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10 words borrowed from other languages. Not only balalaika: what Russian words took root in other languages

Foreign words in modern Russian.

Subject of study are borrowed words, predominantly Anglicisms, functioning in modern Russian. To solve the problems, a research method was defined.

Purpose of my work : find out whether borrowed words crowd out the identity of the Russian language; Do they complement speech and the culture of conversation in Russian? for or against whether we use borrowed words in modern speech.

Tasks:

find out the reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian;

pick up examples of unjustified borrowing of foreign words;

show the diversity of the Russian language;

find out whether or not we are for using borrowed words in modern speech.

Practical value my work is that studies of justified and unjustified borrowings contribute to:

the correct use of "alien" words in the language;

development of language culture that isthe key to successful study and in the future - professional activitiesl interest in learning and preserving the Russian language.

Protect the purity of the tongue like a shrine! Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us. - Aphorism of I. S. Turgenev

“You marvel at the treasures of our language: no matter what sound, it’s a gift; everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, right, a different name is even more precious than the thing itself. ”
N.V. Gogol

"There is no word that would be so sweeping, quick, so pulled out from under the heart, it would be seething and vibrant, like a well-spoken Russian word."
N.V. Gogol

"... The main character of our language is the extreme ease with which everything is expressed on it - abstract thoughts, internal lyrical feelings, sparkling prank and amazing passion."
A.I. Herzen

More than one and a half centuries have passed. What is the state of the Russian language to this day? Do we justify, compatriots N.V. Gogol, his hopes? Alas! The integrity and purity of the literary norms of written and spoken language is being destroyed.

One of the pressing topics of our time is borrowing words in Russian, which are becoming more and more.

Foreign words overwhelm Russian speech, pushing aside the initial, Russian words. Is this good or bad for the native language? Do you need these words or not? Can we do without them?

Russian speech has recently been replenished and continues to replenish with many foreign words. For example, recent, but already not the most recent and relevantconsensus, stagnation, destructive, barter, image. Or more recent economic borrowing:tender(formal offer to fulfill an obligation)tranche(financial part, series),transfer(financial transfer),offer(formal offer to close a deal). From other subject areas:gender; Alas,kidning, killer. And many others.

The use of foreign words in modern Russian life is absolutely logical and is associated with progress. But not every meaning of the used foreign words is understandable, especially for mass perception. First of all, this refers to highly professional words. However, sometimes words that are politically and economically intended for active use in the widest layers are not clear.

The main reason for borrowing foreign vocabulary is the lack of an appropriate concept in the cognitive base of the receptor language .

Other reasons: the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word, replenish the expressive means of the language, etc.

Each language has its own distinctive features, thanks to which you can find out where the "newcomer" came from.So, YII - XI century - This is the time of active contacts with Byzantium. During this period, a lot of words related to the church-religious sphere penetrated Russian through the Old Slavonic language (angel, apostle, bible, gospel, icon),as well as household vocabulary (sail, diploma) New influxgreek in the Russian language refers to the ХYІ century. These are the terms of science, culture, art, proper names (lexicon, organ, verse, chronology, Alexander, Vasily, Nikolai, Eugene, George, Elena, Anastasia, Ksenia, Zoya, Irina) During this period, the borrowing of the Greek was carried out indirectly - through Western European languages.

Characteristic features of Greekism are: sound [f] (philosophy, anathema), the initial vowel [e] (ethics, epigraph); root morphemesauto-, aero-, anthropo-, bio-, geo-, helio-, logos-, thermo-, television-, photo-, phono-, filo-;prefixesa-, anti-, pan-( biology, phylogenesis, agnosticism, antibiotic, pantheon).

Latinisms (words that came from the Latin language) penetrated into the Russian language through Greek (X-XY centuries), Polish (ХYІ - ХYІІ century), French and German (ХYІІІ century). This is scientific terminology, vocabulary related to the learning process, with art, administrative activities, names of months, proper names (audience, dean, republic, secretary, January, July, August, Roman, Victor, Vitaliy, Pavel, Julia, Marina, Valentina, Natalia) Phonetic features of Latinisms - initial [c], [e] (compass, electorate); final -us, -um (sine minimum); prefixes re-, inter-, ultra-, ex-, extra-, counter-, de-; suffixes -ent, -ant, -tor, -ary (reinfection, internationalize, ultraviolet, bookplate, extrapolation, rear admiral, degradation, inspector, student, consultant).

