New Russian tanks t 99 priority. The latest tanks in Russia - what are they? The newest tank in Russia. Decommissioned tanks return
Discussions about the creation of fourth-generation tanks have been going on for quite some time. A certain obsolescence of third-generation equipment became noticeable already in the 1990s in connection with the improvement of anti-tank warfare and the transition to hybrid wars. Accordingly, not only the requirements of the best survivability and firepower apply to fourth-generation tanks, as in the era of the Cold War. In modern local wars, maneuverability of equipment and the availability of modern surveillance systems are very important. This is due to the fact that the main enemy is usually not tanks, but mobile infantry formations with light anti-tank weapons. Crew survival requirements are also increasing. To a certain extent, these problems are solved by modernization, but far from completely.
Background
Tank T-99 "Priority" did not arise from scratch, but became the heir to several promising developments. Soviet T-72 and T-80 tanks were perfectly adapted to repulse a massive tank attack of a hypothetical enemy, surpassing their Western counterparts in terms of price-quality ratio. However, local conflicts quickly revealed their serious shortcomings.
First of all, this is the poor survival of the crew after breaking through the armor, since the ammunition is not isolated by an armored partition. And the second problem was the lag in equipping modern electronics.
Based on the T-72 chassis and the T-80 turret, the new T-90 tank was only a temporary solution. To replace it, the promising Black Eagle tank was developed in Omsk, and the T-95 project in Chelyabinsk. Both developments were eventually phased out. But much of them found its application in the T-99 "Priority" or T-14 "Armata" tank. Currently, the second version of the name is more common. But until the equipment passes all the tests and is accepted for service in the final version, the name can still be changed.
General information
The named tank is still secret, but certain information about it is gradually accumulating.
The latest Russian T-99 tank is currently the only fourth generation fully embodied in metal tank. Its layout is radically different from all Soviet combat vehicles.
The tower is completely uninhabited, which greatly improved the safety of the crew. The team is in an isolated armored capsule. Crew members, who, according to some, are two, and according to others - three, are sitting shoulder to shoulder in front of the tank. The main succession of the T-99 "Priority" relative to previous tanks is the rear-mounted engine, a relatively small mass and a standard 125 mm gun caliber.
Knot layout and armor
The 1200-horsepower engine and transmission are as isolated from each other as possible. In a separate armored compartment there is also an automatic loader with ammunition. All this is designed to protect equipment as much as possible in case of penetration of armor from fire and detonation of ammunition.
The T-99 Priority armor, like any modern tank, is made on a composite basis. It alternates layers of steel, composites and air layers, which allows you to maximize the stability of the reservation with a small thickness. With the same thickness, the armor resistance of composite armor can be two or more times higher than that of classical homogeneous.
In the reservation of the tank, a new steel grade 44C-sv-Sh was used, characterized by high hardness combined with high viscosity. It is assumed that this is medium carbon steel with the addition of silicon. Vanadium and molybdenum additives are also likely. On top of the composite armor, a built-in multilayer dynamic protection of the Malachite type is strengthened, covered with a five-millimeter armor plate to protect against operation when bullets hit. In addition, the T-99 "Priority" is equipped with the latest complex of active protection "Afganit".
Armament
The tank is equipped with a fully automated 125mm 2A82-1C gun, which is a further development of the T-72 family of cannons, and two machine guns, course and anti-aircraft. It should be noted that the question was repeatedly raised to equip the tank with a 152 mm cannon, and the design of the tank allows this
But the caliber of 152 mm will significantly make the tank heavier, reduce ammunition and rate of fire. And its main advantages are only in the battle of the tank against the tank. In modern hybrid wars, mobility and rate of fire are much more important. The benefit of a 125 mm gun is enough to destroy Western tanks at a distance of up to 1.5 kilometers.
Possible disadvantages
The design of the T-99 Priority is still being finalized. But there are some controversial points. First of all, this is an excessive emphasis on electronics, the survivability of which in combat conditions is not yet clear. In the event of a failure even of a small node, the crew sitting in an armored capsule will not be able to do anything. In addition, it perfectly protects the crew, but makes it difficult to evacuate it if the tank is nevertheless hit.
Obviously, the newest Russian tank T-99 Priority or T-14 Armata was a breakthrough. However, at this stage, it is very important to conduct comprehensive tests to eliminate all childhood diseases of a formidable car, since after the start of mass production it will be quite difficult to change an expensive design.
Modern battle tanks of Russia and the world photos, videos, pictures watch online. This article gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe modern tank fleet. It is based on the principle of classification used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, then others have already become a museum exhibit. And just for 10 years! To follow in the footsteps of the Jane’s directory and not to consider this fighting vehicle (quite incidentally curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered it unfair.
Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of ground forces weapons. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable crew protection. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over decades determine the new frontiers of combat properties and achievements of the military-technical level. In the eternal confrontation “shell - armor", as practice shows, protection against a shell is being improved more and more, acquiring new qualities: activity, multi-layer, self-defense. At the same time, the shell becomes more accurate and powerful.
Russian tanks are specific in that they allow you to destroy the enemy from a safe distance for yourself, have the ability to make quick maneuvers on off-road, contaminated terrain, can “walk” through the territory occupied by the enemy, capture a decisive bridgehead, panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars . The war of 1939-1945 was the most difficult test for all of humanity, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was a battle of the titans - the most unique period that theorists argued about in the early 1930s and during which tanks were used in large numbers by almost all warring parties. At this time, a "lice test" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops took place. And it was the Soviet tank troops that were affected most of all.
Tanks in battle that became a symbol of the past war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who and under what conditions created them? How did the USSR, having lost most of its European territories and having difficulty gaining tanks for the defense of Moscow, already be able to launch powerful tank formations on the battlefields in 1943? This book is intended to answer these questions, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "in the days of testing ", from 1937 to the beginning of 1943. When writing the book, materials from the archives of Russia and private collections of tank builders were used. In our history there was a period that was deposited in my memory with some kind of oppressive feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of the forty-third, - said the former general designer of the self-propelled guns L. Gorlitsky, - there was some kind of pre-storm condition.
The tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost underground (but, of course, with the support of the “wisest of the wise leaders of all nations”), he was able to create the tank that a few years later would shock German tank generals. And not only that, he didn’t just create it, the designer managed to prove to these fools-soldiers that they needed his T-34, and not just another wheeled-tracked motorway. The author is in several other positions that he formed after meeting with the pre-war documents of the RSEA and the RSAE. Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something “generally accepted.” This work describes the history of Soviet tank construction in the most difficult years - from the beginning of a radical restructuring of the whole deed elnosti design offices and commissariats as a whole, during the frenzied race to equip the new tank units of the Red Army, the translation industry to a war and evacuation.
Tanks Wikipedia, the author wants to express his special gratitude to M. Kolomyets for help in the selection and processing of materials, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, the authors of the reference publication “Domestic Armored Vehicles. XX Century. 1905 - 1941” , since this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, previously unclear. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former chief designer of UZTM, who helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Today, for some reason, it is customary for us to talk about 1937-1938. only from the point of view of repressions, but few people recall that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became the legends of the war ... "From the memoirs of L.I. Gorlinky.
Soviet tanks detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer to the threshold and that it was Hitler who had to fight. In 1937, mass purges and repressions began in the USSR and against the backdrop of these difficult events, the Soviet tank began to turn from a “mechanized cavalry” (in which one of its fighting qualities was protruded by lowering the others) into a balanced combat vehicle with both powerful weapons, sufficient to suppress most targets, good maneuverability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat effectiveness when fired by the most massive anti-tank weapons of a potential enemy.
Large tanks were recommended to be added to the composition only additional special tanks - amphibious, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was strengthened by the transition from three-tank platoons to five-tank ones. In addition, D. Pavlov substantiated the refusal from the formation in 1938 to the four available mechanized corps of three more additionally, believing that these compounds are not mobile and difficult to control, and most importantly - they require a different rear organization. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, were adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the Design Bureau of Plant No. 185 named after CM. Kirov, the new chief demanded to strengthen the reservation of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).
When designing new tanks of the world, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways. Firstly, by increasing the thickness of the armor plates and, secondly," using increased armor resistance. "It is easy to guess that the second path was considered more promising, since the use of specially strengthened armor plates, or even two-layer armor, could, while maintaining the same thickness (and tank weight in general) to increase its durability by 1.2-1.5 times, and it was this path (the use of specially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.
Soviet tanks at the dawn of tank production the most widely used armor, the properties of which in all directions were identical. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of armor cases, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because uniformity ensured the stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength sharply increased, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So, heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.
The use of heterogeneous armor in military tanks was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a result) to an increase in fragility. Thus, the most durable armor, all other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pierced even from explosions of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the metallurgist's task was to achieve the maximum possible hardness of the armor, but not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened with carbon and silicon saturation, the armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But cementation is a complex, harmful process (for example, processing a hot plate with a jet of light gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and increased production culture.
During the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded joints), and it was very difficult to put patches on holes in cemented slabs during the repair. But still it was expected that the tank, protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor, would be equivalent in level of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s, tank building had learned to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates with uneven hardening, known in the shipbuilding since the end of the 19th century as the “Krupp method”. Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor viscous.
