Amundsen Royal. What was discovered by Rus Amundsen

Nowadays, even a child has a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe polar world: snow-white plains, an amazing natural phenomenon, the northern lights, giant icebergs and amazing sea animals - polar bears or penguins.

How many dangers lurk these extraordinary corners of the Earth. Despite all the obstacles of travelers and sailorsdraws to the North and South poles, trying to fill in the "white spots" on the world map and to prove to everyone and himself that a person is capable of risk. One of the first who managed to conduct successful polar navigation was the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen. One managed to become the first person to visit the North Pole, while the other reached the South Point before everyone else.

In the south of Norway in the town of Borg on July 16, 1872 in the family of a shipbuilder Amundsen, the youngest son of Roal was born. Rual dreamed of connecting his life with the sea. They came to the port city where the boy lived, and he went to the pier in any weather to watch them. There he heard from the stories of experienced sailors about adventures and exploits at sea. Roal hoped that one day he, too, would set off to discover uncharted lands. Norwegian Roald Amundsenfrom childhood, he dreamed about the Arctic and prepared for future campaigns, training hard and enthusiastically reading all the literature available to him about the development of the North. Amundsen was greatly impressed by the stories of the difficulties that the team of John Franklin, an English explorer and the infamous polar explorer, had to overcome.

The young man went skiing. In this sport, he achieved great success. Besides accustoming yourself to the cold, Amundsenslept with an open window even in the most severe cold.

Rual at the age of 18, obeying the wishes of his mother, entered the medical faculty of the university. The young man did not try to prove himself in the field of medical research, so over time he left the university and drafted into the army. Thanks to hard training, Amundsen easily overcame this stretch in his life. Dreams of upcoming campaigns inspired him in everything.

Amundsen student

In 1894 Amundsenbegan preparations for the upcoming sailing. By that time, he had read a lot of books available to him about the Arctic. To gain experience as a sailor, he went sailing, starting as a sailor. Studying navigation, he gradually rose to the rank of navigator, and then passed the exam for the title of ship's captain. With time Amundsenlearned to steer a ship during a storm and became an experienced assistant captain and an excellent navigator.

maps depicting the Arctic Ocean in Amundsen's time were not at all what they are now

In 1897, the twenty-five-year-old Roald Amundsen sailed to the Antarctic on a research vessel “ Belgium"As the first navigator. The trip was difficult and not successful. The ship was stuck between the ice for thirteen months. Almost the entire leadership of the expedition came down from scurvy, and the command passed to the young navigator. Amundsenthanks to his knowledge in medicine, he saved most of the crew. Marinersmanaged to break out of the ice trap in 1899 and the ship " Belgium"Returned to Europe.

Thanks to the experience gained Amundsensuccessfully passed the exams and set about organizing his own expedition in 1900 as a captain. Taking a loan under his own house, he purchased a yacht " Yoa"With a displacement of 47 tons and a length of 21 meters. To hire a team and purchase food, he had to ask for help from friends and look for sponsors.

On the night of July 16, 1903 the yacht " Yoa»With a team of seven people left the port of Tromsø and headed for Alaska through the Baffin Bay, moving between the islands of the northern coast of Canada. It was still possible to complete the difficult navigation in 1905. This meant that he made a trip to the Northwest Passage, thereby a 34-year-old Amundsenaccomplished a feat that failed his “adviser” John Franklin.

polar explorer john franklin

Upon returning home Amundseninstantly became famous and he toured the United States, giving lectures in many cities. The money received allowed him to pay debts. But this independence was not long. When planning a new expedition, Amundsen soon made new debts. Finding money for the expedition was not easy. more than once sought to reach the North Pole, but to no avail. The most famous was Nansen's attempt. He built " Fram”, Which was specially adapted for swimming in the Arctic climate, but he could not reach the goal. Roald Amundsen decided to enlist the support of his famous predecessor. He met with Nansen and he approved of his plan. Moreover, the great navigatorgave Amundsenschooner Fram”, Thereby appointing him his successor. It also helped solve financial problems - investors believed in the plan.

mariner Amundsen

polar explorer Amundsen

schooner "Fram"

arrival at the south pole

sending to an unknown path

sailing ship "Mod"

Amundsenwent camping in early August 1910. Among the members of the expedition depressed mood reigned. They did not talk about it rumor, but the success of researcher Peary, who reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909, had an unpleasant effect on the mood of the team. Watching this state of affairs, Amundsensecretly made a decision. Going to sea, schooner " Fram"Followed an unexpected path. The ship was supposed to move to the Arctic, but it continued to sail across the Atlantic. The sailors' team was alarmed, but Amundsen, the captain and chief of the expedition knew where his schooner was heading. October 12th, when the schooner " Fram"Approached the island of Madeira off the coast of North Africa, the secret was revealed. Amundsen called a team and announced a change of course. He decided, since he could not become the discoverer of the North Pole, he would conquer the South. Information about the change of course led the team to delight and breathed excitement.