The time of the most active contacts of the Russian language with the French is XIII - XIX centuries. The Russian language borrowed from French terminology of a socio-political and military nature, vocabulary from the field of art and everyday life. Featuresgallicism - stress on the last syllable (boa, marmalade, shop); finite -i, -o, -e in non-declining nouns (blinds, mantle, muffler),combinations of wa, boo, ryu, vu, nude, fu (veil, bureau, music stand, engraving);combinations he, en, en, am (control, intermission,refrain); final -er, -azh, -ans, -ant (fuselage, trainee, decadence, contestant)

Anglicisms began to penetrate into the Russian language in the Petrine era, however, English vocabulary is most actively borrowed in the 19th - 20th centuries. It includes many technical, socio-political terms, sports and household vocabulary, words related to navigation (station, trolleybus, combine, parliament, meeting, rating, champion, sport, coach, finish, schooner, yacht, trawler, jumper, plaid, roast beef) Anglicisms are characterized by combinations of PM, J, WA, VI, BE, finite -ing, -men, -er (adhesive tape, cottage, whatman, whiskey, velveteen, briefing, bartender, timer).

Marine terminology has also been actively borrowed fromdutch language:pilot, harbor, shipyard, drift. Most of these words came to us in the era of Peter Ι.

Vocabulary associated with art, for the most part comes fromitalian language(aria, bravo, piano, tenor, baroque, opera, studio), as well as from Spanish (guitar, castanets, serenade, tango, pop).In addition, Italian served as a source of vocabulary from the sphere of financial relations (credit, currency, cash desk, collector) Words of Italian origin are characterized by finite unstressed -o, -io, -e:gross, libretto, solfeggio, andant

« Fake Memes

There are borrowed words, the use of which is worth writing in more detail (see paragraphs “What is ...” below). There is nothing special to say about others other than an explanation of their meanings (see the list on the left).
  Sometimes there is the use of foreign words that are not pulled to the article, and there is nothing to explain them, just translated into Russian. These are more likely examples of a trend (a trend I translate for “advanced from Russian to English”): clogging up a language with foreign words, examples of crowding out Russian words.
  I have compiled these examples here.

"The dialogue should take place with the legally elected representatives of Donbass. After all, now these people (the leadership of the DPR and LPR - ed.) Do not represent the Donbass. They appeared as a result of fake. [Fake] elections ...", Poroshenko said. Apostrophe

Well-known representatives of the Ukrainian public appealed to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to adopt a decree that should evaluate the anti-Ukrainian resolutions of the Polish Parliament and criminalize the actions of the Polish side in Ukrainian autochthonous (ethnic) territories before, during and after the Second World War.

Did you watch the Vampire Academy on a visit, dropping all the mats and facepalms? [in the language of Internet idioms (“memes”): cover your face with your hand from awkwardness].

I want to ask - who made the director make a scripted film for the series season

“But adding the lists of active people to the blacklist [black list] for visiting Olympic stadiums is that still practice ?!” Echo of Moscow

Speaker [speaker] "DPR" requires BRICS to impose sanctions against Ukraine

"Donetsk news agency"

“A skydiver [it could be just a paratrooper or an acrobat paratrooper, incomprehensible] died trying to set a record”

A Ukrainian policeman who took a selfie (a photo of himself) with a bloodied man in Donbass will be punished, the patrol police department of Kramatorsk and Slavyansk reported. "Severe Cats of Donbass"

The main square of Donetsk - Lenin Square - has become a real dance floor. Today, the first large-scale flash mob (a pre-planned mass action in which a large group of people (mobbers) suddenly appears in a public place) took place here as part of the unique dance event "Republican Round Dance", which takes place in all cities of the Donetsk People’s Republic. "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Volunteers (volunteers) from all over Russia collect humanitarian aid for residents of Donbass. "Self-defense of Horlivka"

The DPR supports the proposal on the need to develop a “road map” (a plan on how to move forward) on a settlement in the Donbass, Denis Pushilin, the republic’s plenipotentiary at the talks in Minsk, said. "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Journalists of the military television of Ukraine talked about how the second-hand (well-worn clothes) of NATO countries helped to "confront Russia." "Self-defense of Horlivka"

The main political mainstream (mainstream) in Ukraine remains the same - a course to continue the war in the Donbass. “Throat. Today"

Ombudsman (the person who is entrusted with the functions of monitoring the observance of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens) of the Donetsk People's Republic Daria Morozova on the air of the “60 Minutes” program. The broadcast of March 3, 2017 "Russia 1". "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

Blogger Ivan. Engaged in trolling on the network, considers it a profitable startup (a newly established company building its business on the basis of innovation). In parallel with this, he works in the “state structure of the DPR”. He earns 500-600 rubles a day. "Severe Cats of Donbass"

In one of the Ukrainian electronics store chains, they sold GPS trackers (tracking sensors) with built-in wiretapping tools. "Burning hearts of Donbass"

Retailers (retail) DNR will cooperate with Russia. "Russian Spring"

