Questions of the sacrament and participle. What is adverbial turnover. Examples of use

Communion is a hybrid verb-adjective form, which in the tradition is considered as a special verb form. The participles combine the attributes of the verb and the adjective, expressing the meaning of the procedural attribute of the subject. Verbal signs of the participles: 1) the character of the verb control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2) the form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3) the sacrament has two collateral forms (in accordance with the two-collateral concept) - a valid and passive voice (for example: one who permits - a valid voice, permitted - a passive voice);
4) the sacrament has two temporary forms - the present (loving, beloved) and the past (loving) time.

All verbal signs in participles are permanent, variable signs are signs of the adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (in passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence is a predicate or definition. The present participles are formed from the verb stem of the present tense with the suffixes -usch - / - yusch, -ash / -yasch - real participles, suffixes -em-, -om-, -im- - participles. Past participles are formed from the stem with the infinitive stem. In this case, the suffixes -ws- are used to form real participles if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-hear-yours) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: bring-ty - bring-shih). When past tense passions are formed, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, in addition to / and / (for example: hang-up - suspended), -en if the stem ends in a consonant or / and /, moreover, in the latter case / and / falls out (for example: shoot-up - shot-up, brought-ty - brought-up), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with the basis on u-, s-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: stitch - stitched, rinse - rinsed, stabbed - stabbed, rotated - rotated). The initial form of the participle, as well as the adjective, is the nominative singular of the masculine gender.

A common feature of the use of the participles is that they make up the affiliation of book speech. This is due to the history of the sacraments.

The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, in the presence of present participles: current, burning, which corresponds to fluid, hot adjectives, which are Old Russian participles by origin, and also in the presence of a number of participles in front of a solid consonant under stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is ё (о): come, but come, fig. finest, but invented, flourished, but flourished. The connection of participles with the Old Slavonic language in the XVIII century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his "Russian Grammar" on several categories of participles explains that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. So, he writes: “The real pledge of the time of the present communion ending in the present is made from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but they are not quite decent from ordinary Russians, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, champing. ”

The same is noted by him regarding the present passive participles “From Russian verbs, not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, punished, very wild and unbearable to hearing”, and regarding past participles of the actual voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, ducked, ducked out, quite nasty. ” At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the great relevance of the sacraments for high speech styles, indicating that they “rely more decently in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm or in vernacular.”

At present, more than two centuries after Lomonosov, restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs foreign to the Old Slavonic language have not been preserved. And the examples demonstrated by Lomonosov of unacceptable participles do not create the impression of insulting the linguistic instinct that he speaks with such categoricalness, and is quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including from neoplasms (vernalizing, vernalizing, vernizing). The passive participles of the present tense are the least common, but even in some types of verbs they are productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, guided, sought).

But at present, firstly, the participles are the property of the literary language (they are practically absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never occur in colloquial speech.

Apart from this are the short past participles of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and are used in dialects. On the contrary, for different styles of book language, full participles are one of the necessary means, which is used exclusively widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the compression of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses.

Similarly to participles, participles are traditionally considered as a special verb form that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a process attribute of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving the verb control, verb form, pledge properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or the participle, and acting in the sentence as a function of circumstance.

It is from two categories of participles - brief actual and past tenses - that the Russian participles developed and took shape. The point here is that the short participles in the Old Russian language could be used initially both as a nominal part of a predicate and as definitions. However, it is not difficult to understand that the participles were more closely related to the verb, and therefore their use as definitions was lost. There are conditions for the withering away of forms of indirect cases. Thus, in the Russian language there was only one form of the former short participles - the old one. pad. units h. m. and cf. kind in the present tense on ["a] (s), in the past - on [b], [b] (or after the fall of the reduced ones - a form equal to the net basis, or a form on [b], such after reading).

This participial form lost all those attributes that brought it closer to the adjective, and first of all lost the ability to reconcile with the subject in number and kind. It is precisely the fact that in the monuments of the Old Russian language facts of violation of the coordination of the participles with the subject begin to appear (for example, in the afterword to the Suzdal annals of 1377 you read corrective instead of corrective, that is, a unit instead of an ancient plural) and indicates the transformation of the former sacrament into gerimony - an unchanging verb form that takes on the role of a secondary predicate.

