The biggest characteristic of man. A complete list of negative moral qualities of a person with a description

Features of behavior, communication, attitude to people, objects, labor, things show character traits that an individual possesses. According to their totality, an opinion about the individual is determined. Such cliches as “company soul”, “bore”, “pessimist”, “cynic” are the result of evaluating the character traits of a person. Understanding how the character works helps in building relationships. And this applies both to their own qualities, and to others.

Human character traits: classification

Character types are determined by the prevailing traits, which in turn affect behavior and actions. They can be considered in the system of relations to work, other people, things, to oneself.

Work

Industriousness-laziness. This “duet” can be either a character trait or express an attitude towards a specific work. A constant feeling of laziness can also indicate that a person is simply not interested in the business that he is busy with, but in something else, he will show himself better. Laziness can be a sign of lack of motivation. But excessive industriousness takes a degree of workaholism, which can also indicate problems in personal relations, lack of interests.
Responsibility-Irresponsibility. One of the most important qualities for an employee. A person who responsibly fulfills his duties, does not fail colleagues, will be a valuable employee.
Honesty-dishonesty. Performing duties and doing it well is not the same thing. It is important for management that hard work be expressed not only in the mechanical execution of actions, but bring results.
Initiative-passivity. This quality is especially valuable for people who want to move up the career ladder. If the employee does not show initiative, does not generate ideas, hides behind the backs of colleagues, he will not develop in his profession.

Other people

Closure-Sociability. It shows the openness of a person, his relaxedness, how easy it is for him to make acquaintances, how he feels in a new company, team.
Truthfulness. Pathological liars lie even in small things, hide the truth, easily betray. There are people who embellish reality, most often they do it because reality seems to them boring or not bright enough.
Self-conformity. This quality shows how a person makes decisions. Whether he relies on his experience, knowledge, opinion, or is he following someone else and is easy to suppress.
Rudeness-politeness. Anger, inner feelings make a person cynical, rude. Such people are rude in queues, public transport, disrespectful to subordinates. Politeness, although it relates to positive character traits, can have a selfish motive. It may also be an attempt to evade confrontation.

Things

Neatness. Creative mess or pedantic cleanliness in a home can show how neat a person is. It can be characterized by appearance. Sloppy people often cause antipathy, and there are not always those who want to consider a wide soul for external absurdity.
Frugality-negligence. You can evaluate a person by his attitude to the accumulated property, borrowed items. Although this trait of a person turned out to be in the material group, it can also manifest itself in relation to people.
Greed-generosity. To be called generous, you do not have to be a philanthropist or give the last. At the same time, excessive generosity is sometimes a sign of irresponsibility or an attempt to "buy" someone else's location. Greed is expressed not only in relation to other people, but also to oneself, when a person, for fear of being left without money, saves even small things.

Own i

Exactingness. When this personality trait is pronounced, two extremes are manifested. A person who is demanding of himself is often just as strict with others. He lives by the principle "I could, then others can." He may not be tolerant of other people's weaknesses, not realizing that each person is individual. The second extreme is built on uncertainty. A man self-fulfills, considering himself insufficiently perfect. A vivid example is anorexia, workaholism.
Self-criticism. A person who knows how to criticize himself has a healthy self-esteem. Understanding, accepting and analyzing your achievements and failures helps in building a strong personality. When the balance is upset, either egocentrism or self-discipline is observed.
Modesty. It must be understood that modesty and shyness are different concepts. The first is based on a system of values \u200b\u200binstilled in education. The second is a bell to the development of complexes. In a normal state, modesty is manifested in moderation, calm, knowledge of the measure in words, expression of emotions, financial expenses, etc.
Selfishness and egocentrism. Similar concepts, but the feature here is egoism, but egocentrism is a way of thinking. Egoists think only of themselves, but use others for their own purposes. Egocentrics are often misanthropes and introverts who do not need others, who believe that no one is worthy of them.
Self esteem. Shows how a person feels himself internally. Outwardly, it is expressed in a high appreciation of its rights and social value.