Putin set the deadline (the deadline by which the task should be completed) - by mid-August to complete the implementation of the implementation of "LPR-DPR" in Ukraine. "Self-defense of Horlivka"

Yesterday, Ukraine was most interested in what “Default” (default) is and it finally came or not, because people panicked. "Self-defense of Horlivka"

Head of the DPRAlexander Zakharchenko predicts an intensive influx of investments (investments) in the economy of the Republic after the end of hostilities. "Self-defense of Horlivka"

“The actions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the Ukrainian President are a well-organized action designed to draw the attention of the world to Ukraine. In fact, this is PR (public relations) on the blood, ”said Denis Pushilin. "Russian Spring"

The "DNR" intends to announce the creation of the so-called "state holding (ownership)" Metenergo ", which will include the" nationalized "enterprises of Rinat Akhmetov." Russian Spring "

Gorlovka Mayor Ivan Prikhodko spoke on a talk show (A show during which participants express their opinion on a particular issue.) “60 minutes” in support of residents of Donbass. "Russian Spring"

Language - the spiritual heritage of the people

Unfortunately, and in our misunderstanding, the Russian language is not perceived by us as a national treasure.
  But the culture of language is an integral part of national culture. In its highest manifestations, language is a spiritual heritage, a shrine of the people. The speech of the Russian classics in its high samples and liturgical speech represent the peaks of the value spiritual hierarchy of self-expression and expression of the people, they are essentially the objective embodiment of the highest spiritual values, without which a person (and people!) Loses his face, with the reproach of which the people suffer damage dignity and spiritual independence, pushed aside, becomes spiritually powerless, vulnerable.

Output : the Russian language is rich in its culture and verbosity, so we can safely say that we are AGAINST the use of borrowed words in modern Russian speech. We are FOR the purity of our Russian language without any borrowing. We are for the preservation of the purity and inviolability of the Russian language, because the Russian language is powerful, so let's keep its power intact.

List of references

Wikipedia-free encyclopedia

site "News of the Donetsk People's Republic"

the book "Quotes and aphorisms of great people",

"Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language."

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word avoids descriptive phrases, the language becomes more simple and dynamic. For example, a long phrase “Trading in a specific place once a year”   in Russian language is successfully replaced by the word that came from German   fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All kinds of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing   literally clog up the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that indiscriminate prohibitions can harm its normal development. In this article, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of Russian language and literature. Word poetry   it has become so firmly entrenched in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. Meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creation". Word poem   translates as "creature", but rhyme – "Proportionality", "Coherence"rooting to it is the word rhythm. Stanza   translated from Greek - "turn", but epithet – "Figurative definition".

Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("Collection of legends"), myth (“Word”, “speech”),   drama ("act"), lyrics   (from the word musical), elegy ("Mournful flute chant"), oh yeah ("song"),   epithalamus("Wedding poem or song"),   epic (“Word”, “story”, “song”), tragedy ("Goat song"), comedy ("Bear holidays") The name of the latter genre is associated with holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, who celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these ideas. well and scene   - of course, "Tent"where the actors performed. Concerning skits, that is - "Singing inside out".

If the Greeks took on the “duty” to give names to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans seriously engaged in prose. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase “purposeful speech”. The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "Carved in stone" (short, concise) Word text   means "Connection", "compound", but illustration – "Explanation"   (to the text). Legend- this is “What should be read”,   memorandum – “Things to remember”, but opus– “Labor”, “work”. Word plot   translated from Latin means “Story”, “legend”but in Russian it came from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript   - this is handwritten document, well and editor   - this is the person who must “tidy up” everything. Madrigal   - also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means a song in the mother tongue. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes   originally meant "All knowledge", later - "secret"   and only later it began to be used in the meaning “Letters”, “letters”.

But back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique code of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“Justice”, “legality”), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("Truth spoken"), lawyer   (from latin “Urge”), notary – ("scribe"),   protocol("First sheet"), visa ("Viewed") etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("Confuse") also of Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lapsus – “Fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”.   Greek and Latin origin has most medical terms. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, words such as anatomy ("Dissection"), agony ("fight"), hormone (“Set in motion”), diagnosis ("Definition"), diet ("Lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation") The following terms are Latin in origin:   hospital ("hospitable"), immunity ("Liberation from anything"),   disabled ("Powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),   muscle ("Mouse"), obstruction (Clogging), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy – "Another action"   (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mostly in Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which sometimes represented tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("Divine inspiration") was translated into Old Slavonic as "Madness"   (!). Such an interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that   angel- this is "Messenger", apostle – "Messenger",   clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon – "Minister", bishop– “Looking down from above”, but sexton– "Watchman". Word   hero   also Greek and means "St"   - no more, no less! And here is an abusive word foul   came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural" (resident of). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result this word became a synonym for the pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that call the representatives of the other world. Word demon "Deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “A demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of its passions, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to its doubts either on earth or in heaven,   - so he explained his position. " But what do the words devil and the devil mean? Heck   - this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil   same - “Seducer”, “slanderer”   (Greek). Other names of the devil - of Hebrew origin: satan – “Contradictory”, “adversary”, Velial   - from the phrase "No good". Name Mephistopheles   Goethe invented, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "Liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name   Wolandwhich M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel "The Master and Margarita", has a German origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "Cheater", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles was once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy   has a Latin origin and means "Fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, and the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old dominance of Christianity, Europeans are still sympathetic to fairies and elves, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word gnome   came up with Paracelsus. Translated from Greek, it means "Inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "Dark alvami" or "zwergs". Brownie   in Germany they call Kobold. Later this name was given to the metal, which had "Harmful nature", - made it difficult to smelting copper.   Nickel   called elf living near the water, a big lover of a joke. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