How tanks shoot video to half the thickness of the plate, which, of course, was worse than cementation, since while the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during cementation, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of the armor even slightly more than cementation. But the hardening technology that was used for large thickness marine armor was no longer suitable for relatively thin tank armor. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank construction due to technological difficulties and relatively high cost.
The combat use of tanks most developed for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun mod 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain, it was believed that its capacity was enough to carry out most tank tasks. But the battles in Spain showed that a 45-mm gun can only satisfy the task of combating enemy tanks, since even shelling manpower in the conditions of mountains and forests proved to be ineffective, and it was possible to disable an entrenched enemy firing point only in the event of a direct hit . Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive action of a shell weighing only about two kg.
Types of tanks photo so that even a single hit of a shell reliably incapacitates an anti-tank gun or machine gun; and thirdly, in order to increase the penetration effect of a tank gun on the armor of a likely enemy, since it became clear on the example of French tanks (already having an armor thickness of the order of 40-42 mm) that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly strengthened. There was a right way for this - an increase in the caliber of tank guns and a simultaneous increase in the length of their barrel, since a longer gun of a larger caliber fires with heavier shells at a higher initial speed over a greater distance without correcting the aiming.
The best tanks of the world had a large-caliber gun, also has large breech sizes, significantly more weight and an increased recoil reaction. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large-sized rounds in a closed tank led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design team were repressed, as well as the core of the Bolshevik Design Bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov, who from the beginning of 1935 had been trying to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, was left at large, and the staff of the plant No. 8 was slowly bringing the “forty-five”.
Photos of tanks with names the number of developments is large, but in serial production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was adopted ... ". In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines that were worked on in the engine department of Plant No. 185 in 1933-1937 was brought to the series. Moreover, despite decisions on at the highest levels about switching exclusively to diesel engines in tank building, this process was restrained by a number of factors. Of course, diesel had considerable economy. It consumed less fuel per unit of power per hour. Diesel fuel is less prone to ignition, since the flash point of vapor has been very high.
Even the most advanced of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required the serial production of reorganization of the engine production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no necessary precision machines yet), financial investments and staff strengthening. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel engine rated at 180 hp will go to serial tanks and artillery tractors, but because of investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. The development of a slightly increased six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a power of 130-150 hp was also started.
Marks of tanks with specific indicators that completely satisfied tank builders. Tests of tanks were carried out according to a new technique, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of ABTU D. Pavlov as applied to military service in wartime. The basis of the tests was a run of 3-4 days (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop movement) with a one-day break for inspection and restoration work. Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "swimming" in the water with an additional load, simulating an infantry landing, after which the tank went for examination.
Super tanks online, after work on improvement, seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of testing confirmed the fundamental correctness of the basic design changes - an increase in displacement of 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as Komsomolets transmissions and suspensions. But during the tests in the tanks, numerous minor defects appeared again. The chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and for several months was in custody and the investigation. In addition, the tank received a new tower of improved protection. The changed layout made it possible to place a larger ammunition load on the tank for the machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).
US tanks in the framework of modernization, on one serial model of the tank in 1938-1939. The torsion bar suspension developed by the designer of design bureau of plant No. 185 V. Kulikov was tested. It was distinguished by the construction of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long monotorsions could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar on the tests showed not good results, and therefore the torsion bar in the course of further work did not immediately make its way. Overcoming obstacles: rises of at least 40 degrees, a vertical wall of 0.7 m, a covered moat of 2-2.5 m. "
YouTube has no work on the production of prototypes of D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. "Justifying his choice, N. Astrov said that the wheeled-tracked non-floating reconnaissance (factory designation 101 or 10-1), as well as the amphibious tank variant (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of ABTU. Option 101 was a 7.5 t tank with a hull by type of body, but vertically steel side sheets of cemented armor with a thickness of 10-13 mm, because: "The inclined sides, causing serious weighting of the suspension and the hull, require significant (up to 300 mm) hull broadening, not to mention the complexity of the tank.
Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be performed on the basis of the 250-horsepower aircraft engine MG-31F, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. 1st grade gasoline was located in the tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully met the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns of a DC of 12.7 mm caliber and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS was listed) of a caliber of 7.62 mm. The combat weight of the tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring - 5.26 tons. Tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the methodology approved in 1938, with special attention being paid to tanks.
Work on the creation of a new tank, code-named "Armata", which should become the main tank of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, was opened in 2010, along with a message about the cessation of work on the "Object-195" (T-95 tank) from the Ministry of Defense.
The designers of OAO NPK Uralvagonzavod (UVZ) were given a specific task - by 2015, the tank should be on the production line.