Assessment of personality and types of characters

In addition to the main character traits that are formed in the system of relations, psychologists also identify other areas:

Intellectual. Resourcefulness, curiosity, frivolity, practicality.
Emotional Passion, sentimentality, sensitivity, quick temper, cheerfulness.
Willful. Courage, perseverance, determination.
Moral. Justice, sympathy, kindness.

There are motivational traits-goals that move the personality, determine its guidelines. As well as instrumental features, methods, they show by what methods the desired will be achieved. So, for example, a girl may show male character traits when she aggressively and proactively seeks her lover.

About what are the character traits, put forward the theory of Gordon Allport. The psychologist divided them into the following types:

Dominant. They determine the behavior of the individual as a whole, regardless of sphere, and at the same time affect other qualities or even overlap them. For example, kindness or greed.
Ordinary. They are also expressed in all areas of life. These include, for example, humanity.
Minor They do not particularly affect something, are often derived from other features. For example, diligence.

There are typical and individual personality traits. It is easy to group typical ones, having noticed one of the dominant qualities or several secondary ones, you can “draw” a personality portrait as a whole, determine the type of character. This helps to predict actions, better understand a person. So, for example, if an individual has responsiveness, then most likely he will come to the aid in a difficult situation, support, listen.

Character: types of positive and negative traits

Personality is a balance of positive and negative qualities. In this regard, everything is conditional. For example, envy is considered a bad property, but some psychologists say that it can become an incentive to work on yourself or to improve your life. The curvature of the positive features, on the contrary, can lead to their transformation into negative qualities. Perseverance grows into obsession, initiative into self-centeredness.

Strong and weak character traits should be highlighted, they often have to be remembered when filling out a resume. They terrify many, because evaluating themselves can be difficult. Here's a little cheat sheet:

The weak. Formality, irritability, shyness, impulsiveness, inability to remain silent or say no.
Strong. Perseverance, sociability, patience, punctuality, organization, determination.
Negative. Pride, jealousy, revenge, cruelty, parasitism.
Positive. Kindness, sincerity, optimism, openness, peacefulness.

Character traits are formed in childhood, but at the same time they can change, transform depending on life circumstances. It's never too late to change what you don't like about yourself.

Psychologists call character a combination of personality traits that determine its behavior. You can make many lists with traits of human characters. If two people are given the task to characterize the third, their lists will be different from each other. People do not think about how character affects their successes or failures. But, considering the individual qualities that make up the character, it is easy to understand how they affect the personality as a whole. Character traits of a person develop depending on the type of nervous activity, heredity, and the environment of education. They form throughout life. The predominance of certain traits determines the lifestyle of a person.

Human character traits: list

Many psychological scientists divide all character traits into 4 main groups:

Attitude to others;
Attitude to oneself;
Attitude to material values;
Attitude to work.

Within each group, many qualities can be distinguished.

For example, the list of features of the group “attitude towards others”:

compassion;

respect;
reliability;
flexibility;
politeness;
ability to forgive;
generosity;
thanks;
hospitality;
justice;
meekness;
obedience;
loyalty;

sincerity;
tolerance;
truthfulness.

Character traits: list of the group “attitude to oneself”:

Caution;
Satisfaction (understanding that true happiness does not depend on material conditions);
Creation;
Determination;

Courage;
Mindfulness;
Endurance;
Vera;
Honour;
Initiative;
Self control.

"Attitude to material values" can be characterized by the following qualities:

Thrift;
Organization;
Generosity;
Wisdom.

“Attitude to work” demonstrate qualities of character:

Industriousness;
Enthusiasm;
Initiative;
Punctuality;

Psychologists also have a classification of character traits by volitional, emotional and intellectual grounds. The personality traits act in combinations. For example, benevolence, generosity and hospitality, as a rule, are characteristic of the same person. Characterizing a person, those around them highlight leading features or a complex of signs. Saying: “He is a kind and sincere guy” or “She is lazy and disorganized”, people emphasize the main thing. This does not mean that a lazy girl cannot be kind and honest. Just these traits do not prevail in her behavior.