Word the Dragon   translated from Greek means "Keenly seeing". Interestingly, in China this mythological creature was traditionally portrayed without eyes. Tradition says that one artist of the Tang era (9th century) was carried away and drew his eyes to the dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Hurakana. The names of some precious and semiprecious stones also have their meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.)   chrysolite – "golden"(Greek) olevin – "green"   (Greek) lapis lazuli– "Sky blue"   (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst   from Greek translates as "Drunk": according to legend, this stone is able to "curb passions", so Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, put them in crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate   translated from Greek means "good"which he was supposed to bring to its owner.

There were times when the same word came to our country from different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words   colossus, fraud and car- single-root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "Something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages \u200b\u200band is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of the connection of roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabracontains greek root with meaning "deity"   and hebrew with meaning "word". I.e "The word of God"   - an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snobit is interesting in that, being of Latin origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "Without nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on the English ships began to be called passengers who do not have the right to dine with the captain. Later, in English houses, this word was put on guest lists opposite people who should have been declared without a title.

But what about other languages? Have they contributed to Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly affirmative. There are many examples.

So, the Arabic phrase "Lord of the sea"   became a Russian word   admiral.

Fabric name atlas   translated from Arabic means “Beautiful”, “smooth”. Bondage   - this is "Receipt", “Commitment”,   shackles – "Fetters", "fetters"   etc. It has long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("Black or bad hand") and toddler ("Like a watermelon") About antiquity words iron   evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "Metal", "ore"). Weight   - this is "heavy"   (Persian), stage – "Platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"   (Polish). The words roll   (from “Lay the vessel on its side”) and yacht   (from "Drive") are of Dutch origin. The words rush ("All up"   - over all),   bluff("Cheating"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting in that it is a “false friend of a translator”: readers were probably surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in corduroy suits and dresses. Words came from German cabin boy("boy"), tie ("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), workbench ("workshop") A lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),   career("run"), feint ("Pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("Print"), relay race ("stirrup") - Italian.   Scam ("a business"), gauze ("Kisei"), balance ("Libra"),   compliment ("Hi"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French have given birth to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuosomeans "valor"word cantata   formed from Italian cantare – "sing", capriccio   - from the word "goat"(a piece with a galloping “like a goat’s” change of themes and moods), opera –   "composition", tutti – “Execution by the whole cast”.

Now it’s France’s turn: arrangement – "Tidying up", overture   from the word "open", benefit – "Profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration – "decoration", pointe shoes   (solid socks of ballet shoes) - "Tip", "tip", divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "Hearth". And in modern pop music the word is very popular plywoodwhich comes from German "Impose"   (voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, you can not ignore the culinary theme. So word garnish   came from french "Supply", "equip". Look- means “Frozen”, “ice”. Cutlet – "Rib". Consomme – "bouillon". Langet – "Tongue". Marinade– "Put in salt water". Roll   - from the word "coagulation". Word the vinaigrette   - exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. This dish is called worldwide "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog \u200b\u200bnames in our country are of foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the contrary, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs in their suburban estates (and even took bribes with “greyhound puppies”) and a few house dogs in urban houses. Since French (and later - English) Russian nobles knew better than their native language, they gave names to their dogs foreign. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What a familiar word could a peasant in nickname not know French Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course,   Ball! Trezortranslated into Russian means "treasure"   (fr.), nickname Watchdogdescended from the french word "bearded", but Rex   - this is "king"   (lat.). A number of nicknames came from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik   - these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,   Bug and Zhulka   descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word granny   in English is used to mean "Women's head scarf", but pancakes   in Britain called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity   got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, desperate to find its full-fledged analogue, in one of his novels decided to leave it without translation.