In February 1911, when the summer ended in the Southern Hemisphere, schooner« Fram»Reached the coast of Antarctica. First of all sailorsorganized a base and set up several warehouses. With the onset of winter, the main part of the expedition was left to wait for her in the camp. The remaining group of people, consisting of four people on October 19, 1911, left the base on dog teams, rushing deep into the continent. The team overcame up to 40 km per day and on December 14, 1911 reached its goal - the South Pole. After three days of observations made at this point on the planet, a group of researchers led by Amundsenreturned to the camp. The Norwegian public rejoiced. Everyone congratulated Amundsen on the feat. Government encouraged sailorand discoverera generous reward.

But the scientist was not satisfied with the collected materials, therefore, on June 7, 1916, on the Mod ship, built for his own money Amundsenwent on a second voyage. This vessel had many new instruments at that time, which made it possible to better maneuver in the ice. Roald Amundsen invested almost all of his money in it, undertaking yet another polar feat. His goal was again the North Pole. To visit the northernmost point of the Earth remained the seafarer's most visible dream. Amundsen decided to first open the Northeast Passage along the northern coast of Russia. On July 16, 1918, Roald Amundsen sailed on the Mod ship along the northern coast of Russia to the Bering Strait. With great difficulty, he got to Alaska in 1920. Polar explorer broke his arm and was forced to change course to Seattle to provide medical care and requiring repair of the vessel. So the second ended amundsen expedition.

Amundsenspent brilliant expeditions, visited the Arctic and Antarctica. He became the most famous polar explorer, however, the Arctic, so beloved by the researcher, ultimately destroyed him.

In 1928, a certain Italian balloonist, Umberto Nobile, decided to conquer the North Pole, having got there by airship. However, after taking off, Nobile suffered an accident. Several rescue teams immediately rushed to his aid, one of them was Amundsen. They knew each other before - they participated in a joint expedition on the airship "Norway" in 1926. However, later the relationship between them suddenly grew hostile. However, Amundsen made the decision to participate in the rescue of the Italian expedition without delay.

The crew of a large seaplane " Latam-47”Consisted of Norwegians and French. In its composition Amundsenflew in an unknown direction. I must say, he carefully concealed his intentions. I didn’t inform anyone about the chosen route, which subsequently extremely complicated the search. Did not leave Amundsenand recordings with reporters was brief and restrained. The great traveler, as if preparing in advance for the tragedy - sold his property, paid off his creditors. Eyewitnesses claim that a visionary Amundseni didn’t even take emergency rations, only a few sandwiches. Norway for a long time refused to believe in the death of its national hero. Death Amundsenofficially recognized only six months after the disappearance of the seaplane. The country honored the memory of the famous polar explorer with a few minutes of silence. And General Nobile, a rival of Amundsen, upon learning of the death of the Norwegian, found the courage to say out loud: " He defeated me».

In honor of the Norwegian navigator and explorer Royal Amundsenthe mountain in East Antarctica, the bay of the Arctic Ocean near the coast of Canada, the basin in the Arctic Ocean, located between the Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges and the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Antarctica are named. A historical museum dedicated to the great polar explorers has been created in Norway.

monument on the island of Svalbard. From here, Amundsen went on an expedition.

museum in Oslo, Norway

amundsen-Scott South Pole polar station

Roal Engelbregt Graving Amundsen (born July 16, 1872 - died June 18, 1928) is a polar explorer from Norway.

What Roald Amudsen discovered

The first in the world to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first person (along with Oscar Wisting) who visited both geographic poles of the planet. He was the first in the world to pass the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska, the latter made the passage along the Northeast Path (along the coast of Siberia), for the first time closing the circumnavigation of the Arctic Circle.

One of the pioneers in the use of aviation - seaplanes and airships - in Arctic travel. He died in 1928, setting off in search of the missing expedition of Umberto Nobile. He has received awards from many countries of the world, including America’s highest award - the Congressional Gold Medal; numerous geographical and other objects bear his name.

Childhood. Youth

Roald Amundsen was born in a family of hereditary seafarers and from a young age dreamed of continuing the family tradition. But he knew well that good health was necessary for this — something that he did not have. However, being physically painful and weak, Roal set himself the task of strengthening his body as much as possible, for which he trained and hardened daily. He even wanted to become a doctor, but after two courses at the University of Christiania’s medical faculty (now Oslo) left his studies and hired a sailor for a sailing schooner to go fishing for seals in the Greenland Sea.