Positive and negative traits

For harmonious interaction in all four areas (with society, material values, work and oneself), a person must demonstrate his best qualities and minimize the worst. Traditionally, it is customary to highlight the “pros” and “cons” in characterizing a person. Each positive trait has its opposite. Even children easily call the antonyms: “good - evil”, “hardworking - lazy,” etc. Defining clearly positive character traits is difficult. For example, for the professions of a teacher, seller, doctor, and waiter, traits such as benevolence, courtesy, and tolerance are important. These qualities are not essential for the work of a programmer, accountant, draftsman, who more require organization, punctuality, and responsibility.

There is a special concept of “professional character traits”. A pronounced quality suitable for a particular job helps a person achieve great professional success. However, the character is formed throughout life. The profession leaves its mark on the individual. Therefore, when they say "he is an exemplary policeman", everyone understands that we are talking about a disciplined, courageous, fair person. The expression "teacher from God" means a kind, wise, tolerant person. A person who dreams of a good career should develop the best qualities of his profession.

Good character traits are controversial in the ordinary sense. Being generous is good, but if, because of generosity, a person gives out the necessary property, his family and he suffer. Obedience, for which the child is praised at home and in kindergarten, can harm him and form a weak-willed, passive personality.

Much easier people understand the negative traits of character. We can say that these qualities are universal. Anger, envy, deceit, laziness, greed are on the list of mortal sins of Christians. But such properties are negatively perceived among people of all faiths. Muslims consider hypocrisy to be the worst sin. Equally, they do not like hypocrites in all countries, among all peoples. Negative personality traits of a person, if they act in a complex, make a person very unattractive to others. Negative characters - non-caring neighbors, quarrelsome colleagues, evil relatives. These are people who have brought the negative aspects of their nature to the extreme.

Each person to a certain extent is lying, envious, quick-tempered, but reasonable people try not to show their negative qualities to others. The negative sides of the character can be adjusted. If people around you often say: “You are too rude”, “It’s difficult to communicate with you because of your arrogance”, you need to draw conclusions and start working on yourself. Psychologists advise writing on a piece of paper the negative qualities of their character and working with each individual. For example, you can recall among your friends a person who behaves just the opposite of you - not rude, but correct, not quick-tempered, but patient. You need to imagine yourself in a certain situation on the site of this person. In this case, it is important to conjure up a real picture and real emotions. Such a psycho-emotional training helps to reconfigure behavior and develop the desired quality in yourself.

Adaptation of character to society

Any culture, people and civilization have a certain framework of behavior. Man cannot exist outside of society. From childhood, the child has to adapt to the requirements of the environment - family, kindergarten, school. A lot of social forces influence an adult, from spouses to politics, religion, and the social layer. The character of a person involuntarily adapts to the requirements of society. At the same time, many natural tendencies of the personality are subjected to pressure.

History knows many examples when brilliantly gifted people came into conflict with the environment because of the inability to lead the lifestyle that their nature demanded. At the same time, social norms allow a person to lead a safe life in the society around him. Such social traits as loyalty, tolerance, politeness allow you to safely communicate with others. The rejection of social norms, primarily laws and morality, creates an asocial personality.

In modern psychology, there is the term "national character traits." Each nation forms its representatives some common, typical features of behavior. For example:

The peoples of Northern Europe and the Americans are confident, honest, practical, persistent, freedom-loving. The conservatism and subtle humor of the British, the punctuality of the Germans, and the few Scandinavians are well known.
Residents of Southern Europe and Latin America are energetic, temperamental, emotional, cheerful, sensual. Romantic Italian, passionate Spanish woman, charming Frenchwoman, restless Brazilians - there are a lot of reality in these stereotypes;

Representatives of Eastern Europe (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs) love constancy, generous, generous, selfless, responsive, prone to repentance and forgiveness. A common stereotype - the “mysterious Russian soul” has many reasons.
The peoples of the East are much more respectful of their parents and, in general, older than Europeans. Oriental societies, much more than European ones, are characterized by hospitality, honor of kind, dignity, modesty, benevolence, tolerance.