Species properties of adverbial participations get a morphological expression in the participle suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the base of the present using the suffix -a, -th, for example: ringing - link "-th, thinking - thought" -th. The perfect participle is formed from the infinitive base of the perfect type verbs using the suffixes -in, -lice, -shi, for example: send-send-in, bring-bring-shi, smile - smile-lice-sm. In modern Russian, the process of differentiation of adverbial suffixes depending on the verb form is not yet complete, therefore forms of adverbial forms of perfect form are possible, formed according to the model of adrenal participles of an imperfect type, i.e. from the foundation of the future simple time with the suffix -i (leave - leaving, bring - bringing, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:

1. In the rear-language (oven - bake, impossible: * baking);
2. Of the consonants alone (gn-ut, impossible: * rot);
3. Present on hissing, alternating at the base of the infinitive with whistling (write-ut - write, impossible: * write);
4. With the basis of the infinitive on - well - in verbs of the unproductive class (perish, impossible: * perish);

Like the sacrament, the participle is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech. The participle, denoting an additional action characterizing another action, is primarily used in order to move one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this regard, a verb with the related participle is opposed to two verbs. So: Standing by the window, reading a letter indicates that the main one was standing, and reading details this state by indicating the occupation that accompanies it, while Standing by the window and reading the letter represents both verbs equally and independently. The use of the participle makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing at the window, reading a letter, where it reads in the foreground, and standing by an addendum indicating the reading position. Such an opportunity to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other, is a convenient means for expressing the various relationships between several actions and states. Compare: He talked and laughed - He talked, laughed - Talking, he laughed; Crossed and fired - Crossed, fired - Crossed, fired. In many cases, the participles cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire circumstantial significance, for example: Grandmother gloomily leaned against the lintel and sighs, dropping her eyes to the floor (\u003d eyes down); He [grandfather] stands with his head up (\u003d with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, pitying my garden, a hut (\u003d from pity).

The relationships expressed by the participles are very diverse. When using the participles, one should not lose sight of which person belongs to the actions indicated by the participles and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is a condition of the use of the participles that is generally accepted in the Russian language that the actions indicated by the participles are performed by the same person who owns the action indicated by the verb-predicate. This finds a place in personal sentences in which the participle and verb denote the action of the subject: Talking about it I want to remind.Such turnovers are found in works of art and in scientific speech.

The participle can be subordinate to the infinitive, provided that the actions indicated by the participle and the infinitive belong to one person.

Errors in the use of the participles is their use depending on the verb when the participle and the verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Entering the room mother stood by the window. Here come inis the speaker’s action (\u003d when I entered the room) and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such turns, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action indicated by the participle to the person who appears to be the subject of the proposal: for example, if we phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch replaced with a construction with the participle: returning home grandmother fed me lunch, then it would seem that my grandmother returned home.

Errors of this kind are quite often found in student works, for example: Somehow, while sitting at home in the evening, a stranger came to us; After working for three months, his father was transferred to Penza; Having studied at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors closed tightly, afraid that sounds from the street would not reach the lady's ears.

Finally, there are cases where the participle following the verb indicates a subsequent action; however, two groups of examples can be outlined:

a) participle means a consequence of the action expressed by the verb: The harpsichord rang slowlyfilling the air with a sad tremulous bliss (= rang and filled); This little, thin little chick dragged him of his last strength,torn between him and Kolesnikov ... (= dragged him and, as a result, was torn between them). They literally stitched the leg through,leaving a sieve of bloody mess (= asked and left).
b) participle means an action not necessarily arising from the action of a verb, but usually quickly following it: and now she rustledlovingly lusting calves resigned living grass (= rustled and overwhelmed); He threw a cigarette to the ground,trampled her with two blows (= threw and then trampled) Such shades of time in the participle have been developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this happens under the influence of the word order, since perfect verbs indicate actions that happen at the same time, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are located ( He took out a book, read it, handed it to his neighbor).