First travels. Training

After two years of sea wanderings, Amundsen, salted by the sea winds, stronger and even more self-confident, passed the exams for a long-range navigation navigator. In the years 1897-1899. as a navigator, he took part in the Belgian Antarctic expedition on the ship "Belgica", after which he passed the exam, for the captain of the voyage.

Opening of the Northwest Passage

In 1903–1906, for the first time in the history of navigation, Roal passed on its own sailing schooner “Joa” with a team of 7 people from Greenland to Alaska along the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. From Barrow Strait, he headed south through the Peel and Franklin Straits to the northern tip of King William Island. Rounding the island from the east, spent two wintering in the harbor off the southeast coast of King William Island. 1904, autumn - he conducted a survey on a boat of the narrowest part of the Simpson Strait, and at the end of the summer of 1905 moved straight west along the coast of the mainland, leaving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the north. 1906, summer - after the third wintering, the traveler passed through the Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean and finished sailing in San Francisco. With this, he was able to open the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean from east to west. During the expedition, he made valuable geomagnetic observations and mapped more than 100 islands.

Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1910-1912)

In the years 1910–1912, Amundsen, on the Fram ship owned by F. Nansen, led an expedition to Antarctica with the goal of discovering the South Pole. The Fram team included the Russian sailor and oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin. In January, the Amundsen expedition landed on the Ross Glacier in Whale Bay. There they founded a base camp to prepare for the campaign to the South Pole.

1911, October 19 - a group led by Roal Amundsen (Oscar Wisting, Helmer Hansen, Sverre Hassel, Olaf Bialand) set off on four sledges with 52 dogs, and was able to reach the South Pole on December 17, 1911. During the work of the expedition in Antarctica, the traveler discovered the mountains of the Queen Maud. But only on March 7, 1912, while in the city of Hobart (Tasmania), Amundsen informed the world of his victory and the successful return of the expedition.

Northeast Sea Route

In the years 1918-1921. Roal built the Mod ship with his own money and sailed from west to east along the northern shores of Eurasia, repeating Nansen's drift on the Fram. Two wintering passed from Norway to the Bering Strait.

Air Expedition 1925

In the years 1923-1925. Amundsen made several attempts to reach the North Pole. The biographers of the great Norwegian preserved the details of the 1925 expedition. May 21, 1925 two seaplanes headed for the North Pole. On one were Ellsworth, Dietrichson, and Omdahl, on the other were Amundsen, Rieser-Larsen, and Feucht. At a distance of 1000 km from Svalbard, the motor of the plane on which Amundsen was located began to interrupt. I had to make an emergency landing, since there was a large wormwood nearby. The second seaplane during landing failed.

Waiting in the ice for suitable take-off weather happened for more than 3 weeks. It was clear that everyone would have to return on the same plane. Everything was thrown out of it, except the most necessary. The pilot's place was taken by Riser-Larsen. The remaining 5 people could barely fit in the cockpit.

Royal described what was happening: “Here is the engine started, and the plane started off. The following seconds were the most exciting of my life. Riiser-Larsen immediately gave full throttle. With an increase in the speed, the irregularities of the ice affected more and more, and the entire hydroplane so terribly tilted from side to side that I was more than once afraid that it might roll over and break the wing. We were quickly approaching the end of the racetrack, but blows and jolts showed that we still had not torn ourselves from the ice. With increasing speed, but still, not separating from the ice, we approached a small slope leading to wormwood. We were transported through wormwood, fell onto a flat ice on the other side, and suddenly took off ... ”

After 8 hours and 35 minutes of flight, rudder drives jammed. But under the wing of the plane, open water was already glistening. The pilot confidently put the seaplane on the water and led him like a motor boat. This happened near the northern coast of Svalbard. Soon, a small fishing vessel approached the travelers, and the captain agreed to tow the plane to Kingsbey. From Svalbard, its participants, along with the plane, sailed on a boat. 1925, July 5 - Amundsen's plane, met by thousands of jubilant people, landed in Oslo harbor. Norway honored its national heroes.

Airship "Norway"

1926, May - Rual led the first successful flight through the North Pole in an airship. The aircraft, lighter than air, bore the name of the hero’s home country - “Norway”.