The words satelliteand comrade   known all over the world, and kalashnikov   for a foreigner - not the last name, but the name of the Russian machine. Relatively recently they made a triumphal march around the world, now somewhat forgotten terms restructuring and publicity.   The words   vodka, nesting doll and balalaika   so often out of place are used by foreigners who talk about Russia, which cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages \u200b\u200bin 1903, is frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia   (author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation   they are not Russian “by origin,” but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their “mother tongue”, they switched to many foreign languages \u200b\u200band became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, the appearance of words   acid, refraction, balance   we must M.V. Lomonosov.   N.M. Karamzin   enriched our language with words influence, industry, social, general useful, touching, entertaining, focused. Radishchev   introduced the word into Russian citizen   in its modern meaning.   Ivan Panaev   first used the word whip , but Igor Severyanin   - word mediocrity . V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh   claim authorship words   mind .

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and fully talk about the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers who themselves can continue their fascinating journey through the vocabulary of the Russian language.

FOREIGN WORDS IN MODERN SPEECH: PROS AND CONS

Dolgorukov Alexander Igorevich

3rd year student, Department of ISE, Perm State Technical University, Russia, Yoshkar-Ola

Email: djinka08@ mail. ru

Bogdanov Anton Igorevich

supervisor, Ph.D. f. Sciences, Art. prep .. PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Nowadays, very often one can hear in a conversation of people some foreign words. This fact is especially clearly seen in the communication of youth. At the same time, many probably have the question: is it possible to say the same word, only in Russian? In most cases, this question can be answered in the affirmative. Then it becomes interesting, why use other words, because there are relatives that have long been used in Russian? It turns out that the topic is very relevant for modern society and it is necessary to determine precisely whether such borrowings bring benefit to our language, or if it can be harmful.

The purpose of this work is to study the arguments for and against the words borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200bin our modern speech.

Among the objectives of our study, we distinguish the following: processing various sources of information on this problem, familiarizing ourselves with the history of the occurrence of borrowings in the modern language, and analyzing the findings of the study.

According to many researchers, the lexicon of our language has made a long development path. Our vocabulary consists not only of the old Russian words, but also words that appeared as a result of borrowing from other languages. All nations live among others and in most cases have some kind of connection with them: for example, trade, industrial and economic. As a result, the mutual influence of peoples on each other. Moreover, the influence is stronger, the more stable and longer the connection. Foreign words replenished our language along the entire path of its historical development. But some borrowings were made in ancient times, while others - relatively recently. And what is the current situation, our research will help us.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the contacting peoples have a mutual influence, since they are the main means of contact, the means by which international relations are carried out. The main form of linguistic influence of one nation on another is the borrowing of new words from other nations. Borrowing enriches any language, makes it more stable and usually does not infringe on its independence, since the main vocabulary of the language, the grammatical structure of the language, is preserved, and the internal laws of language development are not infringed.

In the course of their history, Russians have had various ties with other peoples around the world. The result of these connections was a large number of foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.

In linguistics, a borrowed word is understood to mean a word that came into the Russian language from another source, even if by morphemes this word does not differ at all from the original Russian words.

The process of borrowing new words is a quite adequate phenomenon, and in certain historical periods even inevitable and necessary for the development of the people as a whole. In principle, learning a foreign vocabulary enriches the vocabulary of the current language. You can recall the great role that Greek and Latin languages \u200b\u200bplayed in Europe, the Old Slavonic language in the Slavic world, and Arabic in the Muslim East. The borrowing of words from non-native languages \u200b\u200bwas carried out, is and will continue at all times, regardless of the language of the people. If you count the borrowed words, you can get very interesting results. For example, borrowings from Germans fluctuate around tens of thousands of words, and in the English vocabulary they make up more than half.

Thus, the borrowing of words from a foreign language into the mother tongue is understandable, since the development of a people cannot occur without this borrowing. In addition, in the world, perhaps, there is not a single language in which there would be no borrowings at all. The reasons that contribute to the arrival of foreign words in the current language, we will consider in the following subtitle.

The reasons for borrowing are divided into two groups: extra-lingual and intralingual.

The main reason for external borrowing is the close political, trade, economic, industrial and cultural ties between representatives and native speakers. The most common form of influence attributable to such relationships is the borrowing of a word along with the borrowing of its definition or subject. For example, with the advent in our lives of such inventions as a car, conveyor, radio, cinema, television, laser, and many others, their names, which were not originally originally Russian, also entered the Russian language.

Another reason for this borrowing is to attach meaning to a special kind of objects or concepts that were previously called just one Russian (or borrowed before this new word) word using a foreign language. For example, for the designation that differs from the Russian variety, jam (in the form of a dense homogeneous mass), the English word "jam" was fixed. The need for a narrow meaning of things and definitions leads to the borrowing of most scientific and technical terms, for example, “relevant” - “essential”, “local” - “local”, “transformer” - “converter”, etc.