A number of participles are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: imploring - appealing; threatening - menacingly; exciting - exciting.

Such adverbs as exciting, dazzling, in combination with adjectives express a qualitative characteristic and indicate a high degree of quality: Tchaikovsky's melodies are exciting; Fountains flooded with lights are dazzlingly bright and multicolored.

The difference between the incremental action and the circumstance is also observed in cases where the participle goes into an adverb, and as a result, along with the participle, there is an adverb formed from the participle. This includes several different categories. Firstly, some cases when the participle used without explanatory words goes into the adverb: The artist painted while standing, standing here does not indicate the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb, he painted, indicating in which position the painting took place; on the contrary, in the phrase: The artist painted, standing behind the easel: standing means the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the boy writes while sitting at the desk. Secondly, this includes a number of idiomatic expressions: folded arms, sticking out his tongue, after the sleeves, a little later, outlining his head, breaking his head . Don't sit back it means only: “Do not sit idle,” nothing is said here about the position of the hands, but do not sit with your hands clasped already indicates that the hands are indeed folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Same: run out sticking out tongue (fast) and run out sticking out tongue (with protruding tongue); work after sleeves (carelessly) and work, lowering the sleeves (with lowered sleeves). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial connotation. Thirdly, along with the participles there are adverbs in -uchi, -uchi: effortlessly, happily, skillfully, sneak: he effortlessly carried heavy bales (easy, effortless); lives happily ever after (without worries) and dancedchanting in an undertone some motive . Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore. From such dialects at uchi should be distinguished single adverbial participles: general literary being and conversational walking, traveling.

Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of germs have two morphological formations with the same meaning.

So, firstly, the perfect participle with the basis on the vowel sound can have the suffix -v and -lice. They are shorter and more harmonious. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant basis have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up. Secondly, along with forms with suffixes -b, - lice, a number of perfect verbs have adverbs with the suffix -a, -i.

TASK 17: Proposals with participial and participial turnovers.

Task 17 of the exam in the Russian language is devoted to proposals with separate members of the proposal (definitions, circumstances, applications, etc.). The largest number of errors is associated with the placement of signs when using participles (ON) and decriminal (DO) turns. In order to avoid mistakes, you should follow the algorithm.

ALGORITHM.

1. Find all the sacraments and participles.

2. Find the words on which the sacraments and participles depend.

3. Determine the speed limits (using questions).

4. Think about whether there are homogeneous turns in the sentence (that is, those that depend on one word).

What is useful to remember about the PARTICIPANTS.

WHAT? WHAT DOES, DOES, DOES?

2. Communion denote action tag. The child is PLAYING - he is PLAYING; PLAYER - PLAYER; READ a book - it READ, etc.

3. In the sentence, the participle depends on the NUMBER (or other parts of speech as a noun; for example, on the pronoun).

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Actual present participles: ASH, BOX; USCH, YUSCH. THINKING, ADHESIVE, SEARCHING.

Valid past participles: VS, W. Duma, gluing, seeking.

Passive participles of the present tense: THEM; EM / OM. Readable, persecuted.

Passive past participles: UNN, NN, T. BUILT, READED, COATED.

What is useful to know about DEVRP.

1. Answer the following questions: WHAT DOING, DOING? AS?

2. The participles denote incremental action. The man walked, looking around; the scientist read the manuscript, carefully studying the author’s notes, etc.

3. In the sentence, the participle depends on the VERB.

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Imperfections of imperfect form: AND I. BUSINESS, WORKING, HEARING, SCREAMING, HOLD.

The perfect participle: V, LICE, SHI. Having done, having seen, gone down, made up your mind, baked, dried, locked.

Such suffixes are rare, but also found: UCHI, UCHI. LOOKING, LEARNING, PLAYING.

What is useful to know about RPM.

1. A turnover is a participle / participle + dependent words.

2. It will be easier to determine the boundaries of the turnover if you ask questions from the main word in the turnover (from the sacrament or participle) to the words around it.

