Quotation marks

Quotes  are in quotes. If a quote  drawn up as direct speech, that is, it is accompanied by the words of the author bringing it, then the corresponding punctuation rules apply:
  Belinsky wrote: "Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society."
  “Twelve million people are illegal! .. Horror! ..” Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to serfs in the then Russia.
  “Therefore, in order to understand the history of art and literature of one or another country,” G.V. Plekhanov, “we need to study the history of those changes that have occurred in the situation of its inhabitants.”
  The speaker cited Gorky's words: “Every individual is the result of social grouping” - and this ended his speech.
  If after the poetic quotes  the text continues, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line: Tatyana’s husband, so beautifully and so completely from head to toe described by the poet with these two verses:
  ... and all above
  And raised his nose and shoulders
  The general who entered with her
  Tatyana's husband introduces her to Onegin as his relative and friend  (comma and dash appear before words tatyana's husbandwhich are repeated in order to associate the second part of the author’s words with the first part).
  If a quote  consists of several paragraphs then quotes  placed only at the beginning and at the end of the whole text: In the article "From the History of Russian Literature" A.M. Gorky wrote: “What is the strength of literature?
  Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater visibility, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.
  Being more readable and convincing than its philosophy because of its liveliness, literature is also the most widespread, convenient, simple and victorious way of propagating class trends. ”
  Often, for a more clear indication of the boundaries quotesespecially if there are quotes, is used as an additional special printing method of allocation quotes  (set to a smaller format, set to a different font size, and so on).
  If, by quote, the author emphasizes individual words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), this is specified in a note enclosed in brackets, indicating the author's initials, which are preceded by a dot and a dash: (emphasized by us. - A. B.), (italics ours. - A. B.), (our detente. - A. B.).  Such a note is placed or immediately after the appropriate place in quote, or at the end of a sentence either quotes  in general, or in the form of a footnote (in the latter case, the note is placed without parentheses).
  If the author or editor is pasted into quote  your text explaining the sentence or individual words of the quote, then this text is placed in direct or new brackets: S.N. Schukin wrote in his memoirs about A.P. Chekhov: “To become a true writer,” he taught<Чехов>, - you must devote yourself exclusively to this matter. Amateurism here, as elsewhere, will not let you go far. "

Ellipsis with quotes.

If a quote  is not completely given, the pass is indicated by an ellipsis, which is set:
  before quote  (after opening quotes), not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that quote  not from the beginning of the sentence: L.N. Tolstoy wrote: "... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the form of art, which is achieved only with great talent and great work";
  In the middle quoteswhen a piece of text is missing inside it: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, A.A. Fadeev recalled: “It is not by chance that our Russian classics ... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
  after quotes  (before closing quotes), when the quoted sentence is not given to the end: Speaking in defense of the culture of spoken language, Chekhov wrote: "In fact, for an intelligent person speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ...".
  After quotesending with an ellipsis, a period is given if the quote is not an independent sentence: M.V. Lomonosov wrote that "the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language appear quite from books written in past centuries ...".

Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotes.

If a quote  syntactically connected with the author’s text, forming a subordinate clause, the first word of the quote is written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter: Speaking about the poetry of Pushkin, N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that "in his poems, live Russian speech first spoke to us, the real Russian world first appeared to us."
  The first word is written with a lowercase letter quotes  and in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, it has an ellipsis in front of it: DI. Pisarev pointed out: "... the beauty of the language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness, that is, exclusively in those qualities that accelerate and facilitate the transition of thought from the head of the writer to the head of the reader."
  If a quote  is preceded by the author’s words, the first word in it is written with a capital letter and in the case when it is not from the beginning of the sentence, that is, in the quoted text this word is written with a lower case letter: "... Flexible, rich and with all its imperfections, the language of every nation is beautiful, the intellectual life of which has reached a high level of development," wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky.

quotes  immediately following it, it is enclosed in brackets, and the dot after the quote is dropped and put after the closing bracket: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian social thought is enormous” (Lunacharsky).
  The title of the work is separated from the surname of the author by a dot and is not quotes, the point separates the output: "We must be able to use words that most accurately and subtly express thoughts that excite the artist" (Fadeev A. A. Literature and life. M., 1939. S. 155).
  The first word indicates the source quotes  is written in this case with a lowercase letter, if it is not a proper name: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Lightning flashed between the distance and the right horizon, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky was bordered by blackness. A terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; large black rags hung on its edge; exactly the same rags, crushing each other, were piled on the right and left horizon ”(from the story“ Steppe ”by A.P. Chekhov). (see translation agency)
  If an indication of the author or source quotes  It’s not directly behind it, but placed lower, then a dot is placed after the quote.