One of the possible images of a new generation tank on a single combat platform "Armata".
The unified heavy Armata cipher platform (often called the Armada in the press) is a promising fourth-generation Russian caterpillar platform developed by Uralvagonzavod from 2009-2010. It is planned to create a main battle tank, an infantry fighting vehicle, a heavy armored personnel carrier, a tank support combat vehicle, an armored recovery and recovery vehicle, a chassis for self-propelled artillery and others on the basis of the Unified heavy Armata cipher platform. In fact, Armata is a unified interspecific heavy tracked platform for vehicles with a mass of 30 to 65 tons, an analogue of the GCV in the United States.
Serial production of new Russian tanks T-14 Armata or T-99 Priority will unfold in 2015 and until 2020
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation will receive 2.3 thousand of these machines.
One of the possible layout of the tank project "Armata".
The Russian Ministry of Defense actually refused to purchase T-90 tanks, and pending completion of work on the new combat vehicle of the Uralvagonzavod (the new Russian tank “Almaty”), the military department intends to support the combat effectiveness of the armored forces by deeply modernizing the “best tank of the second half of the 20th century” T- 72. Russian tankers are invited to wait for another three years to enter the armament of the newest tank of the 21st century.
So far, the Russian Ministry of Defense has signed a contract with Uralvagonzavod for the modernization of 170 T-72 main battle tanks worth over six billion rubles.
The technical specifications for the new tank and the Armata family of vehicles are classified. However, analysis of existing developments and fragmentary information from open sources allow us to outline a possible version of the future tank.
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Layout
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Figure Russian tank "Armata" created on the basis of images of a promising modification of the T-90
The purpose of the new Armata machine is to create a uniform chassis for all army tracked armored vehicles, a motor-transmission installation, chassis controls, a driver interface, a unified complex of on-board electrical equipment, and life support systems. This level of unification, at present, has no analogues in weapons systems abroad.
It is also known that a unified interspecific heavy platform has two layout options: a chassis with a front or rear engine-transmission compartment (PMTO or ZMTO).
The "Almaty" suspension is 7-roller, driven by paddle shock absorbers, a differential swing mechanism with hydrostatic transmission (GOP). 12-speed automatic gearbox with manual shift function. Controls: steering wheel, gear lever and gas pedal and brakes.
On the promising Armata tank there will definitely be an IMS chassis - this is an information management system - a digital board. With its help, startup and control, diagnostics, adjustments, protection, etc. are carried out. That is, in the event of a breakdown, the electronics will tell you what is broken and tell you what needs to be done. Combat information management systems built on modern digital technologies and solid-state elemental base of domestic production.
Ammunition in the promising tank is in a special module. This approach to the "storage" of shells increases the "survivability" of the tank, preventing ammunition from detonation when an enemy shell hits the tank body.
"Armata" will fire both various types of shells (high-explosive fragmentation, armor-piercing-subcaliber, cumulative), and guided ground-to-ground missiles with optoelectronic, infrared and satellite guidance, as well as anti-aircraft ground-to-air missiles ". In fact, this is not a tank, but a universal ground attack machine, which includes a full-fledged tactical missile system, an anti-aircraft defense system, an army reconnaissance and target designation complex, and, in fact, a tank.
The promising Armata tank will be equipped with radars of the same technology as the fifth generation T-50 fighter. According to the terms of reference of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Armata will receive Ka-band radars (26.5-40 GHz) based on an active phased antenna array (AFAR) made using low-temperature ceramic technology.
The case is stuffed with video cameras. They allow the crew to observe the circular situation around the tank. If required, zoom is turned on, and the distant subject can be seen in detail. There is the possibility of thermal imaging and infrared vision in all weather conditions day and night.
Active phased array antenna consists of many cells - microwave transmitters. Such an antenna is able to quickly change the direction of the location (it does not require mechanical movement of the locator “plate”) and has high reliability - failure of one element does not lead to a significant drop in power and beam distortion. Such a radar in armored vehicles will be indispensable in solving both defensive and offensive tasks. There are two options for its use - as part of a fire control system or as a complex of active protection. It includes an antenna that detects weapons that fly up to the tank. AFAR will determine the coordinates and parameters of such a threat, and the tank will destroy these targets.
The system is capable of simultaneously “leading” up to 40 dynamic and up to 25 aerodynamic targets - a completely unattainable indicator for all radars armed with other armies. The system will control the territory within a radius of 100 kilometers and will be able to automatically destroy targets up to 0.3 meters in this territory.
Armor
The new 44C-sv-Sh brand armored steel will be used on the new Russian Armata tank. Steel was created by specialists of the Research Institute of Steel.