3. The ad-participle revolution (or single ad-participle) in assignments from the USE is highlighted by ALWAYS signs.

4. The participial turnover in the tasks from the USE is marked with signs when it stands AFTER a DEFINED (main) word.

Old STURMAN, MOVING many storms in his long century, was not confused in an unfamiliar situation.

If the sacrament turnover is BEFORE the DEFINED word, then we do not put signs.

NOT CONSTRAINTS in this situation, OSTAP deviated to the right.

Let's look at a few examples from task 17.

1. The young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from the summer sky (4) outlining the space above the horizon.

1. Having taken off, outlining - germs.

2. Taking off HOW? unexpectedly high. Taking off over what? over the plain. Suddenly soaring high over the plain - paralysis. BEFORE always separate, therefore, in place of the numbers 1 and 3 we put commas.

3. Having outlined WHAT? space. What space? over the horizon. Outlining the space above the horizon is also a participial revolution. We put a sign in the number 4.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb DISAPPEARED. Where it stands in relation to revolutions is not important for us. BEFORE they are isolated.

Answer: 134.

2. Having gone through dozens of miles (1) and (2) feeling very tired (3) I lay down in the shadow of a thick wind (4) standing lonely on the banks of a steppe pond.

1. Having passed and felt - the gerunds.

2. Having passed WHAT? not one dozen miles. This is a participial turnover.

3. Feeling WHAT? very tired. This is also a participial circulation.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb APPLIANCE. Hence, the revolutions are homogeneous. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 1 and 2, because if homogeneous are connected by union, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In figure 3, the sign is needed, because in the sentence DO should be highlighted with signs.

4. Standing - communion. STANDING HOW? lonely. WHERE TO WHERE? on the shore of the steppe pond. After the number 4 is software. It depends on the word VETLA (the SADS OF WHAT? Standing ...). Because The software stands after the DEFINED word, put a comma (in the number 4).

3. One can only admire the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1) who created a completely unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed (4) in her muse.

1. The one who created and believed the sacrament.

2. CREATED WHAT? completely unique poetic world. This is the sacrament involved.

3. Believer HOW? holy. Believing WHAT? into his muse. This is also part of the sacrament.

4. The main word for both software is Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva WHAT? Created ... and believed .... Hence, the revolutions are homogeneous. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in numbers 2 and 3, because if homogeneous are connected by union, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the figure 1, the sign is needed, because the software is after the DEFINED word.

4. Around there was only a solemn sea (1) silvered by the moon (2) and (3) star-lit (4) sky.

1. Silver plated, dotted - the sacrament.

2. Pulverized WHAT? the moon. This is the sacrament involved. It depends on the noun SEA. What sea? silvered by the moon. The participial turnover is after the DEFINED word, and therefore we must highlight it with commas.

3. Dotted WHAT? the stars. This is the sacrament involved. It depends on the noun SKY. What is the sky? dotted with stars. The participle turnover is before the DEFINED word, and therefore we DO NOT mark it with commas.

4. Note that the union I. stands between the revolutions. Many will decide that it connects exactly two revolutions, and therefore they are homogeneous. But this is not so. These turns cannot be homogeneous, because they depend on different words. Union And connects the words SEA and SKY. That is why we consider these revolutions separately from each other. In the first case, we highlight the turnover with signs, and in the second case we do not highlight the turnover with signs.

Quest 1 # 4286

Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate (1) Fenya (2) so frightened about two hours ago (3) and still from excitement (4) who did not dare to go to bed (5) was now scared again almost to tantrum.

Hearing - the participle. Hearing such a frantic knock at the gate is an ad-hoc turn. BEFORE are always isolated, therefore, a comma should be in place of the number 1.

Frightened is the sacrament. So scared about two hours ago - the sacrament of turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The designated word is “Fenya.” The software stands after it, which means that a comma should be in place of the number 2.

Unsolved - communion. Still from excitement, who did not dare to go to bed - participial circulation. It also refers to the designated word “Fenya” and stands after it. The software in this case is isolated, so a comma should be in place of the number 5.