Death

After 2 years, when another airship - with the proud name "Italy" - crashed after reaching the pole, Amundsen went in search of the expedition of General Umberto Nobile. He flew out of Tromso on the French twin-engine seaplane “Latham-47”. During a flight from Norway to Svalbard, the plane crashed into the waters of the Barents Sea for unknown reasons. And no one heard anything more about the famous polar explorer.

General Nobile was rescued five days after the disappearance of the traveler.

Memory

A mountain in the eastern part of Antarctica, a bay in the Arctic Ocean, a sea off the coast of the Southern continent and the American polar station Amundsen-Scott are named after Royal Amundsen. His works “Flight through the Arctic Ocean”, “On the Ship Mod”, “Expedition along the North Coast of Asia”, “South Pole” and a five-volume collected works were translated into Russian.

Fridtjof Nansen dedicated sincere words to the memory of his colleague and compatriot: “He will forever take a special place in the history of geographical research ... Some explosive force lived in it. In the misty sky of the Norwegian people, he ascended a shining star. How many times she caught fire in bright flashes! And suddenly it went out right away, but we cannot take our eyes off the empty place in the sky. ”

Roald Amundsen is a Norwegian polar traveler, explorer, record holder in many areas. He was the first to reach the South Pole, visited the two geographical poles of the earth, which attracted him like a magnet throughout his life. Amundsen made many important discoveries that turned out to be very useful in further research into the polar regions.

short biography

The future researcher was born on July 16, 1872 in Borg, in the family of a Norwegian sea merchant. From an early age, he literally raved about traveling, and prepared for them according to his strengths and capabilities: he went in for sports, tempered, and enthusiastically studied literature about polar expeditions.

Rual wanted to learn how to navigate, but at the insistence of his mother was forced to study medicine. Osirotev in 1893 and becoming the master of his own destiny, Amundsen left the institute and went to sea.

Fig. 1. Roald Amundsen.

Sailing for five years, and having learned to become a navigator, Roal went to the shores of the coveted Arctic as part of a Belgian expedition.

The first expedition to the Arctic proved to be an incredibly difficult test. The ship was squeezed by ice, people went crazy from hunger and disease. Few managed to survive. Among the lucky ones was Rual, who hunted seals and did not disdain to eat their raw meat.

In 1903, Amundsen purchased the battered Joa motor-sailing yacht in order to fulfill his long-standing dream of conquering the North. His team consisted of only seven people, and the equipment was very modest, but this did not stop the traveler.

Conquering the South Pole

In 1910, Roald Amundsen began active preparations for a new expedition. However, his plans changed after the news that the North Pole was conquered by Robert Peary.

The ambitious traveler decided not to waste time, and with a team of like-minded people went to the South Pole. In just a few weeks, they covered more than 16 thousand miles. Walking close to Ross’s icy barrier, the travelers were forced to land ashore and take dog sledding.

Fig. 3. The South Pole.

On December 14, 1911, Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole, having traveled over the ice for more than 1,500 kilometers. He was the first person to set foot on the harsh polar lands, and in honor of this event he hoisted the flag of Norway at the South Pole.

During dangerous trips, Amundsen mastered all means of transportation known at that time: various types of ships, skis, dog sledding, and even airships and seaplanes. Roald Amundsen became one of the pioneers of polar aviation.

The brave traveler met his death at the North Pole. Going in 1928 in search of the missing Nobile expedition, after a while he ceased to get in touch. The exact circumstances of the tragic death of Amundsen have not yet been clarified.

Roald Amundsen is the greatest Norwegian polar explorer who forever left his name in history.

Amundsen - (16.07. 1872 - 18. 06. 1928) - one of the most famous sailors in Norway. Amundsen Roal Engelbregt Graving is a famous traveler. Also, Roald Amundsen is known as a researcher of the polar lands.

Roald Amundsen is the first person to reach the South Pole (December 14, 1911). The first explorer to complete the sea passage both in the North-Eastern (along the coast of Siberia) and the North-Western sea (along the straits of the Canadian archipelago).

From biografii Royal Amundsen:

Roal was born in 1872 in southeastern Norway (Borg, near Sarpsborg) in a family of hereditary sailors and shipbuilders. Roal was born the youngest, fourth son in the family. His parents had their plans for the youngest child, deciding not to introduce him to the family craft.

The boy grew up surrounded by brothers and neighbors, spending a lot of time in games near his parents' house. The family devoted a lot of energy to sports - simulators and horizontal bars were built. In winter, puddles replaced them.

At school, Roal studied mediocre, but even then, many noted his tenacity and obstinacy.

From childhood, his hobby was reading books about traveling to distant lands. Then he read almost all publications about travels for the Arctic Circle, which he managed to get.