The use of this steel on the promising Armata platform will make it possible to “remove” hundreds of kilograms of weight from the machine, where it will also be used not only for armor purposes, but also as a structural material.
The new steel was developed according to the technical specifications of the Ural Design Bureau of Transport Engineering, part of Uralvagonzavod NPK, which acted as the customer. Testing and industrial development fell on the shoulders of one of the flagships of Russian metallurgy - the Volgograd Metallurgical Plant "Red October", which is also part of the structure of Uralvagonzavod ..
Although the hardness of steel is at least 54HRC, its plastic characteristics remain at the level of serial steels having a hardness of 45-48HRC. It is this combination that allows to reduce by 15% the thickness and, accordingly, the weight of the armored structures made of new steel without compromising the protective characteristics and survivability at low temperatures.
44C-sv-Sh has now been assigned the letter "O", it is at the stage of pilot industrial development, at which the developer, customer, and manufacturer solve dozens of technical technological and organizational issues.
The front projection has a multi-layer combined armor protection that can withstand the direct hit of any type of existing shells today - sub-caliber and cumulative.
Power point
The power plant is a single 1200-horsepower diesel engine A-85-3A (sometimes referred to as 2A12-3, 12CHN15 / 16 or 12N360) for front- and rear-mounted MTOs. Motor resource at least 2000 hours. Weight up to 5 tons. MTU volume up to 4 m3. There is the possibility of modernization. In terms of overall mass-power characteristics, the novelty should exceed the best foreign examples of motor-transmission units. it should be noted that the rated engine power is 1500 hp, up to 1200 hp a restriction was introduced, which significantly increased motor resources.
The engine was developed by the Chelyabinsk GSKB Transdiesel, and will be produced at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The four-stroke diesel engine, X-shaped, 12-cylinder with gas turbine turbocharging and intermediate cooling of the air, liquid cooling, the 12N360 engine passed the whole series of tests, from resource to running ones, in 2011.
Four-stroke diesel, X - shaped, 12-cylinder engine 12N360
Technical characteristics of the A-85-3A (12N360) engine for the promising Russian Armata platform:
The engine type is four-stroke, X-shaped, 12-cylinder with gas turbine turbine supercharging and intermediate air cooling.
Blending System - Direct Fuel Injection
Engine power without resistance at the inlet and outlet, kW (hp) - 1103 (1500)
Rotational speed, s-1 (rpm) - 33.3 (2000)
Stock on a torque,% - 25
Specific fuel consumption, g / kW * h (g / hp * h) - 217.9 (160)
Weight, kg - 1550
Specific power, kW / kg (hp / kg) - 0.74 (1.0)
Overall power, kW / kg (hp / kg) - 1026 (1395)
Specific mass, kg / kW - 1.32
Length, mm - 813
Width, mm - 1300
Height, mm - 820
The 12N360 engine is a fully developed engine, by no means a bench engine, it was exactly the same on our promising tanks (object 195), which passed state tests not so long ago. In terms of the power plant, the GIs were completed successfully, the engine had no complaints - despite the fact that the tests were very stringent.
A gun
Based on reports of the refusal to bring the T-95 tank with a 152 mm gun to the series, it can be argued that it is planned to equip the new machine with a standard 125 mm main gun
Until recently, the main domestic cannon were versions of the well-known 2A46M tank gun. The most recent modification 2A46M-5 has a firing accuracy of 15-20% higher, the total dispersion during firing from the course decreased 1.7 times. Thanks to improvements, the gun acquired the ability to fire new armor-piercing-submunition projectiles of increased power.
The best Western gun is currently considered a 120-mm smoothbore gun L 55 with a barrel length of 55 calibers of the Leopard-2A6 tank. Compared with the old 120-mm smoothbore gun L-44, the barrel length of the L-55 is increased by 130 cm.
The DM-53 and DM-63 shells used on this gun have very high armor penetration characteristics. And this despite the fact that, unlike American ammunition, the Germans do not use depleted uranium as the core material.
Of course, when creating the Russian main battle tank based on a heavy unified platform, much attention was paid to ensuring high firepower performance.
In the 2000s, a new 125mm 2A82 tank gun was created in Russia. By the fall of 2006, 787, 613 and 554 shots were fired from the prototype and two prototypes at Zavod No. 9, respectively.
The system with an auto-fastened and partially chromed barrel is capable of firing both existing and promising ammunition. In terms of technical level, it surpasses all existing tank guns by 1.2-1.25 times.
The muzzle energy of the 2A82 gun is 1.17 times greater than the best NATO gun -120 mm system of the Leopard-2A6 tank, while the length of the pipe of our gun is 60 cm shorter.