Between the two softwares there is a union “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a creative connection, therefore a comma is not put in place of the number 3.

Answer: 125

Quest 2 # 4287

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Driving along a large Oryol road (1) young officials and other unemployed people can still notice a huge wooden house (2) completely abandoned (3) with a sunken roof and (4) tightly clogged (5) windows (6) pulled out to the very the road.

It is necessary to find all participles (participles), participles (participles) and identifiable words (those on which the turns depend). For communion (PO), this is usually a noun. For participles (DO) - a verb.

Passers-by - the sacrament. Driving on a large Oryol road - participle turnover. The software is isolated when it stands after the defined word (s). Defined words are officials and people. The software is in front of them, so the comma is not put in place of the number 1.

Abandoned - Communion. Completely abandoned - participle turnover. The defined word is “home”. Software stands after the defined word, therefore it is isolated. Commas must be put in place of the numbers 2 and 3.

The sacrament is sacrament. Clogged up - sacramenty. The designated word is “windows”. It takes a position after the software, therefore it is not isolated, commas in place of the digits 4 and 5 are not needed.

Nominated is the sacrament. Pushed to the very road - software. The defined word is “home”, it stands in front of the software, so a digit should be followed by a comma.

Answer: 236

Quest 3 # 4288

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Having completely gone broke (1) he went to Petersburg (2) to look for a place (3) and died in the hotel room (4) without waiting for any decision.

It is necessary to find all the participles (participles), participles (participles) and identifiable words (those on which turns depend). For communion (PO), this is usually a noun. For participles (DO) - a verb.

Having gone broke - germs. Completely ruined - participle turnover. DO is always isolated, so a comma should be in place of the number 1.

Without waiting, the participle. Without waiting for any decision - the participle turnover. The number 4 should be replaced by a comma.

Answer: 14

Quest 4 # 4289

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

If even one had made his notes entirely on the whole book (1) without missing a single sheet of it (2) and would have begun to read it (3) holding a pen (4) in his hands and putting a sheet of postal paper in front of him (5) and after reading a few pages, I would have remembered my whole life and all the incidents (6) that had occurred before his eyes.

Without missing - participle. Without missing a single sheet of it - the participle turnover. DO is always isolated. The numbers 1 and 2 must be followed by commas.

Having taken (having taken) - the participle. Holding up a pen - the participle turnover. DO is always isolated. In place of the number 3 should be a comma.

Putting (putting) - the participle. Having laid a sheet of postal paper in front of him - BEFORE, he is always isolated. The number 5 should be replaced by a comma.

Between the two DOs there is a union “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a creative connection, therefore a comma is not put in place of the number 4.

What happened is communion. What happened before his eyes is a sacrament. The designated word is “incidents”. It stands before the software, in which case the software is isolated. In place of the number 6, a comma should stand.

Answer: 12356

Quest 5 # 4290

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Thus, having dressed (1), he rolled in his own carriage along infinitely wide streets (2) illuminated by scanty lighting from (3) windows that flickered in some places.

Dressing up is the participle. Thus, dressing is a participial turnover. DO is always isolated. The number 1 should be followed by a comma.

Illuminated is the sacrament. Illuminated by lean lighting from flickering windows in some places - the sacrament of turnover. The defined word is “streets”. Software stands after the defined word, therefore it is isolated. In place of the number 2 should be a comma.

Flickering - Communion. In some places flashed - participial turnover. The designated word is “windows”. Software stands in front of him, therefore, does not stand apart. In place of the numbers 3 and 4, commas are not needed.

Answer: 12

Quest 6 # 4291

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Nekhlyudov dressed in a cleaned and (1) dress cooked in a chair (2) and went into the dining room with a huge oak sideboard and an equally large sliding table (3) that had something solemn in its (4) widely spaced lion paws (5 ) carved legs.

Cooked is the sacrament. Prepared in a chair - sacramenty. The software is isolated if it stands after the defined word. The designated word is “dress”. The software stands in front of him. In place of the numbers 1 and 2, commas are not needed.