Another intralinguistic reason for borrowing, inherent in all languages, including Russian, is to replace a descriptive name consisting of several words with a single word. Because of this, the often borrowed word is preferred to the already existing descriptive turn of several words, if both of them serve to define the same concept, for example, “sniper” - instead of a well-aimed arrow, etc.

It so happens that the tendency to replace native descriptive phrases with borrowed words is opposed by a different one, but on the contrary restraining the effect of the first. And it consists of the following: groups of names appear in the language that have the meaning of correlative concepts, and usually the names that make up these groups are similar in structure: either they all consist of one word (most often occurs), or consist of two words (white bread - brown bread, etc.). If the names forming a group consist of two words, then replacing one of the names with a borrowed word is very rare.

So, with the appearance of the “silent" movie with sound, the German word "film" appeared in our language. But it could not become part of the language due to the fact that there was already a formed group of names consisting of two words: “silent movie” - “sound movie”.

You can name another reason that contributes to the appearance of foreign words. If borrowed words are strengthened in our language that contribute to the appearance of a series, combined by the similarity of meaning and morphological structure, then borrowing a new word, similar to the words inherent in this series, becomes much easier. So, in the XIX century, the words gentleman and policeman were borrowed from the English language. Already at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries an athlete, record holder, and yachtsman were added here. As a result, a series of words appeared that had the meaning of a person and a common element - men. New borrowings began to join this small series, which today are already quite substantial and often used: bartender, businessman, showman, etc.

Among the reasons and conditions for borrowing, a certain role is given to the public assessment of a “foreign” word as more prestigious than a similar native lexical meaning: “presentation” instead of “presentation”, “exclusive” instead of “exclusive”, etc.

Thus, all the reasons for the appearance of borrowed words in the current language are divided into two categories, each of which is explained in the above text. These reasons once again confirm borrowing as a factor in the development of any language as a whole.

But what about the borrowed words (in relation to quantity) in the Russian language?

Foreign words in the vocabulary of the modern literary language can be quite numerous in the vocabulary, but still do not exceed 10% of the entire vocabulary. In the general system of language, only a small part is common vocabulary common to all styles; most of them have stylistically fixed use in speech and therefore are used in a narrow scope (terms, professionalisms, specific book words, etc.) /

There is no doubt that even with borrowing, our vocabulary still remains Indo-European-Slavic-Russian at the root. And this is an indicator of the preservation of the originality of the Russian language.

In fact, it is not so easy to distinguish between concepts. Borrowing can develop in two ways: oral and written (through books). With written borrowing, the word practically does not change; with oral borrowing, it often changes more.

Borrowing can be direct (from one language to another) and indirect (through intermediaries): “painter”, “fair” - from German through Polish.

It is definitely clear that in the general literary language, special foreign vocabulary does not lose its terminological character.

The normal borrowing process is a creative and active act. It involves a high degree of independence, a high degree of language development. The effectiveness and meaning of language contacts are not so much in the number of borrowings, but in those processes of creative excitement, creative activity and power that arise in the language’s own means as a result of these contacts.

Thus, with regard to the permissibility of a particular borrowing, it is necessary to take into account that not the borrowed words themselves are bad, but their misuse, unnecessary use without the need and taking into account the genres and styles of speech to which these words relate.

After analyzing the various opinions of experts, we can summarize our work done.

It is worth emphasizing that I do not see anything critical in the presence in my native language of new words from other languages, they are borrowed as a result of communication between different peoples. In addition, borrowing is an indicator of the normal development of the language and its integration into international society /

In addition to the above, it is necessary to clearly understand and distinguish the meaning of the used foreign words, since in this case they can harm our speech and the language as a whole, being used in erroneous or inaccurate meanings. However, very often new foreign words that have come into the language make it possible to replace whole phrases with one new word, which cannot be evaluated negatively. If the incorrect meaning of words is used, the meaning of their appearance in the language as a whole is lost.

As a result of the study, it is necessary to say that borrowed words play a positive role in modern speech, if you use them in the correct meanings and do not use the "dominance" of your own speech by them. In our information society, the influence of different languages \u200b\u200bon each other is inevitable, therefore, this fact should be positively perceived, but not allow a foreign language to completely replace your native one.

I hope that in the current political situation, the Russian language will not perish under the influence of external factors, and will further develop without violating its identity.

List of references:

  1. Drovnikova L.N. Priority and Alternative // \u200b\u200bRussian Speech. 1998. No. 5.
  2. Morozova L.A. Reflections on new terms // Russian literature. 1993.No 1.

    Examples of borrowed words: guest worker, motel, confetti, olivier, jam, latte, bulldozer. For more examples, see L.P. Rat, N.G. Komleva.