The mounting of trunnion clips in the tower with a reverse wedge has been introduced. The rear support of the rolling parts is located in the casing of the cradle. The neck of the cradle is extended by 160 mm. In the neck of the cradle, the rigidity of which is increased, two additional backlash selecting devices are placed. Both guiding cradles are made as a prism.
These measures allowed to reduce the average technical dispersion for all types of shells by 15% against the table values.
They decided to upgrade the 2A82 gun for "Almaty" by extending the barrel by a meter - up to 7m. To automatically account for the bending of the bore on the muzzle of the barrel pipe, a reflector mount for the bending metering device (UUI) is provided.
Digital signal processing adopted in the device provides the measurement of the necessary parameters of the barrel in a wide range of interference and operational influences. The data obtained are issued as corrections to the ballistic computer, which provides improved accuracy.
Under this gun, the contour of the turfage AZ was modified. However, it is not much different from the standard.
For the new 2A82 cannon, new 900mm BPS Vacuum-1 ammunition was developed. For the 82nd gun, a new "Telnik" was developed with an explosion on the trajectory and URS 3UBK21 "Sprinter".
Further modernization of both guns and ammunition is already outlined.
The Germans based on the Rh120L55 make an electrothermochemical gun (this is the type of throwing). We are also taking very fast steps along the same path. In the framework of research with the very speaking names of "Lefty" and "Lefty-M", the first experiments on ETX-throwing were carried out. They gave positive results. A decision has already been made to develop this area using the existing 2A82 type gun.
New ammunition for the 2A82 guns of the T-14 Armata tank successfully passed state tests in 2013 and were accepted for supply.
Serial production has begun, the first batch of which was adopted by representatives of the Ministry of Defense in 2013 and sent to arsenals to formulate regulatory reserves.
By the time of putting into service the main tank of the Armata family, both standard ammunition reserves will be created and the current need for combat training will be provided.
The production of 2A82 guns is in full swing at Zavod No. 9 in Yekaterinburg.
Machine gun.
A twin 7.62 mm PKTM machine gun (6P7K) is located on the outside of the turret on a separate pastel connected by a parallelogram drive with a cannon. Ammunition ready for battle - 1000 rounds. Another 1000 rounds of ammunition in the tapes are stored in the spare parts box at the rear of the turret.
An additional installation with a 12.7 mm Kord machine gun (6P49) is mounted synchronously with the commander’s panorama and monitors its vertical mirror stabilization and horizontal rotation. Pumping angles - from -10º to +70 degrees. Ammunition ready for battle - 300 rounds in tape. Another 300 rounds of ammunition in the tapes are in the spare parts box at the rear of the turret.
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Active Defense Complex - KAZ.
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Armored vehicles on the basis of this platform will be equipped with an active protection system "Afganit" - special charges allow you to deal with enemy shells and missiles at close range, no more than 15-20 m. In fact, this is an individual missile and anti-projectile defense of the tank. It protects the car from blows, including from the air.
Active protection covers the front hemisphere. Active defense is located around the perimeter of the tower at various levels, which provides tight protection for the most important elements of the tank.
KAZ "Afganit" was developed in the Kolomna KBM. From open sources of information, only the millimeter-wave range of its radar is known, the near intercept range and the maximum intercept speed of armor-piercing sub-caliber shells - 1700 m / s. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that, unlike domestic and foreign predecessors, it is for the first time planned to use protective ammunition with a warhead of the shock core type described in Russian patent RU 2263268 in Afganit. The launcher consists of a carriage rotating in vertical and horizontal the plane. Additional guidance of the impact core to the target is carried out using the programmed initiation of one of the fuses located in the form of a matrix on the back of the explosive block of the warhead.
KAZ Afshanit launcher
On the one hand, this innovative solution is the most effective for the destruction of small-sized high-speed armor-piercing subcaliber shells. On the other hand, the use of a compact impact core instead of a spatial stream of fragments requires the KAZ radar and fire control system to implement a higher level of accuracy in determining the coordinates, speed and direction of flight of targets.
Promising active defense systems face an even more difficult task - intercepting high-speed kinetic missiles and shock nuclei with an approach speed of 2500 to 3000 m / s. If we proceed from the best reaction time achieved in KAZ Zaslon and equal to 0.001 seconds, then the minimum permissible interception boundary can be estimated at 4 meters (with a margin). This means that all potentially dangerous shells / missiles / rocket-propelled grenades flying over the roof of a tower of a combat vehicle below a specified height must necessarily be intercepted even when approaching the vehicle.