  How not to love your native Moscow?
  Baratynsky

Any scientific work contains, to one degree or another, quotes taken from other sources, so many students are wondering how to quote in order to pass anti-plagiarism. When checking for uniqueness, these fragments will certainly be shown. Accordingly, the level of originality of the text will decrease.

Is there a way around this? Similar questions are of interest to many students. But do not despair, because the way out of this situation is simple. There are several ways that we will consider below.

Citation Types

There are two ways to quote primary sources. Accordingly, the result of uniqueness will be different.

• Direct or exact quotation implies that you insert a quote from another text without changing it. In this case, the originality of the text will be lower, and the anti-plagiarism program will indicate where the quote came from.
• The second type of citation is indirect copying. In other words, the usual rewrite. You pass the borrowed quote in your own words. The uniqueness of the text immediately increases. And to determine the source in this case is almost impossible.

How to hide quoting

Any computer program for checking text for plagiarism determines borrowed fragments, the only difference is what percentage of uniqueness it will show. You can configure the program so that it skips texts taken from other works. There are several ways to do this.

• First way

Anti-plagiarism can see borrowed quotes, or maybe skip them. The main thing is to correctly quote. We take the borrowed quote in quotation marks and in the document we make a footnote indicating the source. This will be honest and fair to another author.

• Second way

We indicate the source directly in the text. For example, we write: As A. said, “the law applies ...”, etc. So we will show the inspector of the work that we are not afraid to be caught in plagiarism, but frankly indicate what materials were used in writing the work.

• Third way

Here we completely exclude the definition of the source. To do this, specify in the program settings that links to sources, i.e. certain domains will be ignored. Then your text immediately becomes 100% unique. The program will check the work without taking into account the sources from which quotes are taken.

The pitfall of this action is that you need to specify in the program settings the exact addresses of the sites where the copying is coming from. By the way, others who check your work for uniqueness are unlikely to ignore the source.

• The fourth way

Insert an invisible text into the borrowed quote. Thus, we dilute fragments of other people's labor.

Summarize

Sites and programs to detect plagiarism are made in order to find fragments borrowed from other sources. If they could be easily deceived, they would not be so popular. Therefore, a quote from someone else’s text is easier to format and indicate the source than to try to circumvent anti-plagiarism.

Now each student will be able to quote in order to pass anti-plagiarism, and this will not cause him any difficulties. Therefore, there should be no difficulty in developing a scientific work in which citation was used.

Quote- this is a statement cited in whole or in part from an author’s text (scientific, fiction, journalistic and other literature or report) with reference to the author or source.

Quotes are issued in the following ways:

1. Offers with direct speech.

Quotation as direct speech can be given in full. not completely. not from the beginning of the sentence.

1) The quoted sentence or part of the text is given in full.

For example: Pushkin noted: "Chatsky is not at all a smart person - but Griboedov is very smart.".

2) Quote is not complete   (not from the beginning or not to the end of the sentence, or with throwing out part of the text in the middle); in this case, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which can be enclosed in angle brackets (which is accepted when quoting scientific literature).

For example: Gogol wrote: “Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon. ...    this is a Russian man in his development, in which he may appear in two hundred years. ”

3) The quote may not be given from the beginning of the sentence.

For example: Pisarev wrote: "... the beauty of a language lies in its clarity and expressiveness." Or "... The beauty of language lies in its clarity and expressiveness," wrote Pisarev.

2. Suggestions with indirect speech.

The quote may not be framed as direct speech, but as a continuation of the sentence or an isolated component of the text.

For example:   Gogol wrote that “the thought of the Russian national poet immediately dawns on behalf of Pushkin.”