Those who have - communion. Having something solemn in their carved legs, widely spread in the form of lion paws, is a sacrament. The designated word is “table”. Software stands after the defined word, therefore, is isolated. In place of the number 3 should be a comma.

Separated - communion. Widely spaced in the form of lion paws - participial circulation. The defined word is “legs”. The software is before the defined word, therefore it is not isolated. In place of numbers 4 and 5, commas are not needed.

Graduates are a sacrament. Graduates of important homework - Communion. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is "all." The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of the numbers 1 and 2.

Those who talk are communion. Having talked with your doctor about the weather and about a small pimple - participial circulation. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is “everything.” The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of numbers 2 and 4.

Jumped up - communion. Jumping up on the nose - participial turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The designated word is “pimple”. The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of numbers 4 and 5.

Showing is a communion. Showing great talents - participle turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is “everything.” The software is after it, which means that a comma should be in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12456

The answer to the question of how the participle turnover differs from the participial one lies in terminology. It is enough to recall what their constituent parts of speech are:

participle - the non-conjugated form of the verb, which also has the attributes of an adjective, expressing the procedural attribute of the subject;
participle is an non-conjugated form of the verb, which also has the signs of an adverb, expressing the procedural sign of an action (more often it means an additional).

The combination of participles and participles with words grammatically dependent on them is called revolutions.

Comparison

The syntactic constructions under consideration inherit all the properties and features of their fundamental parts of speech. Communion refers to the temporary attribute of an object as the action it produces or is subjected to. Peter, headed the land gentry cadet corps, proved to be a worthy successor to the cause of Minich. The participle turnover means an additional action characterizing another action. Sophia Augusta Frederic of Anhalt-Zerbst, arriving in Russia, tried to become Ekaterina Alekseevna as soon as possible.

It is easy to notice the difference between the participial turnover and the participle in the questions asked: the first answers "what did / did / did?" or, more generally, “what?”; the second is “what doing / doing?” or "how / how?".

The participial turnover is associated with a noun, numeral or pronoun, the participle is associated with a predicate verb. He always refers to the person performing the main action. Berlioz, able to speak verbose, but informativelyA conversation with an alleged foreigner was easy. Homeless Poet compelled to act as a listener, his point of view was completely shared.

The participle turnover does not change, unlike the participial one, which is inclined according to childbirth, numbers and cases. Chocolate-bought boy, chocolate-bought girl, first-graders who bought chocolate, who bought chocolate as a present, who bought chocolate from a client. A boy (a girl, first-graders), having bought chocolate, headed for the exit.

In the sentence, the participial revolution acts as a coordinated separate definition (and is emphasized by a wavy line in parsing), the participial one as a separate circumstance (graphically indicated by dots with dashes).

What is the difference between participial and participial turnover in terms of punctuation? For the first, its location relative to the word being determined is important: when it is ahead in the sentence, the construction is highlighted with commas, when on the contrary, punctuation marks are not placed between them. The participial turnover is isolated in any case, if it refers to a personal pronoun, has an additional causal, conditional, or qualifying meaning, and also if there are other members of the sentence between it and the word being defined.

Clerical circulation is always highlighted with commas, if it is not part of a stable combination (through the sleeves, headlong). The exception is cases when it enters the semantic center of the utterance. The students, who were waiting for Kedrov, were pretty nervous and awed in advance, dispersed in bewilderment. In addition, if he is a member of the proposal, homogeneous with an isolated circumstance, then punctuation is not allocated. Members of the institute commission studied the girl with the surname Brushtein suspiciously and frowned.

Table

Participial	Participial turnover
It is formed by a participle with dependent words (carries signs of an adjective)	Formed by participle with dependent words (wears signs of adverb)
Indicates the sign of the subject, answers the questions "what did / did?"	Indicates an additional action, answers the questions “what are you doing / doing?”
Refers to a noun, pronoun, numeral	Refers to a verb-predicate
Changes in numbers, births and cases	Does not change
Acts as a standalone definition	Acts as a separate circumstance
For isolation, the location relative to the defined word is important.	Separates regardless of place in the proposal

Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Indicates the sign of an object that proceeds in time, as an action that produces an object, or as an action to which it is exposed by another object ( calling - called).