Dynamic protection
On the sides of the tower, three dynamic protection blocks are installed on each side. The design of the blocks is similar to the blocks of dynamic protection developed by the Scientific Research Institute of Steel. Blocks are containers with installed elements of dynamic protection, separated by layers of filler. Blocks are installed constantly, but are equipped with elements of dynamic protection only when using tanks for their intended purpose, that is, on the eve of military operations.
On the fenders, to protect the sides of the hull, seven dynamic protection units of a similar construction of blocks mounted on the tower are installed. BLOCKS are installed in places that are not blocked by three standard on-board dynamic protection screens on each side.
To strengthen the front area of \u200b\u200bthe case, covered by regular screens with dynamic protection, an additional dynamic protection unit is attached to each screen, which has smaller dimensions in thickness (travel). Blocks designed for installation on the sides of the hull are removable and equipped only in anticipation of hostilities.
The aft area of \u200b\u200bthe tank is protected by trellis screens that are installed at the stern of the turret and hull.
Dynamic protection units placed on the hull, as well as trellis screens, are installed on the tank only in anticipation of hostilities in specific conditions (for example, battles in urban conditions). The weight of additional protective devices hung on the tank will be about 1 ton, but bearing in mind the conditions in which tanks with additional protection will be used, we can say that this will not fundamentally affect the mobility characteristics.
Fire control system.
Sighting complex:
The main gunner’s sight is multi-channel with a sighting and thermal imaging channels, a laser range finder, an integrated laser control channel.
Increase of the sighting channel, multiplicity - 4; 12.
Target recognition range of the type "tank" through the sighting channel, m - up to 5000.
Target recognition range of the type "tank" through the TP channel, m not less than 3500.
The maximum range measured by a range finder, m - 7500.
The commander’s sight combined panoramic with television and thermal imaging channels, a laser range finder.
Target recognition range of the type "tank" via the TV channel, m up to 5000.
Target recognition range of the “tank” type at night through the TP-channel, m not less than 3500.
The doubler sight with a dependent aiming line.
Target recognition range of type "tank", m:
no less than 2000 in the afternoon
at dusk no less than 1000.
Ballistic computer with a set of weather and weather sensors and an electronic digital bending sensor
The ability to automatically track targets is provided independently from the gunner’s position and from the commander’s position with the implementation of the "hunter-shooter" mode.
Arms stabilizer advanced two-plane with electromechanical drive GN and electro-hydraulic HV.
TTX promising tank of Russia "Armata"
Armored crew capsule - yes
The main gun mm. - 125 (2A82)
Ammunition guns in pcs. - 45
Automatic loader pcs. - 32
Combat rate of fire in min. - 10-12
Target detection range m. - over 5000
Range of destruction of the target m. - 7000-8000
Fire on the move - yes
Panoramic sight of the commander - is
Pan cameras - yes
Aiming and fire control system - yes
The system of combat control and navigation - is
Thermal imager - is
Mine Defense - Active
Active Defense - Afghanistan
Dynamic protection - yes
Engine hp - 1200-2000
Engine Replacement Hour - 0.5
Additional power plant - is
Maximum mass t. - 48
Maximum speed km / h - 80-90
Cruising range km. - over 500
Length mm -
Width mm -
Height mm -
Crew - 3
Number of track rollers - 7
Resistance armor mm. - over 900
By 2015, Russia plans to begin the modernization of its armored and mechanized forces, writes Defense Update on August 10. A new family of combat vehicles is being created, including the T-99 “radically new main battle tank”.
The prototype of the tank will be ready for testing in 2013, or about 10 months earlier than planned, said First Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Alexander Sukhorukov. The new tank is being developed "at Uralvagonzavod in Omsk." Deliveries of the first tanks are scheduled for 2015. It is expected that by 2020 a total of about 2,300 main battle tanks will be produced.
It should be remembered, Defense Update writes that Russia plans military operations not only against NATO forces, but plans to confront radical Islamic countries on the southern borders and China's growing power in the East are of paramount importance. Armored and mechanized forces are a major factor in achieving military superiority or parity against such threats. The level of technology to counter such threats may not be as advanced as against the US and NATO.
According to preliminary data, the new T-99 will be less revolutionary in terms of technology than the "unsuccessful" object 195 (T-95). The T-99 will weigh less, and thus be more mobile and less expensive than its "more ambitious predecessor."
Russian industry is also developing the Boomerang 8-wheeled armored combat vehicle family to replace the BTR-90 armored personnel carriers. In addition, the Kurganets-25 tracked combat vehicle is being developed, which will have a high degree of unification with the new tank. On its basis, various models will be developed that will gradually replace the BMP, BMD, MT-LB and other types of tracked platforms.
Work on the Armata project, within the framework of which a new main tank for the Russian Armed Forces is being created, began at UVZ simultaneously with the adoption of the decision of the RF Ministry of Defense to stop the development of another vehicle, Object-195 (T-95 tank).