A.P. Chekhov emphasized that " ...   an idle life cannot be pure. ”

“Respect for the past is the line that distinguishes education from savagery” (Pushkin).(The last example is an isolated component of the text, so the author’s surname is given in parentheses after the quote.)

3. Sentences with introductory words.

For example: According to A. M. Gorky, "Art must ennoble people."

Quotes are often used to express a thought more clearly.

For example: One must be attentive to the language, to combinations of words, to the text that you read. It enriches speech. The famous Russian poet V. Bryusov vividly said this:

Perhaps everything in life is just a means

For brightly singing poems,

And you since careless childhood

Look for word combinations.

Quotations from poems are not enclosed in quotation marks if the poetic line is followed.

Quote as a continuation of the sentence.

A poetic quote can be made without quotes, but with a red line and observance of poetic lines.

For example:

Blessed forever

What came to flow and die.

QUALIFICATION SIGNS AT QUOTES

The quote is enclosed in quotation marks.

If a quote stands at the words of the author   and represents an independent sentence, it is made out as a direct speech in quotation marks in one of its possible positions in relation to the author’s words: in the position after the author’s words, in front of them, the author’s words inside the quote, etc.

For example: Belinsky wrote: " Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society».

« A child poet must be an intelligent person, like an adult, and a very naive, direct person, like a child!"- wrote S. Marshak.

« Bitter alien bread- says Dante, - and the steps of someone else’s porch are heavy" (P.).

If a   quote is syntactically related to the author’s words , that is, forms a subordinate clause with them, then the first word of the quote is written with a lowercase letter: Belinsky wrote that " nature creates man, but develops and forms his society».

If a quote is not complete , then the ellipsis is placed at the place of the pass (at the beginning, middle or end of the quote). In this case, the first word of the quote at the beginning of the sentence is capitalized, even if it begins with a lowercase letter in the source.

For example: « ... the steps of someone else's porch are heavy"Says Dante. Compare: K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote: “ Music is a strong excitement, a powerful instrument similar to medicines. She can both poison and heal". - K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that “ music ... can both poison and heal". - K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that “music is a strong excitement, a powerful tool ...”.

Multiple paragraph quotes are quoted only once, and not before each paragraph.

For example: In the story "River Spills" K. G. Paustovsky wrote:

« There is such an internal self-confidence when a person can do everything.

He can write verses almost instantly that descendants will repeat them for several centuries.

He can accommodate in his mind all the thoughts and dreams of the world, to distribute them to the first comers and not for a moment regret it».

If a offer ends with quote   and at the end of the quote is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then quotation marks and periods are placed after them.

For example:   In one of his articles, A. M. Gorky wrote that “ Rudin is Bakunin and Herzen, and partly Turgenev himself ...».

Of course, there are skeptics who believe that " as he said - okay. They will understand anyway!».

If a author emphasizes single words of quote   in order to enhance their meaning (in print these words are highlighted in a special font), he stipulates this in a note, enclosing it in brackets and indicating his initials, which are preceded by a dash.

For example: (italics ours. - N.V.), (emphasized by us. - N.V.), (emphasized by us. - N.V.).

Such a note is placed either immediately after the appropriate place in the quote, or at the end of the quote, or at the end of the page in the form of a footnote (footnote).

For example: O. Balzac claimed that “ where all the humpbacks are, a beautiful figure becomes ugliness ”(emphasized by us. - N.V.).

When quoting a poetic text, observing the lines and stanzas of the original quotation marks are usually not put.

For example: We are well aware of the wonderful words of A.S. Pushkin about autumn:

Sad time! Eye charm!

Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -

I love the magnificent nature of wilting,

In scarlet and gold clad forests ...

Epigraph also usually not enclosed in quotation marks . In this case, a link to the author is given without brackets below the epigraph to the right.

For example, the epigraph to the novel by K. G. Paustovsky “The Golden Rose” is designed as follows:

Golden Rose

If the prose text continues after the poetic quote, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line :

Tatyana’s husband, so beautifully and so completely from head to toe described by the poet with these two verses:

... and all above

He raised his nose and shoulders

The general who entered with her

tatyana's husband introduces her to Onegin as his relative and friend (Bel.).The words tatyana's husband  repeated in order to connect the second part of the author’s words with the first.