When Royal was 14 years old, his father died, and the family moved to Christiania (Oslo since 1924). His mother and children moved closer to the royal court. Mother diligently read Royale a place in the intellectual elite of society, after giving to the medical faculty after the gymnasium.

At the age of 15, he fell into the hands of a book by D. Franklin on an expedition to the Atlantic Ocean, which defines his whole subsequent life. The whole youth of the young man was devoted to serious preparation for a future expedition. Secretly from his mother, Amundsen in the early years began to prepare for expeditions: he was tempered, did physical exercises, and also played soccer, believing that this game helps strengthen the muscles of the legs. The future polar explorer accustomed himself to cold temperatures. He knew that medicine was not his life's work.

Roald Amundsen in childhood

Roal, at the insistence of his mother, went to study at the medical faculty of the university, but when he was 21, his mother dies, and Roal immediately leaves the university. He wrote later: “With inexpressible relief, I left the university to give myself wholeheartedly to the only dream of my life.”

When Amundsen had just entered the medical faculty in Oslo, he devoted most of his time to studying foreign languages, being sure that their knowledge was necessary for travel. What was subsequently discovered by Roald Amundsen in geography is largely due to his many years of training throughout his youth.

From a young age, he dreamed of conquering the cold lands of the planet. After reading a book about the famous traveler, he began to prepare himself for the hardships that might meet on the way. From adolescence, Amundsen tested himself with diets and exhausting physical activity. Roald even hired on a fishing boat to hone his navigator skills. However, during one of the training campaigns, Royal miraculously managed to avoid death. After the meal was over, he and his brother, having lost their orientation, wandered along the plateau near the house. Brother Royal miraculously managed to find a way home.

In 1893, the future traveler Roald Amundsen met with the Norwegian explorer Astrup, and did not even consider a different fate than being a polar explorer. He literally became obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bconquering the poles.

In 1896, the first journey of Royale took place. He embarked on an expedition to the ship Belgica under the command of the Belgian polar explorer Adrien de Gerlach. In the same team with him was the famous traveler Frederick Cook, who in 10 years will fight in the struggle for the right to be the discoverer of the North Pole with Robert Peary. The ship was unable to pass through the ice, and an unplanned wintering of the whole team took place without provisions and warm clothes. The ammunition was sewn from warm blankets, and ate penguins and seals. After the captain’s illness, Roal took command and took the ship out of the ice.

After returning, Roal immediately began to prepare for his own campaign. Funding was not enough, so the preparation was constantly in jeopardy. He studies the basics of geophysics, in 1901 he buys a used 47-ton sailing motor yacht “Gjoa”, the same age as Amundsen (built in 1872), re-equips it and goes on an Arctic expedition. The schooner was equipped with a 13 liter diesel engine. from.

In 1903, a long journey began. In it, Roald Amundsen is the head of the expedition, a glaciologist, a specialist in terrestrial magnetism, an ethnographer. He set sail across the Northwest Passage. In two years, much has happened - the search and discovery of the magnetic pole, acquaintance with the Eskimos, the quarrel of all team members among themselves, traveling by dogs in severe frost. All this did not frighten Royal and he decided to stay the winter for the third year.

In 1906, the journey ended in San Francisco, and the Northwest Passage was discovered and crossed. After returning to Europe, Royal gave lectures and made a presentation to the Royal Geographical Society of England. He finally managed to pay off his debts, though with the help of the new Norwegian government.

While Amundsen was preparing to conquer the North Pole, he was already subdued. They decided to conquer the South. Again, in the conditions of the most severe shortage of money, the researcher is preparing the departure of the Fram ship. His rival, Briton Scott, also expects to be the first to put the British flag on the pole.

The rivalry was gradually growing, the methods for reaching the pole were different. Rual took with him a hundred sled dogs and a collapsible house for wintering. Wintering took place in 1911 and lasted 4 months. At this time there was a supply of food, laying its preparation for the sled.

In October 1911, four sledges and fifty dogs, led by 5 people, set off to conquer the pole. Two months later, he was achieved at the cost of incredible efforts. On January 13, 1911, Amundsen sailed to Ross’s ice barrier in Antarctica. At the same time, the British expedition of Robert Scott camped in the McMurdo Strait, at a distance of 650 kilometers from Amundsen.

The pole was carefully marked and a message was left in the tent for Scott. The team returned to the base twice as fast. The team urgently sent telegrams about conquering the pole to the King of Norway, as well as Nansen and Amundsen’s brother.

Roal remained in Argentina to describe his adventures and organize information. After that, gala receptions were held in honor of the traveler in the capitals of Europe. Then there was a celebration in America when news came of Scott's death. This news further increased the interest of the public in Royale, he managed to earn much more than planned.