Tagil designers were given a specific task, the machine being created should be ready for mass production in 2015.
To date, no official images of the new car have appeared in open sources. Therefore, I will illustrate the article by posting its possible images, which have appeared on various Internet resources in recent years quite a lot. For example, this one that has become the most popular (source: ammokor.ucoz.ru).
In a broad sense, within the framework of the Armata project, a single promising heavy platform is being created related to the fourth generation. On its basis, it is planned to develop a whole range of combat vehicles: a chassis for self-propelled guns (there is information that the Coalition-SV will become the first self-propelled guns), a main battle tank (MBT), a heavy armored personnel carrier, infantry fighting vehicle, armored personnel carrier, etc.
Practically in the case of “Armata” we are talking about an interspecific unified heavy platform on a caterpillar track, which is designed to create military vehicles, the mass of which lies in the range of 30 - 65 tons. The American counterpart to this development can be considered GCV.
Due to the fact that very high expectations were imposed on the indicated vehicle, the Ministry of Defense actually refused large-scale purchases of T-90 tanks. As part of the work aimed at maintaining the combat effectiveness of existing tank units, the Ministry of Defense, taking into account the foregoing, took the path of deep modernization of the T-72 tank.
According to the latest information, a very significant disagreement arose between the manufacturer (UVZ) and the customer (MO) regarding the actual performance characteristics of the new tank and its cost. But both sides express their hope that in 2015 it will be possible to reach a compromise solution that will suit both sides, and the T-14 will begin to enter the troops in planned quantities by the end of this year.
For obvious reasons, I will not be able to provide accurate information about the capabilities of the new machine in this article. All of the information below is an attempt to summarize what appears not in the vast expanses of the Internet.
Tank layout
The problem that the designers are trying to solve by creating "Almaty" is to create a universal chassis for all the Russian army armed with, armored vehicles, controls, a motor-transmission unit, a unified complex of electrical equipment, a driver’s interface, a coolant driver, etc. . At present, there is no analogue to this degree of unification, either in Russia or abroad.
The unified platform is created in two layout options: with rear and front MTO placement.
The new chassis has a six-roller guided suspension on paddle shock absorbers, a 12-speed automatic gearbox, which has the technical ability to switch it in manual mode, and a differential swing mechanism with GOP. The controls are: brake and gas pedals, gear lever, steering wheel.
It is planned that the Armata chassis will definitely be equipped with a digital board ICS, the capabilities of which will allow control and start-up, adjustment and diagnostics, protection, etc. It is expected that in the event of any malfunction, the IMS will promptly notify the crew of what exactly has failed and will give recommendations on how to fix the malfunction.
A special module is provided for placing the ammunition in the T-14, which significantly increases the survivability of the new machine, excluding the detonation of the ammunition when a shell hits the tank.
It is planned that the T-14 ammunition will include different types of ammunition:
- Shells: cumulative, armor-piercing-subcaliber, high-explosive fragmentation;
- SD class "ground-to-ground" with various guidance systems: satellite, infrared, optoelectronic;
- Ground-to-air anti-aircraft missiles.
From this point of view, it can be stated that this is not just a tank, but a universal strike assault vehicle for the SV, equipped with an anti-aircraft air defense system, a full-fledged tactical missile defense system, a target designation and army reconnaissance complex, and, in fact, a tank.
It is expected that the T-14 will receive a radar made using the technologies used to create the PAK FA T-50 radars. The tank will be equipped with radars of the so-called Ka-band (operating at frequencies of 26.5 - 40 GHz), with active headlamps, which are manufactured using the latest low-temperature ceramic technology.
AFAR consists of a very large number of microwave transmitters installed according to the honeycomb principle, which allows you to quickly change the location direction (since this step does not require mechanical movement of the locator). The antenna array has extremely high reliability due to the multiple redundancy of the channels of information. One element, failing, does not significantly affect the beam distortion and power drop. Being installed on any armored vehicle, such a radar becomes practically indispensable in the context of the tasks of modern combat (offensive and defensive). There are two options for the possible use of this radar: the first - as part of the LMS, the second - in the role of KAZ. The antenna can detect any means of destruction at a sufficient distance from the tank, determine the degree of threat to the survivability of the machine, classify the target, establish its coordinates and destroy it.
This system is able to simultaneously accompany up to 25 aerodynamic and 40 dynamic targets. No other radar has such capabilities. In all the armies of the world. The system allows you to control the area around the tank in a circle with a radius of 100 km. Appearing in this space target (size from 300 mm), it is able to guaranteedly destroy automatically.