Traits of a social character are inextricably linked with religious norms. The norms of Christian morality include the following qualities:

Lack of envy;
Chastity;
Meekness;
Generosity;
Sociability;
Compassion.

The influence of religious culture in the history of society is very strong. Even modern atheists of European countries consider the main Christian value - love for people to be the best personality trait.

Islamic society forms the following features in people:

Respect for elders;
Hospitality;
Modesty;
Courage;
Humility.

Character features of men and women

A huge role in the formation of character is played by the gender of the person. Not only the characteristics of the floor develop certain qualities, but also public opinion. Standard character traits of men:

Leadership;
Ability to protect;
Inner strength;
Reliability;
Fidelity;

Women are guided more by intuition and feelings than by reason, they are more talkative, soft in communication, cunning. Of course, in most cases, women and men correspond to their gender characteristics. But it has not yet been studied in detail, which more affects the formation of gender traits - nature or upbringing. Often men and women have to fulfill the role that society imposes on them. For example, medieval society ordered a woman to be humble, obedient to her parents and husband. Modernity requires more independence from women.

The world is full of men and women who do not meet accepted characteristics. Many girls have leadership and organizational skills. And, on the contrary, a large number of men are delicate, not aggressive and emotional.

How old is the character

Any mother who raised several children will say that all her babies were completely different from infancy. Even babies react differently to food, bathing, play. There are temperamental, noisy babies, there are quiet and inactive. It affects heredity, as well as natural temperament, which depends on the physique, health and educational conditions.

Character traits of a child develop under the influence, first of all, of the family. Responsible loving parents already at the age of three to four years see what type of temperament the baby inherited from nature: choleric, sanguine phlegmatic or melancholic. Depending on the innate qualities, a positive, socially acceptable character can be formed. If the family lacks love and attention for children, they are less likely to grow up friendly and hardworking. On the other hand, examples of many prominent politicians, writers, and artists who grew up in poor conditions confirm the importance of innate character traits and self-education.

Was last modified: August 2nd, 2016 by Elena Pogodaeva

Write a list of those qualities of a person that you think are very suitable for him as a person.

We offer you an example of such a list (with decryption of each quality). We hope that he will help you at least a little:

Workaholism. A person is able to work for a long time and not complain of terrible fatigue.
Altruistic. A person always thinks about other people, forgets about his own problems, troubles and concerns.
Accuracy. A man tries to monitor his appearance, clothes, things.
Creativity. A person thinks outside the box, is able to find a way out of any current situation.
Pedantry. A person acts strictly according to the points of any instruction, without departing from the information set forth by a single step.

Adjectives characterizing a person

Sincere, responsible, reliable, inventive, eccentric, talented, selfless, fair, sociable, responsive, stress-resistant, strong, attentive, smart, strong.

Accentuation of the character of a person with a description of each type

You can characterize a person taking into account accentuations of character. We will tell you a little about them.

Stuck type

It is distinguished by a clear "stuck" on thoughts, experiences. People are not able to forget past grievances, betrayals, quarrels. In the conflict, they occupy a leading and active position. To argue with such people is almost always useless and pointless. They will stand their ground and are unlikely to admit their wrong. “Trapping” people are adamant fighters for true justice.

Negative qualities and sides of this type: resentment (seriously and for nothing), revenge, rudeness, straightforwardness, jealousy, arrogance, harshness, rejection of any opinions of others.

