymic	Conscientious, serious, laconic, highly values \u200b\u200bfriends. But at the same time, the individualist is closed, inclined to pessimism, passive.
	Hypertensive	Sociable, optimistic, active, hardy, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely brings what he has started to the end. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuations related to characteras to social education	Excitable	It is characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, accurate. During outbursts of anger, he has poor control over his condition and is irritable.
	Stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, persistent, hardy, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. Can't stand it when someone else claims to be his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peace-loving. But often boring, grumbling, not working - bureaucracy is noted.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time he is conceited and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate when he is not paid attention, suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuations related to personalities   generally	Extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, executive, always ready to listen, does not claim leadership. But at the same time, talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, prone to rash impulsive acts.
	Introverted	Fundamental, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, has a rich imagination. But at the same time, closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if it turns out to be wrong. He does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Lichko Accentuation Classification

  The Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lichko considered accentuations as temporary reinforcements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of maintaining accentuations for life and their transition to psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuation to be a borderline between norm and psychopathy, his classification is based on types of psychopathies.

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Hypertensive	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, striving for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Cons: frivolous, restless, inattentive, not responsible enough for his duties, it is irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, it feels the emotions of others and their attitude to themselves. He experiences strong mood swings on minor occasions. Needs the support of loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclically changing ups and downs of mood. The frequency is several weeks. During periods of recovery, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During a recession - apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, neat. Increased mental fatigue is noted, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious-suspicious)	Intellectually developed. Inclined to reflection, introspection, assessment of their actions and the actions of others. High self-esteem is combined with indecision. In times of crisis can commit rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to the development of obsessive actions.
Sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, assiduous, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: uncommunicative, suspicious, tearful, hard to adapt to the new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, likes to set rules, enjoys authority among the leadership and among peers. It tolerates conditions of strict discipline. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel orders, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, not able to show empathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open, courteous, striving for entertainment. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to alcohol, drugs, gambling.
Hysteroid (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, proactive, communicative, loves attention, seeks to occupy a leading position, but is not able to achieve credibility. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. The behavior is unnatural and pretended.
Conformal	There is no criticality and initiative, it is inclined to submit to an opinion from the outside. Strives not to differ from other members of the group. For the sake of the group can commit unseemly acts, while tending to justify itself.
Paranoid	Characteristics develop to 30 years. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with an epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly overstated, ideas are emerging about their exclusivity and genius.
Emotionally labile	He suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, and feels good about people. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Schmiszek character accentuation test

  The personal questionnaire developed by Mr. Shmishek is designed to identify character accentuations. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult character accentuation test according to Schmiszek consists of 88 questions. For each of them it is necessary to answer yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems at the moment. The children's version of the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of 88 questions characterizes any accentuated feature.

1. Hypertension
2. Distance
3. Cyclotime
4. Excitability
5. Stuck
6. Emotion
7. Exaltation
8. Pedantry
9. Demonstration

  The results are processed using the key. For each line, points are summed up and multiplied by the coefficient corresponding to that line.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
	The answer is yes.	The answer is no.
Hypertension	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
Distance	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclotime	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Stuck	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
Emotion	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
Demonstration	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

  Each scale is assigned a score, from 0 to 24.

• 0-6 - the line is not expressed.
• 7-12 - the line is expressed in medium;
• 13-18 - severity above average;
• 19-24 is an accentuated feature.

  Based on the obtained points, a schedule is built, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Accentuations of personality are formed in adolescence. In the same period, they are especially pronounced. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents, the inability to control their emotions and actions. One or another accentuation of personality is present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but makes a teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, affects relations with parents and peers. The same accentuations under adverse conditions can cause delinquency, and with the right approach and the right choice of profession will help to achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of accentuation of character in a teenager to help him adapt to life, to build a style of education that will be most effective. The task of parents is to develop in a teenager qualities and skills that smooth out an accentuated character trait.

Hysteroid type

  Class stars, activists, participate in all events. They are distinguished by their artistry and desire to stand out against the background of others. They do not like it if someone else gets the praise. Exaggeratedly emotionally react to all events (with the audience sobbing sobbing).
Distinctive feature.Playing in public, a constant need for attention recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
  As long as they feel loved and all attention is paid to them, problems with behavior do not arise. In everyday life, by all possible means, attract attention. This is defiant behavior, expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. Attribute to themselves achievements. They can boast that they drank a lot, ran away from home. They often lie, mainly fantasies concern their own person. They cannot stand it when the attention of others switches to others (new to the class, newborn, stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “spite” to do things that their parents obviously don’t like. In words, they advocate independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need custody and do not seek to get rid of it.