Communion combines signs of the verb and adjective. Like shape the verb participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

transient and persistent action

control

compatibility with adverb.

how adjective, participle:

indicates a sign of an item

varies by gender, numbers and cases

in declension, has the same case ending system as the adjective

in the sentence acts as definition and predicate.

Communion - non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verb and adverbs. Signs the verb:

control

adverbial

There is no passive voice in the participles. Like adverbs, the participles do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

Most often, the participles are adjacent to verb predicate and are circumstance. In this case, they cannot be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the participle is minor predicate and substitution of the conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less often, the participle is adjacent to nominal predicateexpressed in a brief passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May apply to other members of the proposal:

supplement (keeping quiet)

communion definition (asleep leaning on an elbow)

circumstance-germs (drinking without frowning)

The use of participles is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( after doing homework, the girl went for a walk).

Communion education. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones only from transitive. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles real and passive are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfect verbs that do not have present tenses. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only a perfect form. Thus, only perfect participles from the past tense can be formed from intransitive verbs of the perfect form, for example: jumping, standing etc.

Present and present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-) - for real participles and suffixes -em, -im- - for the sacraments of the sufferers.

Past and present participles, real and passive, are formed from the base of an indefinite form (or past tense) through suffixes -your- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -en-, -t- -for communion sufferers.

The stylistic nature of the sacraments.

Communion is the most important means of designating the attributes of objects in the form of an agreed definition. Communion not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its attribute in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of the participles is most clearly manifested when used as definitions : He saw her sore, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and soothing his face (L. T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give particular expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window with a wet stream - it seemed that the sky was burned with a dawn of smokestone (Ahm.).

Communions that have metaphorical meaning usually become language paths: flashy contradictions, unfading glory.

The sphere of wide imaginative use of adjective participles is publicistic style. Here in the expressive function participles appear, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

The aesthetic assessment of the sacraments is imprinted by the writers' negative attitude towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons the dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others in which there are no "hissing" suffixes.

In common parlance, the participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: “Unbreakable dishes” instead of unbreakable.

Replacing the passive participle with the real one formed from the reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of meaning as a result of changing shades of collateral values: Parcels departing for Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the general return is layered on the passionate sacrament).

As a violation of literary norms, the formation of verb forms is perceived, but from intransitive verbs: proceed - proceed, proceed - received.

Communion in modern Russian on stylistic coloringfall into two diametrically opposite groups:

book forms with suffixes -a, -i, -v: breathing knowing saying

colloquially vernacular with suffixes having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of participles in lice, lice was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays, they are used as a stylistic tool for expressing vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all the participles in-yours, -she are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral participles: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral are those few germs of irrevocable verbs that cannot be formed without-shi: grown, leggings, prosters, kindled.

The participles, sharply distinguished by their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of artists of the word, which highly value the common verbs on -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such germs into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

The participles, figuratively depicting the action, often play the role of tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which you cannot form the participles: ride, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

Tatyana Efremova, Vitaliy Kostomarov

Sacraments and participles are typical of written rather than oral speech. Therefore, it is extremely important to carefully study their functions, properties and signs in order to learn how to write correctly, accurately, expressively. However, the difficulties associated with their use cannot be dispensed with, because these morphological units are often confused.

Terminology

Communion is a morphological unit, a special form of the verb (some linguists emphasize the sacrament as an independent part of speech), indicating the attribute of an object in action. It has inherent signs of a verb and an adjective.

The participle is a morphological unit, a special form of the verb (some linguists emphasize the participle as an independent part of speech, as well as the participle), indicating an additional action in the main action. It has inherent signs of a verb and an adverb.

In order to understand how they differ from each other, you first need to highlight what they are similar in.