With this money, he bought a plane, because he believed that future expeditions could not do without aircraft. After the outbreak of World War II, Royal set about preparing his new expedition, since he did not participate in the hostilities due to the neutrality of Norway.

The expedition of the Mod ship in 1918 was not too successful - the team was constantly in conflict, some of the sailors left the ship, money and provisions ran out, Roal himself was poisoned by carbon monoxide and broke his arm. After an attempt was made by air crossing the Arctic in an airship.

After all the trials at the end of the 20s, all those around began to note the inadequacy of Royale. Although he continued to perform in Japan and Russia, he wrote memoirs. He considered his research mission to be completed.

Amundsen spent the last years in his home in the Bunnefjord, near Oslo. His life was called Spartan. He sold all the orders and openly quarreled with many former associates. Fridtjof Nansen wrote to one of his friends in 1927: “I get the impression that Amundsen has completely lost his peace of mind and is not completely responsible for his actions.”

Relations with Umberto Nobile also developed poorly, which Royal called "an arrogant, childish, selfish upstart", "an absurd officer", "a man of the wild, semi-tropical race." But Roald Amundsen died trying to save the expedition of the Italian Umberto Nobile in the Barents Sea.

Nobile became a general under Mussolini. On May 23, 1928, he decided to repeat the flight to the North Pole. Starting from Svalbard, he reached the pole, but on the way back, the airship crashed due to icing, members of the expedition were thrown onto drifting ice, radio communication with them was interrupted.

At the request of the Minister of War of Norway, Amundsen joined the many rescuers who set off in search of Nobile. On June 18, 1928, he took off on a seaplane “Latham-47” (“Latham”) with a French crew from the city of Tromsø in northern Norway and headed for Svalbard. When the plane was above the Barents Sea, the radio operator said that the flight was in dense fog and requested a radio bearing, after which the connection was lost. The next day, it became apparent that the Latham 47 was missing. Long searches did not yield results. In the last message received from Amundsen, there was information that they are located above Bear Island.

The Commission found that the plane crashed, resulting in the tragic death of the team. The exact circumstances of the death of Amundsen are unknown. The crashed plane was never found. Only a few months later, a float and a dented gas tank of a seaplane were discovered.

Umberto Nobile and seven other satellites who survived were discovered five days after the death of Royal Amundsen.

A brief chronology of the great seafarer's travels:

1. From 1894 to 1899 he sailed as a sailor and navigator on different ships.

2. Beginning in 1903, Amundsen made a number of expeditions that became widely known.

3. Passed for the first time (1903-1906) on the small fishing vessel “Yoa” by the Northwest Passage from East to West from Greenland to Alaska.

4. On the ship "Fram" went to the Antarctic; landed in Whale Bay and December 14, 1911 on dogs reached the South Pole, a month ahead of the English expedition of R. Scott.

5. In the summer of 1918, the expedition left Norway on the Mod ship and in 1920 reached the Bering Strait.

6. In 1926 he headed the first transarctic flight on the airship "Norway" along the route: Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.

7. In 1928, while trying to track down the Italian expedition of Umberto Nobile, who suffered a catastrophe in the Arctic Ocean on the airship "Italy", and to help her, Amundsen, who flew on June 18 on the seaplane "Latam", died in the Barents Sea.

40 interesting facts from the life of the great traveler Royal Amundsen:

1.Rual Amundsen was a man of great destiny. He forever remained in the memory of people as a true conqueror of Antarctica.

2. The main achievements of Roald Amundsen: he reached the South Pole as the first of the people and visited both poles of the Earth.

3. The South Pole is not the only thing that Roald Amundsen discovered.

4. He was the first to make the passage in 1903-1906 from Greenland to Alaska by the Northwest Passage on the small ship "Joa". This was largely a risky venture, but Amundsen prepared a lot, which explains his subsequent success.

5. Amundsen was never married, but adopted two Chukchi girls.

6. In the years 1918-1920 on the ship "Mod" it runs along the northern shores of Eurasia.

7. To one Italian journalist who asked what fascinates him so much in the polar regions, Amundsen replied: “Ah, if you ever had the chance to see with your own eyes how wonderful it is, I would like to die there.”

8. People called him the Last Viking, and he fully justified this nickname.

10. When Rual decided to enter the race to conquer the North Pole, he had serious rivals - Nansen with the only ship for ice drift at that time, the Americans Cook, Peary, Shackleton.

11.Rual managed to get Nansen's ship, because he was in the midst of a family showdown and preferred the family to a new voyage.