Problems
Often, behavioral problems are an attempt to attract the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to take their own lives, but to avoid punishment or gain sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. Easy to suggest, at risk of falling into a "bad" company. They can consume alcohol, but in small quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, frank clothing and a desire to show their adulthood can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides. If they are set as an example, then they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the elementary grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, colloquial genre.

How to interact

• Encourage talking about others is only good.
• Praise only for real achievements.
• To give the task is to help the peer to be in the spotlight. For example, prepare a number in which someone else will be the lead singer.

Epileptoid type

  The personality traits are due to the passivity of the processes occurring in the nervous system. Teenagers with such accentuation are touchy and get stuck on a grudge for a long time.

Distinctive feature. Periods of severe irritability and hostility to others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
  Teenagers with an epileptoid accentuation are stubborn and unyielding in nature. They are vengeful and do not forget insults. In the first place they put personal interests, do not reckon with the opinions of others. The companies are trying to become leaders by uniting the younger and the weakest around themselves. Since they are oppressive, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke bouts of anger and aggression. During attacks, teens look for a “victim” on which to pour their emotions. During these attacks, they can reach sadism.

Problems.
  Suicidal attempts as a reaction to an “unfair” punishment. They tend to consume large amounts of alcohol “before memory loss”. Do not remember the actions that are performed in this state. But rarely consume other toxic agents. During puberty they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. Addicted to setting firecrackers and making bonfires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They are able to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to craft something.
How to interact

• Provide safety and peace of mind to reduce irritability and aggression.
• Demand strict observance of the rules established at home (do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to receive the status of “strong” in the eyes of a teenager.

Schizoid type

  This type of accentuation manifests itself even in preschool age: children prefer games alone to communicating with peers.

Distinctive feature   isolation, immersion in a fantasy world.
Characteristic
  They prefer to fantasize, to engage in their hobbies, as a rule, highly specialized (they mold soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. Do not express their emotions. Closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. Consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from a lack of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” Moreover, the opinions of others are not of interest to them. Not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with someone else's grief. They are not tactful, they don’t understand when to keep silent, and when to insist on your own. Speech ornate, statements often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems.   A tendency to take narcotic drugs may develop to enhance fantasies and immersion in your own invented world. Occasionally they can commit unlawful acts (theft, property damage, sexual violence), and think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed imagination, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

• Encourage classes in a theater studio - this will help the teenager learn how to express emotions, actively use facial expressions. Encourage dancing and martial arts classes or other sports training plastic. They will teach you how to control your body, make movements less sharp and angular.
• Stimulate being in the center. A teenager should periodically feel like an animator in charge of entertaining others. For example, while entertaining a younger brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to their actions.
• To instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to monitor his appearance and fashion.

1. Cycloid. Cheerful, sociable and active children in adolescence appear long (1-2 weeks) periods of reduced mood, loss of strength, irritability. They are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, adolescents are no longer interested in past hobbies and communication with peers. Learning problems begin due to reduced performance.

Distinctive feature   - alternating cycles of high spirits with apathy and a breakdown.
Characteristic
  Deficiency of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation poorly perform monotonous scrupulous work. In the subdepressive phase, changes in the usual way of life are poorly tolerated. Become very sensitive to failure and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They seek and find faults in themselves, they are very upset about this. In periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and need to communicate. The mood rises, a thirst for activity. Against this background, academic performance is improving. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with what was lost in their studies and hobbies.
Problems.
  Serious problems in a teenager in the subdepressive stage can cause an emotional breakdown or even provoke an attempt at suicide. They do not tolerate total control, they can escape in protest. Home vacations can be either short or long. During periods of recovery, they become unintelligible in dating.
Positive sides: during the period of recovery, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
  It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is undergoing a subdepressive phase.

• Protect from emotional overload.
• Avoid rudeness and insults, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
• During periods of recovery, it is necessary to help direct the energy in the right direction. To support the teenager in his hobby, to teach how to plan his time and to finish what he started.
• Maintain in a negative phase, increase his self-esteem, encourage. Convincing that a bad period will end soon.

Paranoid (paranoid ) or stuck   the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by 25-30 years.
Distinctive feature   - high determination.
Characteristic
He sets the goal and seeks means to achieve it. In adolescence, hostility to others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself. Exaggerated self-esteem, ambition and perseverance may give out future accentuations. Also, “stuck” is characteristic, when a teenager can not move away from a state of affect (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or rampant.

  Such adolescents from childhood are distinguished by disobedience and unwillingness to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the main incentive to study and fulfill duties.