    Borrowing words

    The reasons for borrowing words from other languages \u200b\u200bare associated with technical and technological progress - the emergence in the world of new technologies, inventions, objects, concepts, for the name of which there are no words in Russian.

    When borrowing other people's words undergo phonetic, morphological, morphemic and semantic changes. This is due to the "fit" of borrowing words to the prevailing features and rules in the Russian language. Some authors of school textbooks on the Russian language share the concepts of borrowed and foreign words. If the borrowed word comes into the vocabulary of the Russian language with changes, then the foreign word almost does not undergo changes, retaining its original phonetic, morphological and other features.

    In modern Russian, there are a lot of borrowed words. Most of them are deeply rooted in Russian, and for modern native speakers, words are perceived as primordially Russian. Their true origin shows an etymological analysis.

    The process of borrowing words began in the Old Russian language and is currently happening. The words were borrowed from Latin, Finno-Ugric, Greek, Turkic, Polish, Dutch, German, French, English. People’s names, geographical names, names of months, church terms were borrowed. Some of the borrowed words went into the list of obsolete: blubber, Berkovets, tyun, grid, sausage and others.

    Borrowing morphemes

    Not only whole words are borrowed into the Russian language, but also parts of words (morphemes) that influence word formation and give rise to new words. We list some foreign prefixes and foreign suffixes, for each item we give examples of words.

    Borrowing consoles

  • а- - immoral, amorphous, apolitical, arrhythmia, anonym, apathy, atheist.
  • anti - anti-world, anticyclone, antithesis.
  • arch - archival, archimillionaire, archbishop.
  • pan-pan-American, pan-Slavism, pan-epidemic.
  • de - degeneration, degradation, decomposition, dismantling, demobilization, demotivation.
  • disinfection, disorientation, disorganization.
  • dis- - disharmony, disqualification, imbalance, dysfunction.
  • dis- - disassociation, disjunction.
  • counter-counterattack, counter-march, counterattack, counter-revolution, counterattack.
  • trans - transatlantic, trans-European, transoblastic.
  • ultra- - ultrasound, ultrashort, ultra-left, ultra-right, trendy.
  • and others...

Suffix borrowing

  • -ism - anarchism, collectivism, communism.
  • east - scuba diver, careerist, machinist, skydiver.
  • -izirov- - to militarize, mechanize, fantasize.
  • -er- - poacher, gentleman, trainee, boyfriend.
  • and others...

Borrowing foreign words contributes to the development of the language. Borrowing is associated with close communication between the peoples of the world, a developed communication system, the presence of international professional communities, etc.

Foreign words are an integral and important part of any developing, living language. The Russian language is no exception in this regard. Foreign terms and words enrich it, make it more flexible and imaginative, help explain complex phenomena and thoughts more simply and concisely. Language borrowings serve as an indicator of the depth of interstate and interethnic interaction.

What it is?

Foreign words are words that have entered the Russian language from other languages. Borrowing words is a completely natural and necessary process, which becomes a consequence of the cultural, commercial, military, political relations of the Russian state with other countries.

During its development, the Russian language passed through a lot of foreign words, filtering out unnecessary, leaving and mastering useful ones. At present, foreign-language borrowings make up about a tenth of all Russian vocabulary. Many of them are so dissolved in the language that they are now perceived as original Russian words.

Why is this happening?

Intensive borrowing of foreign words is not a sign of language weakness. On the contrary, it is an indicator of his strength, energy, vitality. The more actively the state develops and interacts with the world around it, the more new terms and concepts the state language absorbs.

Especially a lot of foreign words in the language appear at the time of cardinal social, political or cultural transformations. For example, on Russian soil, such transformations were the coming of Orthodoxy to Russia, the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Peter's reforms, revolutions of the early 20th century, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Russian language has always easily absorbed foreign words, using them for their needs.

Among the main reasons for borrowing are the following:

  • contacts with other states;
  • the need for terms and names that were lacking in the Russian language;
  • replacement of a large and difficult to understand descriptive momentum with one foreign word;
  • differentiation of concepts that are close in meaning, but differ in detail;
  • the authority of a foreign language in a certain field (science, music);
  • fashion for language in certain sectors of society;
  • the need to identify and describe a foreign culture, customs, traditions.

How does this happen?

Foreign words in the Russian language appear in two ways: through oral speech or through writing. Oral borrowing sometimes changes words beyond recognition. So, the Italian word tartufolo turned into “potato”, and the German kringel into “pretzel”. With written borrowing, words practically do not change their appearance and sound.

Getting into a new linguistic environment, a foreign word gradually obeys the laws of grammar, phonetics, word formation accepted in the Russian language and eventually turns from a cutting foreign ear and eye of a "foreign body" into a full-fledged representative of Russian vocabulary. Foreign words are borrowed both directly in the contact of the Russian language with a foreign language, and indirectly - through an intermediary language.