Conformal type

People of this type are hyper-communicative, turning into talkativeness. Often they do not have their own opinions, they do not seek to somehow stand out from the crowd. "Conformal" people are very fond of various entertainments, do not deny their interest in gambling.

Negative qualities and sides of this type: a long process of adaptation to anything, insincerity, simplicity, duplicity, incorrect perception of objective reality.

Alarm type

People develop a sense of inferiority. They constantly think that they are acting incorrectly, making mistakes. They do not know how to be themselves, because they are trying to be the best in everything. They cannot be trusted with the position of leader, since nothing good will come of it.

Negative qualities and sides of this type: timidity, shyness, isolation, shyness, "busting" with a sense of duty and responsibility, a high degree of sociability only with loved ones.

Dysthymic type

“Dystymic” people attract others with their serious approach to any problems and matters, conscientiousness and kindness. They are extremely negative about all changes. It’s easier for them to live as usual.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: pessimism, decadent mood, thorough slow thinking, love of loneliness, the desire to work alone (not in a team).

Cycloid type

The main difference between "cycloid" people is a high degree of performance. They dress quite strangely (as for picnics, for outdoor recreation). Trying to be as interesting as possible for the interlocutors. Charming.

Negative qualities and sides of this type: instability, inconstancy, excessive gullibility, obsession, laziness, straightforwardness (sometimes), cramping, excessive gesticulation, carelessness.

Exalted type

Emotions are reflected in constant (frequent) amorousness. People of this type change their mood so quickly that they do not have time to keep track of this. "Exalters" are strongly attached to their friends and therefore try not to scandal with them. They believe in eternal friendship, but often “burn themselves”.

Negative qualities and aspects of this type: alarmism, desperation, desensitization to depression of the neurotic type.

You can characterize a person with the help of knowledge of temperamental features

Characteristics of temperament types

Choleric

Always in moving. There is no gloom and pessimism in him. Choleric is an explosive leader. He always argues to the last, defending his own point of view. His distinguishing features and hobbies are hypercommunity, mobility, perseverance, sexuality, craving for extreme sports and experiments, courage, risk aversion.

Sanguine

We quickly train, resourceful, fair, reasonable and talented. He is used to discipline, cleanliness and order. Doesn't like cheating. Sanguine is difficult to infuriate, but it is possible. For example, routine work is capable of this, since sanguine people do not tolerate continuous uniformity. As soon as they get tired of completing one or another work task, they immediately begin to send out resumes in order to change the type of habitual activity.

Melancholic

He is always given out by “frozen” facial expressions, timid speech, excessive vulnerability and resentment, shyness, sullenness, perplexity and depression. The melancholic is very sensitive to criticism and praise. Melancholy people are never afraid of loneliness, because they can find harmony within themselves. The need for friendship is extremely poorly developed.

Phlegmatic person

Silent, balanced, calm, secretive person. He always manages to do everything (despite his slowness), since in his life everything is planned in advance. They differ in constancy in tastes, habits, and looks.

There are people related to the mixed type of temperament. What is temperamental "confusion"? A kind of temperament, which includes a “cocktail” of various qualities of sanguine, melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic.

In the social life of society and in relationships.

Each person has special qualities and individual traits in character. It is impossible to find two absolutely identical men or women. A description of the nature of people is built from their actions that affect their whole lives.

Body Type and Dependence

E. Kretschmer, a well-known German psychologist, determined that a person’s behavior depends on her physique. He composed a description of the examples fit into three main groups.

Asthenics are people with undeveloped muscles, rather thin with a small chest. They have an elongated face and long limbs. The psychologist united all such people into a group of schizotimics. Often these are very stubborn people, it is difficult for them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. They are very withdrawn and prone to suffer from schizophrenia with severe mental disorders.
Picnics are people who are inclined to be overweight. They are characterized by a round face, a short neck and small. These people fell into the typological group of the nature of cyclotimics. These are sociable people, very emotional and prone to adapt quickly in unfamiliar conditions. With psychological disorders, they become depressed.
Athletics - have a sports physique, large chest and high growth. Krechmer related athletes to Xixotimics - unemotional personalities, powerful and not loving changes. A severe psychological disorder can easily lead to epilepsy.