If a quoting inserts text into quotation explaining a sentence or single words in it, then this is the explanation is in square brackets .

For example: And her hair [mermaid] is green, that is your hemp (T.).

At cut quotes already having ellipses that perform certain functions inherent to them, ellipsis posed by the author citing a text indicating a reduction in quotation, enclosed in angle brackets .

For example: In Leo Tolstoy’s diary we read: “She cannot deny her feelings<...>  . She, like all women, is dominated by feeling, and any change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will pass by itself little by little<...> ».

Other words are highlighted by quotes included in the author’s text when their belonging to another person is indicated.

For example: Pasternak's fight for " unheard of simplicity"Poetic language was a struggle not for its comprehensibility, but for its primordiality, primordiality - the absence of poetic secondary, primitive traditionality ... (D. S. Likhachev).

Foreign words are inverted commas , emphasizing the ironic meaning of the word, indicating the double meaning of the word or the meaning, known only to the one to whom the words are addressed, as well as words used in a special, often conditional meaning.

For example: ... Many pages of the English classical novel “break” with the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth (M. Urnov); After all, the zero cycle is a “dustless” cycle; it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers (Deputy).

Quotation marks stand out.   purely grammatical unusual words when parts of speech or entire revolutions not intended to express these functions are used as sentence members.

For example: From his affable "I was expecting you," she was amused (B.P.); “Do you want? "," Come on "sounded in my ears and made some kind of intoxication; I saw nothing and no one except Sonia (L.T.).

For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to see educational meaning in any social phenomenon” ( Azarov Yu. Learning to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. P. 242).

If the quote ends with a question or exclamation mark, as well as an ellipsis, then these signs retain their place, stand in front of the closing quote.

For example: “Do not leave your beloved. There are no former lovers in the world ...   "(A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. S. 5).

A correctly framed foreign phrase - a quote, incorrectly - is actually plagiarism. The case, as usual, is punishable. And the copyright sign © placed after the dot indicates as clearly as possible: the author does not know how to draw quotes correctly. Sometimes “... from frequent use, some quotes shine like a railing” (V. Pelevin), so the ability to bring them not only to the place, but also competently is very, very useful.

The only unconditionally correct option for filling someone else’s saying in a letter in a literal transmission is to put the phrase in quotation marks. If the quote is used as an autonomous, independent lexical structure, then authorship or source must be indicated after closing quotation marks in brackets. If the quote is made out in the form of direct speech, then authorship is additionally not necessary.

“We have been accustomed to single-celled words, scanty thoughts, play after that Ostrovsky!” (Faina Ranevskaya)

Faina Ranevskaya about work: “Do you know what it means to act in films? Imagine that you are bathing in a bathhouse, and they will lead an excursion there. ”

The quote does not tolerate distortions, arrangements and assumptions, otherwise it ceases to be a quote. If you cannot vouch for accuracy, then you can build a complex sentence.

Faina Ranevskaya said she hates people who turn to her: “Mule, don’t make me nervous!”

If the text requires additional emphasis, it is permissible to use italics or a font with a size 1-2 steps less than the main one. At the same time, these two methods are not used if it is not a question of the author's emphasis in italics inside the quotation.

Another way of graphical highlighting is indentation in relation to the main text on both sides, when the quote is placed in the first third of the page. Quotation marks are not required in this case. This option is acceptable in printing, periodicals, web typesetting, but is not welcome in scientific and business authorship works (with the exception of poetic quotes).

Talent is self-doubt

and excruciating discontent with myself,

my shortcomings, which I, incidentally,

never noticed in mediocrity.

F. Ranevskaya

Highlighting quotes in color, large print, bold and other types of text formatting is not allowed. An exception is made for the author's emphasis: the dictum should be given in the form in which it is presented in the original source. If you want to emphasize or emphasize something especially, it is permissible to use your italics or underlining, but it is necessarily indicated in brackets that these changes were made by the citation, and not the cited.