12. Roald modernized the ship and began to raise funds for the preparation of the expedition. He managed to earn lectures in the United States and receive a grant from the Norwegian government.

13. Why did Royal Amundsen in the opening of the South Pole managed to get ahead of Robert Scott? Scott made the main bet on the use of equipment - motor sledges. Amundsen, applying the experience of the Norwegians, took with him a large team of dogs for riding in teams. In addition, the Amundsen team consisted of excellent skiers, and Scott's crew did not pay enough attention to ski training.

14. The expedition of Robert Scott advanced in November 1911 and reached the South Pole on January 18, 1912, but died on the way back. The cause of death was gross miscalculations in the organization of the expedition, in particular, the selection of equipment and food.

15. In February 1913, Amundsen wrote: "I would sacrifice fame, absolutely everything, to bring him back to life ... My triumph is overshadowed by the thought of his tragedy, it haunts me."

16. Despite the rigidity of character, Roal was a fairly fair person, and first of all he demanded of himself discipline, accountability and full dedication to the case. The press often published unflattering reviews about him, making the polar explorer squalid and meticulous. But who can judge the winner, given that it was his team that remained in full force, without deaths?

17. The main discovery of Amundsen was preceded by many trials. After the death of his mother, Amundsen decided to become a long-range navigation navigator. However, in order to successfully pass the exams, it was necessary to work for at least three years as a sailor on a schooner.

18. The future polar explorer goes to the shores of Spitsbergen on an industrial ship. Then he switches to another ship and sets off for the Canadian coast.

19.Before becoming a great traveler, Amundsen serves as a sailor on several ships and visits many countries: Spain, Mexico, England and America.

20. In 1896, Amundsen took exams and received a diploma, which made him a navigator for long-distance navigation.

21. After receiving a diploma, Antarctica finally becomes the place where it goes.

22. In Antarctica, the main goal is to stay alive. The expedition, which was intended to study terrestrial magnetism, almost became the last for the entire crew. The strongest blizzards, scorching frost and a long hungry wintering - all this almost ruined the team. They were saved only thanks to the energy of a brave traveler who constantly hunted seals to feed a crew dying of hunger.

23. The transition to the South Pole lasted almost two months. All this time, travelers walked with a strong gale and frost below -20 degrees. On the way, they had to climb 1800 meters in height to overcome the mountains. In the mountains, lack of oxygen added to frost and winds, further complicating an already difficult road. But, nevertheless, having overcome all obstacles, on December 14, Amundsen and four of his comrades successfully reached the South Pole.

24. In order to determine exactly where the South Pole is, Amundsen had to measure the height of the sun for several days - it was necessary to find a point where the height of the sun is the same all the time. At any point other than the pole, the sun is either approaching the horizon slightly, or slightly moving away due to the fact that the Earth rotates around its axis. And the pole is located exactly on the axis of rotation of the Earth, therefore the sun remains at the same height there for a day, moving during the day strictly parallel to the horizon - around the observer.

25. Finally, making sure that the South Pole was found correctly, the expedition members installed the Norwegian flag on it (for reliability they attached the flag to the tent) and set off on the return trip.

26. About a month later they were already at the base where the wintering took place. The round trip took 99 days. During this time, travelers traveled about 3,000 kilometers.

27. Amundsen passed through the North Atlantic, the Baffin Bay, the straits of Lancaster, Barrow, Peel, Franklin, James Ross and in early September stopped for the winter on the southeastern coast of King William Island. In the summer of 1904, the bay was not free of ice, and Joa stayed for the second winter.

28. On August 13, 1905, the ship continues sailing and almost completes the North-West Route, but still freezes into ice. Dog sledding Amundsen gets to Eagle City in Alaska. He later recalled: “Upon my return, everyone determined my age between 59 and 75, although I was only 33.”

29. October 19, 1911 five people, led by Amundsen, went to the South Pole on four dog teams. On December 14, the expedition reached the South Pole, having traveled 1,500 km, the flag of Norway was hoisted.

30. Amundsen was given an enthusiastic welcome on his return to Oslo. According to the Norwegian traveler, it was the happiest moment in his life.

31. Biologist Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin was a member of the Amundsen expedition, but at the beginning of 1912 he returned to Russia from Buenos Aires.

32. In July 1918, on a specially built ship, the Maud, Amundsen embarked on an expedition along the coast of Siberia (Northern Sea Route).

33. On top of that, Roald Amundsen is a recognized pioneer of polar aviation. Subsequently, a fascination with aviation cost him his life.