Here is a description given by a German psychologist. Now boldly approach the mirror and draw conclusions whether this theory is applicable to you or not.

The influence of temperament on the character

Temperament - a characteristic life energy of a person, which establishes an attitude towards life. It is often difficult to find a person who has only one temperamental indicator pronounced. As a rule, people have mixed temperaments, but knowing them, you can easily make a description of the nature of a person, examples are given below:

Sanguine - a moving person, who is characterized by a regular change of mood. He reacts very quickly to all the events in his life. Failures and negative moments are perceived easily, without depression and frustration. Such a person has developed facial expressions, and he is completely devoted to work, if it is interesting to him.
Choleric is a very bright and excited personality, responding vividly to life events. Can quickly become angry and at the same time feels a breakdown. Such a person quickly catches fire with new ideas, but just as easily and loses interest.
Melancholic - a person who takes everything to heart. However, he is very impressionable, it is easy to bring to tears.
Phlegmatic - a person buying up emotions. The whole life of such a person is balanced and full of stability. Such people are valued in many companies, as they are distinguished by their tenacity and high ability to work.

Personality character formation

Description of the nature of people was made by many psychologists. But when is this very character formed and is it possible to change it? Character manifests itself at a very young age. By the age of five, the child has established characteristic features that are almost impossible to change.

In the lower grades, the opinion of parents and teachers remains a priority, but after 14 years a whole psychological explosion arises. A teenager clearly demonstrates his opinion about life, forming a character. The formation is clearly influenced by the media. During this period, it is easy to impose wrong political views and grow a supporter of some movement. By the age of 20, a human personality has been formed; the tipping point begins at age 50. A rearrangement of priorities takes place, the so-called wisdom appears.

Appearance and character of a person

And the character of a person is an important stylistic device for writers. This gives us a complete picture of the hero. We see its positive and negative traits; a negative or positive character is formed.

Description of the nature of people is very important for the disclosure of serial crimes - experts are repelled by the repeated acts characteristic of a maniac. In this case, an accurate portrait of the person is created and even the possibility of predicting the actions of the criminal appears.

If it is important to make a detailed description of a person, character traits are a significant indicator. Especially in areas such as politics, journalism. It is necessary to be able to characterize a person’s abilities in appearance, because a true character does not always appear immediately.

In the understanding of the layman, a person is a person with a strong character, having his own opinion, capable of thinking and acting outside the box, without fear of conviction of the crowd. In other words, according to the majority, not all people deserve this high rank. Indeed, many people prefer the position of a gray mouse, peacefully living in its own little world and worried about what neighbors and colleagues will say about it.

However, the scientific approach to this concept gives very different results. In psychology, each person is considered to be a personality, regardless of the set of qualities and traits that he possesses. To create a basic “portrait” of a particular community member, scientists use a specific set of criteria. Let's try to figure out what characterizes a person as a person from the point of view of science.

What is a person?

This term is understood to mean the totality of the mental and physical characteristics of a person, his habits, experience and knowledge acquired by him in everyday life and in the process of interaction with his environment - people and objects. All these components are manifested in behavior, expressed in the change of “masks” suitable for various sociocultural groups and situations. Simply put, personality is a complex concept that includes social skills, mental characteristics and attitudes based on the experience of interpersonal relationships.

What place does the term personality occupy in the system of modern psychology? It is between the individual and the individual. In this case, the individual is an individual representative of the human race, and individuality means the reflection of specific hereditary or acquired traits of a particular person.

Components of personality

To fully illuminate the versatility of each of us, signs are used that characterize a person as a person. According to modern scientists, these include:

character
temperament,
motivation,
abilities.