“I am amazed by the excitement of people for nothing, she herself was the same fool. Now, before the finish, I understand clearly that everything is empty. Only need kindness, compassion"(Faina Ranevskaya).

Often, the writer does not know how to correctly designate a quote in the text if it consists of poetic lines. Usually, business is not limited to one quatrain, especially when it comes to literary texts. The rule applies here: if the line graphic is saved (“column” or “ladder”, for example), then quotation marks are not required, indents from the main text are used, and the quote is located in the first third of the page. If someone else’s words are limited to a couple of lines or the topic involves placing “on the line”, then they are closed in quotation marks.

When the text deals with the work of one person, authorship of quotations belonging to him is not indicated. In parentheses after the quote, the year of creation and the name of the work are marked, if several are given.

Another question tormenting the citation in writing: where to put an end to? Or any other punctuation mark if the quote is at the end of the sentence. Here, everything is almost unambiguous: the dot will always be after the closing quotation marks. Other signs are in front of them if:

1. Quote - an independent construction, ending with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, which are placed inside quotation marks;

   Faina Ranevskaya: “Why are all fools such women?”

2. The quote is not an independent construction, and after the whole phrase there should be an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, as in the quote itself.

   Faina Ranevskaya exclaimed with irony that "... one must go to old age from morning to evening!"

   The point in these cases is not set.

As you can see, quoting was not so difficult. But it is worth remembering: it is impossible to correctly execute quotes without knowing the rules of punctuation in direct speech. The design inside quotation marks obeys them.

Quote Rules

General requirements for cited material

The quoted text should be quoted, exactly according to the quoted text, in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source.

Omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distortion and is indicated by ellipsis.

The citation should be complete, without distorting the thoughts of the author.

The citation must be inextricably linked with the text and serve as proof and confirmation of the provisions put forward by the author.

When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places in one quote. Each passage should be made out as a separate quote.

When quoting, each citation must be accompanied by an indication of the source (bibliographic link).

Basic rules for quotes.

Quote as a stand alone sentence (after the dot ending the previous sentence) must start with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.

For example:

The desire to understand the laws of existence does not lead to the consideration of chance as an objective reality, but to its interpretation as the initial stage of cognition of an object, due to the imperfection of our knowledge. “There is nothing more contrary to reason and nature than chance” (Cicero). (East: "... there is nothing ...".)

The quote included in the text after the subordinate word ( what, for, or, because  etc.), is enclosed in quotation marks and lower case, even if in the source it begins with a capital letter: M. Gorky wrote that "in the simplicity of the word ...".

For example:

Gorky wrote that “in the simplicity of a word is the greatest wisdom: proverbs and songs are always short, and the mind and feelings are put into entire books in them.” (In the source: "In the simplicity of the word ...")

A quote placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter, if the source of the first word of the quote begins with a lowercase letter (in this case, the ellipsis must be preceded by the quoted text), and with a capital letter, if the source of the first word of the quote begins with a capital letter (in this case, the ellipsis is not placed before the quoted text).

For example:

From the point of view of historical gravitation, cultural preferences, the system of value orientations, from the point of view of civilization, the Russian nation is a European nation: “... as Russian literature, with all its originality, is one of the European literatures, so Russia itself with all its features is one of the European nations ”(Vl. Soloviev). (In the source: "... and as a Russian ...".)

The same punctuation marks as in the quoted source are preserved in quotes.

If the sentence is not quoted in full, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, either inside it or at the end. Punctuation marks before the omitted text are not saved.

For example:

Strength and beauty, turned into an end in itself, are destructive. Taken as an end in itself, they become hostile to morality. Vl. Soloviev draws attention to this side of the problem: “Strength and beauty are divine, but not by themselves ... but if they are inseparable from good ...” (Vl. Soloviev).

When a sentence ends with a quote, with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark at the end of the quote, then no quotation mark is given after quotation marks if the quote is an independent sentence; or put a period (or other necessary sign) if the quote is not an independent sentence (included in the text of the author’s sentence).

For example:

One can talk about individual freedom only by recognizing the individual’s right to identity. In this regard, the exclamation of N. Gumilyov is significant: “I do not want to be mixed with others - and this requires that I myself do not mix myself with others!”