34. Amundsen buys two large seaplanes with the money of the American millionaire Lincoln Ellsworth and departs from Svalbard to Alaska via the North Pole on May 21, 1925. Due to technical problems, the planes landed on ice 150 kilometers from the Pole. After the repair, the expedition was able to return to Svalbard. She was already considered dead by then.

35. In 1926 he made his first flight on the airship "Norway" through the North Pole.

36. Amundsen was awarded medals in many countries of the world.

37. He made many discoveries, geographical objects were named in his honor. In honor of the famous traveler are named: the sea, the mountain, the American scientific station Amundsen-Scott in Antarctica, as well as the bay and hollow in the Arctic Ocean, and the lunar crater.

38. The Antarctic has repeatedly demonstrated to man “his place”, until the fearless Norwegian — Roald Amundsen — appeared in front of her. He discovered that true courage and heroism can conquer ice and severe frosts.

39.Now near the southernmost point of the planet is the polar station Amundsen-Scott, named after the two pioneers of the South Pole.

40.After 100 years after Amundsen, several hundred polar travelers from different countries gathered in Antarctica to celebrate the anniversary. Most of them reached the polar station on skis, repeating exactly the route of Amundsen (only some of the laggards had to be saved by plane, otherwise they would not have time for the holiday). To mark the anniversary, even the Prime Minister of Norway flew to the South Pole.

Roald Amundsen (1872-1928) - Norwegian polar traveler and explorer. Born in the province of Estfall (in the Borg) in a family of hereditary sailors. After the gymnasium, he entered the medical faculty of the University of Christiania, but two years later left the university and hired a sailor for a sailing schooner, who set off for the seal fishing in the Greenland Sea. After swimming for two years, he passed the test for a long-range navigation navigator. In 1897-1899, as a navigator, he participated in the Belgian Antarctic expedition on the ship Belgik. Upon returning, he again took the exam and received the diploma of the captain of the sea.

Both prudence and caution are equally important: prudence - to notice difficulties in time, and caution - to most carefully prepare for the meeting.

Amundsen Roal

In 1900, Amundsen acquired the large sailing schooner Joa. With a crew of seven people, for the first time in the history of navigation, it navigated in it from 1903-1906 from Greenland to Alaska along the seas and straits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, opening the Northwest Passage from east to west, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. During the expedition, he made valuable geomagnetic observations in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, mapped more than 100 islands.

In 1910-1912 he led an expedition to Antarctica with the goal of discovering the South Pole on the ship "Fram", owned by F. Nansen, who was then the Norwegian ambassador to Great Britain. The only non-Norwegian in the Fram crew was the Russian sailor and oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin. In January, Amundsen and his companions landed in the Whale Bay on the Ross Glacier, founded a base and began to prepare for a trip to the South Pole. In October of the same year, the group, which apart from Amundsen included O. Wisting, S. Hassel, H. Hansen and U. Bjelann, started on four dog teams and on December 17, 1911 reached the South Pole a month ahead of the expedition of the Englishman R. Scott. Amundsen discovered the Queen Maud Mountains in Antarctica.

Victory awaits the one who has everything in order, and this is called luck.

Amundsen Roal

In 1918-1921 he built the Mod ship on his own money and sailed on it from west to east along the northern shores of Eurasia, repeating the Nansen drift on the Fram. Two wintering passed from Norway to the Bering Strait, which entered in 1920.

In 1923-1925 he tried several times to reach the North Pole. In May 1926 he headed the first transatlantic flight across the North Pole on the airship "Norway". Two years later, Amundsen flew from Tromsø on the French twin-engine seaplane “Latam-47” in search of the expedition of General W. Nobile. This flight was the last in the life of a Norwegian researcher: during a flight from Norway to Svalbard, he crashed and died in the Barents Sea. The only thing that was discovered was a float with the inscription "Latham-47", caught by fishermen near the island of Bear.

Prudence and caution are equally important: prudence - in order to notice difficulties in time, and caution - in order to most carefully prepare for their meeting.

Amundsen Roal

Amundsen is the name for a mountain in the eastern part of Antarctica, a bay in the Arctic Ocean, a sea off the coast of the Southern continent and the American polar station Amundsen-Scott. His works “Flight through the Arctic Ocean”, “On the Ship Mod”, “Expedition along the North Coast of Asia”, “South Pole” and a five-volume collected works were translated into Russian.

“He will forever occupy a special place in the history of geographical research ... Some explosive force lived in it. In the foggy horizon of the Norwegian people he ascended a shining star. How many times it lit up with bright flashes! And suddenly it went out, and we can’t take our eyes off from an empty place in the sky. " F. Nansen.