Each of these concepts reveals human nature from a certain side. Therefore, only after a thorough analysis of all points and combining the information received into a single whole, we can talk about creating an exhaustive portrait of a member of society.

Character

As a rule, character is understood as a set of stable traits of a person that affect his behavior. At the same time, it is customary to divide all properties into 4 groups, each of which reflects the personality's attitude to one of the aspects of life:

to other people
to work
to things
to yourself.

Based on these data, we can attribute to each of us one of the most common types of characters:

psychasthenic - indecisive, prone to introspection and reflection;
schizoid - closed, estranged from the outside world;
hyperthymic - mobile and sociable;
epileptoid - with a low reaction, moody, scrupulous and conservative;
sensitive - timid, impressionable;
astenoneurotic - tired of communication, irritable and anxious;
hysteroid - egocentric, hungry for general attention and approval;
emotionally labile - prone to frequent mood swings;
infantile - refusing responsibility for himself and his actions;
unstable - weak, weak-willed, gravitating to entertainment and idleness.

Of course, a person’s behavior is not always determined solely by his character. However, in most cases, it is he who has a decisive influence on actions and words.

Temperament

Temperament serves as the basis of character and is determined by the type of higher nervous activity. In other words, the psychophysiological characteristics of a person become the basis for it, which means that it can be attributed to the innate properties of a person. Temperament mainly affects the activity and intensity of actions, and not their content.

There are 4 types of temperament:

choleric - explosive, often aggressive, agile and prone to frequent and sudden changes in mood;
melancholic - impressionable and vulnerable, weary and prone to self-flagellation;
phlegmatic - calm and balanced, with great difficulty adapting to new conditions and tasks;
sanguine - energetic and sociable, active and cheerful.

"Pure" representatives of a particular temperament practically does not exist. Therefore, most often a person is assigned to one of the types, focusing on the prevailing traits.

Motivation

For a person to start acting, demonstrating his personal characteristics, he needs motivation. It is a psychophysiological process that stimulates the commission of a particular act. Activity and orientation of activity, as well as its effectiveness, depend on the strength of motivation. At the same time, the average indicators are optimal. If motivation is too weak or too strong, productivity drops dramatically.

Motivation is divided into internal and external. The first is connected with the action itself, which brings pleasure and benefit to a person. And the second one is based on “side effects” that appear as a result of any activity.

There is also a positive and negative motivation. The basis for this division is the polarity of the stimuli. In the first case, it is a question of receiving as a result of the action a reward, benefit or pleasure. And in the second case, the implementation of tasks is aimed at avoiding punishment, a fine, and censure.

The sustainability of motivation is influenced by the source of the stimulus. The needs of the person himself create permanent prerequisites for the implementation of actions. But if external factors determine the behavior, then constant reinforcement is required to maintain momentum.

Abilities

For all activity to bring the expected effect, you need abilities. This word means not only the skills and abilities that allow you to engage in certain activities, but also the speed and depth of their development. Such parameters depend on the internal mental processes.

Abilities are usually divided into general and special. The first - search activity, creativity and intelligence - are necessary for almost all actions. Therefore, the degree of their development often correlates with the success of a person as a whole. Special abilities are more specific: for example, a penchant for music, literature, mathematics, design, sports, etc. Without them, it is impossible to achieve decent results in specific areas of activity.

To assess these or those abilities, the following “ladder” was created:

makings
abilities
talent,
genius.

As a rule, the transition from one "step" to another requires tremendous effort, and often is not at all possible. However, in stressful situations, a surge, an aggravation of already known abilities, or an unexpected manifestation of new ones often occurs.

So, the criteria that determine the personality are not only the qualities of its character, but also the features of its activities - the sources of motivation and the quality of the performance of the roles assumed. At the same time, activity aimed at establishing interpersonal relationships is of primary importance. Indeed, it is precisely by the personality, and not by the individual or individuality, that “social being” is often implied, which is formed and manifests its features exclusively during interaction with oneself and the environment.