Common features of the sacrament and participle

The formation of both verb forms requires verb stem and special suffixes. For the sacraments: - przh, - yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -enn, -ёnn, - nn, -th, -em, -im, - vsh, -sh. For germs: - lice, -shi, -v, -a, -i.

If the sentence contains dependent words, then both forms can form participial and participial circulation respectively. Example: A man who had just left the room was once a famous photographer. Communion: "just left the room." Leaving the restaurant, a company of bosom friends went down the street. Clerical turnover: "leaving the restaurant."

Verb tense:

View (perfect and imperfect). Example: a perfect verb “sell”. From it, the participle of the perfect form “sold” (what? / What did it?), The participle of the perfect form of “seller” (what did you do?) Are formed. The imperfective verb “to dance”, from it the imperfection of the imperfect form “dancing” (what? / What is doing?), The participle of the imperfect form “dancing” (what is doing?).
Return / Irrevocability (presence / absence of a return suffix -s / -s). Example: the reflexive verb “laugh,” from which the reflexive participle “laughing” and the reflexive participle “laugh” are formed. The irrevocable verb “to shout”, from it the irrevocable participle “shouting” is formed, the irrevocable participle “shouting”.
Transitivity (management of the non-inflected form of the noun, which stands in the accusative case). Example: the transitional verb "to eat" - to taste the ripening glory, to taste the ripening glory, to taste the ripening glory. The intransitive verb "to fall in love" - \u200b\u200bto fall in love with beautiful women, falling in love with beautiful women, falling in love with beautiful women.

What is the difference between the sacrament and the participle?

Not all verb attributes are inherent in both morphological units.

Communion verb tenses:

Pledge (real and passive). Example: the verb “to tell,” from it the actual participle “telling” is formed, the passive participle “told”.
Time category. Example: the verb “to love”, from it the participles “loving” (present / doing what?), “Loving” (past tense / what did?) Are formed from it.

Verbal signs characteristic of gerun participle:

Pledge. Communion can only stand in the active voice. Some linguistic scholars also single out a medium-returnable pledge, which, in fact, is such a verb attribute as recurrence.

Attributes characteristic of the participle:

Kind. Example: the verb “buy” - “bought tie”, “bought shirt”, “bought dress”.
Number. Example: the verb "lure" - "lured cat," lured cats ".
The form (completeness and brevity, only passive participles change). Example: the verb "fry" - "roasted chestnuts", "chestnuts roasted."
Case (only the participles in full form can vary by case). Example: the verb “embarrass”, the participle “embarrassed” is formed from it.

I.p. (who? / what?) - embarrassed young man.
R.p. (whom? / what?) - embarrassed young man.
D. p. (To whom? / What?) - embarrassed young man.
V. p. (Whom? / What?) - embarrassed young man.
T. p. (By whom / what?) - embarrassed young man.
P. p. (About whom? / What?) - about the embarrassed young man.

Syntax function - definition adjacent to the subject or addition. Example: A tearful woman watched a retreating train. Woman (what?) - tearful. The participial momentum performs a similar function, being separate definitions (if it is not in the absolute beginning of the sentence; it is highlighted with commas). Streams of rain gushing through the windows flickered in the dim light of a lantern. Water jets (what?) - whipping through the windows.

Answers the questions asked to the adjective: “which?”, “Which?”, “Which?” etc. The participle has no signs of an adjective, but it has the signs of an adverb.

Signs of an adverb that are characteristic of adverbial participle:

Immutability. The participles cannot be changed according to the times, clans, cases, numbers, as participles.
Syntax function - circumstance (isolated, separated by commas). Example: Blushing, he confessed to his mother that he was skipping classes at a music school. He confessed to his mother (how?) - blushing. The ad-participial turnover (a separate circumstance highlighted by commas) also performs a similar function. After asking the way from an old man passing by, she finally found a house in which she had been waited for a long time. She found a house (how?) - asking the way from an old man passing by.
Answers the questions asked to the adverb “how?”, “When?”, “Why?” etc.

Generalization

The key difference between these morphological units is what syntactic role they carry. They also have different characteristics.