Distinctive feature -weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
  They love pleasures, need a frequent change of impressions. Avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when you need to study or follow instructions from parents. Only communication with friends seems to be attractive to them. On this basis, they risk getting into an asocial company. Easily influenced by negative influences.
Problems   connected with the desire to have fun. On this soil, they begin to drink early and use various intoxicating agents. The risk of drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, enter other people's apartments, steal, etc. They have a tendency to vagrancy.

Positive sides.   The desire for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

• Need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of execution of assignments.
• Management of the "carrot and stick" method. Specify in advance what penalties will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses a teenager will receive for quality work.
• Encourage active sports and other ways to release energy.

Labile

  Frequent and quick mood swings from rapture and wild fun to gloom and tears. Often the reasons for changing the mood are the most insignificant (bad weather, confused headphones).

Distinctive feature   - mood variability for non-essential reasons.
Characteristic
  During periods of good mood, adolescents are talkative, active, and tuned in to communication. But any little thing can spoil their mood and lose their temper. At the same time, they can burst into tears, easily go to conflict, become lethargic and closed.
Problems.
Very dependent on the people they value (close friends, parents). The loss of a loved one or his location, separation from him, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in well-being, up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes, migraine, nerve tics). Very poorly tolerated criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, close friends. Become closed, react with tears.

Positive sides. Often talented. They have a deep inner world. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. Appreciate people for a good attitude towards them. In periods of good mood, full of strength, desire to communicate, study and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they unmistakably feel the attitude of those around them.

How to interact

• Show empathy and openness in communication. Make it clear to the teenager that you share his feelings.
• To give the opportunity to patronize the weaker, to take care of the younger members of the family, to volunteer.
• Encourage to expand the circle of friends, get acquainted with peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

  Extremely influenced by. Change their mind and behavior to please others. Afraid of standing out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature   - conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
  The main desire “to be like everyone else” is manifested in clothing, behavior, interests. If all friends are fond of break dance, such a teenager will also be engaged in it. If the immediate environment (parents, friends) is safe, then such adolescents are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically not noticeable. If they fall under bad influence, they may violate the rules and the law. It is hard to bear the loss of friends, but they can betray a friend for the sake of someone more authoritative. Conservative, do not like changes in all areas. Rarely take the initiative.

Problems
  Contacting a bad company, they can get drunk, addicted to taking drugs. So that they are not accused of cowardice, they can perform actions that pose a danger to their health or harm other people. The ban on communicating with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or an escape from home.

Positive sides. Appreciate their surroundings. Tied to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

• Offer to make your own choices without relying on someone else's opinion.
• Make sure that the teenager is involved in various groups, has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, in sports sections, circles. This reduces the likelihood that he will be in a bad company.
• To help select authorities that are truly worthy of imitation.

Astheno-neurotic

  For adolescents with such accentuation, increased fatigue and irritability are characteristic.
Distinctive feature   - fears for their health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
  Mental and emotional stress quickly tire them. The result is irritability when teens pour out their anger at someone who is at hand. Immediately after that, they feel ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. Prone to hypochondria - listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of a disease. They love to be examined and treated. Attract attention with complaints.

Problems   - high fatigue, the risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides.   Kindness, sympathy, high intelligence. Such adolescents do not encounter house runaways, hooliganism and other illegal actions.

How to interact

• To ignore the outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
• Praise for success and notice even minor achievements, which will be a serious motivation.
• Encourage you to play sports, do morning exercises, take a contrast shower to increase the efficiency of the nervous system.
• Use periods of highest productivity (from 10 to 13) to complete the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

  Such adolescents are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature   high demands on oneself and fear not to live up to the expectations of others.

Characteristic
  This type of accentuation is formed if the parents have too high hopes for learning or sport. Inconsistency with their expectation leaves its mark on character. Such adolescents have underestimated self-esteem, they are tormented by guilt and fear of failure, which can even more disappoint parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid, no matter how something terrible and irreparable happens to them or their loved ones. As a protective mechanism, pedantry develops. Teenagers draw up a detailed plan of action, believe in signs, develop rituals that must ensure success (do not wash your hair before the exam).

Problem. The risk of developing anxiety, obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complication.

Positive sides. In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution, are capable of a bold act. Obedient, non-conflict, as a rule, quite successful in school, become good friends.

How to interact

• Simulate frightening situations and offer to find a solution on your own. For example: “Suppose you are lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
• Teach a constructive approach to solving problems. What to do Who to contact for help? What to do to prevent the incident from happening again?

Hypertensive

  They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. It’s hard for them to focus on their studies and discipline at school. Often become informal leaders among peers. They do not tolerate strict control by adults, they are constantly fighting for independence.

Distinctive feature   - optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to pranks.