Languages \u200b\u200bDonors

The Russian state at all times led an active foreign policy, spreading its activities and interests outside. In this, it differed, for example, from China or Japan, which were reluctant to contact foreigners. Russia was open for relations with neighbors, occupied new lands, traded and fought with other countries, readily got acquainted with foreign cultures, and studied craft, science, and military affairs from more developed states.

These contacts were accompanied by an intensive borrowing of foreign words. Russian came into contact with many languages, mastering new and necessary foreign terms. Some of them left a very weak mark, but several languages \u200b\u200bin total became for Russian a source of hundreds of new words:

Types of foreign words

All foreign words mastered by the Russian language can be divided into four large parts:

  • Borrowed.
  • Exotisms.
  • Foreign inclusions.
  • Internationalism.

Borrowed words

Borrowed (or mastered) foreign words - these are words that originally appeared in a foreign language, and then were introduced into Russian and mastered by him. Borrowed words are completely settled in the new language environment. Such words are transmitted through the graphic and phonetic means of the Russian language, obey its grammatical rules, have a definite, stable meaning, are widely used in various fields of knowledge and activity. Examples: clown, rocket, corps, arsenal, saber, shark, sandals, office, square, kefir, zenith, welter, fakir, verse, fiesta, cavalier, firm, tea, vacation, postulate, oval, fruit, canister, backpack, peat, film, flask, ottoman, table, fair, driver, locomotive, orange.

Exoticism

These are words that will allow you to localize, clarify the description of something for which there are no specific words in the Russian language. Exotisms help figuratively and succinctly describe a foreign reality, convey the national flavor, the uniqueness of the region, people, country. With their help, you can create endow with special national characteristics of literary characters. The most common types of exotisms are:

  • Institutions - Diet, Hural, Reichstag, Parliament, Parliament.
  • Drinks and food - whiskey, gin, perno, goulash, pilaf, pudding, risotto, paella, posture, pasta.
  • Garments - sombrero, kimono, sari, zupan, geta, poncho.
  • Money - dollars, yens, drams, francs, dinars.
  • Titles, professions, officials - Lord, Labor, Abbot, Beck, Chancellor, Gondolier, Rickshaw, Geisha, Hetman, Burger, Mr., Don, Mrs.
  • National holidays - Purim, Hanukkah, Yom Kippur, Shabbat, Kurban Bayram, Uraza Bayram, Pongal, Vesak, Asala, Fiesta.
  • Dances, songs and musical instruments - hopak, minuet, sirtaki, yodel, khoomei, duduk, bagpipes, sitar, maracas.
  • The name of the winds is sirocco, tornado, snowstorm, marshmallows, boreas, mistral.
  • Dwellings - yaranga, wigwam, hut, needle.

Foreign inclusions

These foreign words differ from exoticism in that, as a rule, they retain their original phonetics and graphic spelling. Often foreign language impregnations become winged expressions, which are used in scientific works, fiction, journalism and direct speech. Often they are playful or ironic.

Examples: alter ego, post factum, c "est la vie, tete-a-tete, happy end, o.k., post scriptum, terra incognita.

Internationalism

These are kind of cosmopolitan words that sound almost the same in many languages. International scientific terms often become universal scientific terms that are easily understood without translation throughout the world. The greatest contribution to the creation of such foreign words was made by Latin, English and Greek.

Examples: television, philosophy, republic, civilization, constitution, space, satellite, chaos, gas, car, democracy, monologue, atom, student.

Foreign words in modern Russian

Recent decades have brought the Russian language two major waves of borrowing. The Union collapsed, the ideological curtain collapsed, harsh party censorship disappeared, a grandiose socio-political reorganization took place in the country. In the vocabulary of Russians, on the pages of books and newspapers, on television screens, a lot of new or long-mastered, but outdated words appeared.

At the same time, an information technology revolution was unfolding all over the planet, resulting in hundreds of phenomena, processes and things that did not have a name and that received them, as a rule, with the help of the English language. These new terms were quickly absorbed into other languages. In Russian modern language, foreign words appeared or began to play with new colors. These, for example, are words such as:

  • in politics - separatist, corruption, legitimate, inauguration, public relations, oligarch, prime minister, image, president, senator;
  • in the economy - brand, default, outsourcing, business, voucher, inflation, investment, holding, issue, company, consulting, holding, management, merchandiser;
  • in the information technology field - blog, Internet, website, avatar, update, installation, cursor, browser, click, offline, interface, login, posting, link;
  • in sports - snowboard, freestyle, curling, kiting, overtime, kitesurfing;
  • in music - rap, punk, house, hip-hop, rave, mix.