Characteristic
  Very sociable, quickly becoming the center of any company. They do not finish the job, are not constant in their hobbies. Easily give and break promises. Despite good abilities, they study mediocre. They easily provoke conflicts, but they can even make amends for them. Quickly find peace after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short-lived.

Problems   - unable to perform routine work, which requires perseverance and intense attention. Indiscriminate choice of dating. If such adolescents find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual intercourse. Apt to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Caught in the conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) can escape.

Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. Differ in fun, do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. Find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
  The task of adults is to teach a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

• Avoid total control.
• Advise the teenager to keep a diary in which it is necessary to write down their plans for the day and independently monitor their implementation.
• Come up with a punishment for each case that is not brought to the end.
• Accustom to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will encourage the teenager to systematize and analyze everything that happens.

Sensitive type

  Signs of this accentuation can be seen in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature   - hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers deeply and for a long time experience everything that is happening. Praise and criticism are deeply embedded in their memory, and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. Very shy and for this reason uncommunicative. They hardly get used to the new team. Quickly tired of mental labor. Quizzes and exams cause them significant stress. Also very worried about ridicule from peers. Dreamy, prone to introspection. Conscientious, have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish the work begun to the end. They are very worried about the result of their actions (control, actions).

Problems. The tendency to self-flagellation and the development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive self-requirements can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can trigger a suicide attempt.

Positive sides.   Diligent in study, responsible for all tasks. Strive to become a good friend, value loved ones.

How to interact

• Increase self-esteem and self-confidence. For this it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not cause self-esteem.
• Conduct lengthy conversations to establish contact with a teenager.
• Deservedly praise and thank. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize the quality, do not hang labels - "lazy", "sloppy." Instead indicate what needs to be done.
• Encourage autotraining. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: “I feel calm and confident,” “I am brave and confident,” “I am a wonderful speaker.”

  Most adolescents have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of accentuation.

Factors affecting the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation is formed in childhood or adolescence. Its appearance is significantly affected by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

• Hyperopeca and control from parents and teachers. Promotes the appearance and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
• Lack of custody and parental attention   increases the risk of developing hysteroid, unstable and conformal personality traits:
• Cruel attitude   excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication, provokes an increase in epileptoid traits;
• Excessive baby requirements   leads to psychasthenic accentuation of character;
• Lack of emotional contact may cause increased labile, sensitive and asthenic traits;
• Excessive attention to well-being and chronic diseasesviolating the usual way of life. A large role is played by physical disabilities, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system. The result may be hysteroid or astheno-neurotic accentuations;
• Serious conflicts with peers   in adolescence, when communication is most significant, can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

  The development of any type of accentuation can contribute to:

• Inability to satisfy basic   needs for love, care, security, communication;
• Lack of concepts about moral and cultural norms, interests   and hobbies;
• Misconception -inferiority complex, excessive self-esteem;
• Occupational factors. Accentuations associated with work often arise among actors, teachers, doctors of certain specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
• Genetic predisposition. Features of the functioning of the nervous system are transmitted from parents to children. This is especially true for hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuations. Therefore, if parents have an accentuated character trait, then it is highly likely that it will be found in the child. Improper parenting and parental behavior can significantly enhance congenital accentuated traits.

Treatment methods for accentuations of various types

The treatment of accentuation is based on smoothing enhanced features. Correction is necessary if the accentuation of the personality violates its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and goals of his activity, then people with a pronounced accent constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait that prevents them and others. Although it is impossible to change the character, a person can learn to restrain its negative manifestations. This can help work on yourself and psychocorrection.

Work on yourself

  People with an accentuation of character rarely turn to a psychologist for help, preferring independent work.
  Correction of accentuated traits requires training that develops traits opposite to the accentuated traits. At the same time, the development of new patterns of behavior and the harmonization of personality.
  To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that need to be performed daily.

1. Hysteroid type

• "Quiet, quiet speech". Adopt a phlegmatic style of conversation (quiet speech, a minimum of facial expressions and gestures). Think about what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
• "Good deeds". Try to make them discreetly and not tell anyone about what has been done. Watch the reaction of a person without showing yourself.
• Invisibility. Being in the company for an hour, try to sit silently, watching others. Do not give in to attempts to drag you into a conversation.
• Do auto-training daily.   The goal is to love yourself for who you are and to increase self-esteem. When you achieve this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

1. Epileptoid type of.

• Goodbye and let go of grievances.   Recognize that resentment is harmful to the mental and physical health of one who is resentful.
• Train tolerance and goodwill   to people. Smile at acquaintances at a meeting, or try to read a smile on your face.
• Show generositytake part in charity events.
• "Active listening."   Listen to the other kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage the speaker with phrases: “I understand you,” “I know this.”
• Put yourself in the shoes of others. This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the place of the person with whom you want to argue.

1. Schizoid type.

• Learn to copy another person's facial expressions   and determine his emotion. For this exercise, you will need the help of someone close to you.
• "Calm goodwill"   will be the best style of communication with others. Such an equal attitude to the interlocutor must be practiced daily in communication with loved ones. Avoid excessive friendliness or hostility.
• « Game of choleric". Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

1. Cycloid type of.

• Keep a diary. It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. In periods of recession, it is useful to re-read how the same people and events were perceived during the period of emotional recovery. This helps to realize that the difficulties are temporary.
• Ask yourself a question, "What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?"

1. Paranoid type.

• Recheck the motives   do not trust other people with the first impression.
• "An hour without comment."For the time being, completely abandon criticism and moralizing.
• Attend communication behavior training. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
• Learn practices that make you "here and now"   - meditation, yoga, zen.
• "Compliment".   Develop a habit of saying something good to loved ones every day.

1. Unstable type.

• "I can + I want."This exercise will help to cope with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don’t want to do anything, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do this? Can I do it? ” The second question: "Do I want?" And you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slim healthy body, so I'm going to the gym.
• Increase motivation.Think about what you really want. Write down the goal. Break the path to it into steps and act. A strong desire (car, vacation) will make you move forward.

1. Labile type of.

• A rational approach to solving problems.   In any unpleasant situation, answer the questions: why did this happen? (what’s the reason), what can be done now? (where to start) how to fix the situation? (long-term plans), what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
• "The diary of mood."Keep a diary in which indicate when and for what reason a change of mood occurred.
• Separate the sensible and the emotional in yourself.   It is important to accept and love both sides of yourself. Relate to the "emotional" yourself condescendingly, but do not let emotions control your actions.
• Autotraining, which will help balance the processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that piss off, help control your emotions.

1. Conformal type.

• Develop critical thinking.Consider whether this statement can be a lie. What consequences can be if you do what you are offered.
• Suggest.Try not to immediately accept what is offered to you. Sound a counter offer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema - suggest going to the cafe.
• Try something new.Try new dishes, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you have not been to, chat with people outside your circle.

1. Astheno-neurotic type.

• "Superman".   Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how the internal state is changing. The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling its significance and exclusivity. The goal is to hold the image as long as possible.
• Meeting new people. Set a goal - to meet a new person and start a short conversation with him.
• Add humor. Do not silently swallow ridicule. Learn to answer them with humor, self-irony is acceptable. To develop a sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy shows.

1. Psychasthenic type.

• Imagine that what you fear is accomplished. Think calmly about your plan of action in this situation.
• Move away from the established order.   Do not follow your usual rituals (walking on the left side of the street, not stepping on cracks) to make sure that nothing terrible will happen;
• "Charging for the face."   In people with psychasthenic accentuation, forehead muscles and muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions (surprise, joy, delight).

1. Hypertensive type.

• Put your order in order.   Take 15 minutes daily to clean up your desk, in your closet. It helps to organize and thoughts.
• Bring the matter to the end.   Make a promise to finish what you’ve started, no matter what happens. Be sure to do it, and then move on to other activities.
• Diary. Planning will help to systematize tasks, prioritize and complete what was started on time. Be sure to specify the exact dates for each task. Test yourself and reward success.

1. Sensitive type.

• "Winner".Praise yourself for every success. Break large-scale affairs into stages and do not forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
• "My virtues."   It is necessary to make a poster on which to list all the virtues that you value in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to put it in a conspicuous place.
• Play the role of a joker.   Learn funny stories and jokes to tell in company. Gradually, this will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking to the public.

  The main principle of correction is to gradually, but daily, do what you are not used to, what the accentuated feature resists. Such exercises allow you to smooth out roughness of character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Psychologist's help

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes work with a psychologist and independent tasks. Main directions:

• Private conversations - The psychologist points to accentuated traits of character and the most vulnerable places of the person. Describes how to harness character strengths effectively. Teaches how to change the way we react and behave in different social situations.
• Group classes.   Choose a group of people with similar accentuations or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. The psychologist teaches productive models of behavior in various situations, the rules of communication with others, the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
• Family therapy -conversation with family members. It is aimed at building relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with adolescents.
• Psychological trainings -   active training, teaching the correct patterns of behavior in various situations.
• Psychodrama method   - a group method of psychotherapy based on playing an exciting situation (invented or real events). Helps to develop the right model of behavior and communication in people in various situations.

  It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a pre-disease. This is an enhancement of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased stability.