What is put before the quote. How to quote to go through anti-plagiarism

Quoting a text is a prerequisite for any scientific work. The quotation - an exact, literal extract from any text - must be inextricably linked with the text and should serve as a proof or confirmation of the copyright claims.

The following quote rules apply:

The quote should be quoted, exactly in the text, with the same punctuation marks and in the same grammatical form as in the original source;

The omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is indicated by an ellipsis; punctuation marks before the omitted text are not saved, for example:

"I … I despise myself ... "- Pechorin admits;

If the citation in the source ends with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then after the citation, a dash is put before the words of the citation:

"I sometimes despise myself… - Pechorin admits, - is that why I despise others as well? .. ”;

It is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places in one quote; each such passage should be made out as a separate quote;

A citation as an independent sentence (after the dot ending the previous sentence) should begin with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter, for example:

I.S. Nikitin. “... Do not read - for me it means not to live ...” - writes the poet N.I. Secondly;

Quote included in text after subordinate union ( what, for, if, because etc.), is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even if it starts with a capital letter in the quoted source, for example:

S.I. Vavilov believed that “it is necessary by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books”;

A quote placed after a colon starts with a lowercase letter, if in the source the first word of the quote begins with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis is required before the quoted text), for example:

and with a capital letter, if in the source the first word of the quote began with a capital letter (in this case, the ellipsis is not placed before the quoted text), for example:

F. Engels wrote about the Renaissance: “It was the greatest progressive coup of all mankind experienced so far”. ;

When a sentence ends with a quote, with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark at the end of the quote, then no quotation marks are given after quotation marks if the quote is an independent sentence:

The Lermontov hero asks himself: “And why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers?” ;

or put the necessary sign, if the quote is not an independent proposal (included in the text of the author’s proposal), for example:

A.N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the lack of unity”.

Or: A.N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the lack of unity,” thereby trying to explain ...;

If a word or phrase is quoted, it is enclosed in quotation marks and is entered in the outline of the sentence, for example:

Calling his hero "a prominent man," Gogol emphasizes ...;

If you want to convey someone’s thought in your own words (indirect quoting), you need to do this accurately enough, not forgetting to refer to the author; such a quote, framed as an indirect speech, is not enclosed in quotation marks, for example: According to the theory of symbolism, when portraying reality in poetry, only subtle hints and semitones can be used, in it (poetry) should not be, according to P. Verlaine, no colors, nothing but nuances ;

After quotes closing the quotation, put a dash if, according to the conditions of the context, it is not supposed to separate the subsequent text with a comma, for example:

(the subject is before the quote, and the predicate after it), or the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, for example:

When the editorial staff signed the answer to the reader’s question: “Do retirement benefits remain?” - he apparently was not concerned ...

The basic requirements for a quote are its relevance, i.e. necessity, dictated by substantive substantive goals, and accuracy - its literal coincidence with the source: the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe cited author should be transmitted without any distortions, which occurs in the following cases:

When a quote is arbitrarily cut off, artificially adapting it to its goals;

When cited words are pulled out, pulled out of context;

When thoughts about one subject are quoted, referring to another;

When quoted words are interspersed with retelling, changing the meaning or nuances of the meaning of the source.

According to the law of the Russian Federation “On Copyright and Related Rights”, quotation in the original and in translation is permitted without the consent of the author and without payment of royalties, but with the obligatory indication of the name of the author whose work is used and the source of the loan. If the citation is given for research, polemic, critical and informational purposes, excerpts are taken from legally published works in an amount justified by the purpose of citation, including reproducing extracts from newspaper and magazine articles in the form of press reviews (Article 19, paragraph 1).

Thus, each quote should be accompanied by an indication of

Social networks convincingly show us that people love quotes. We often see them in pictures and we like some so much that we remember them. Quite another matter - articles on the Internet. Quotations in them are especially important, helping to reveal the essence of the article - a rarity. Why it happens?

My experience suggests that this phenomenon has three reasons:

authors write a lot and do not want to bother with the selection of quotes
articles are often written to order and the author simply does not own the topic enough to pick quotes
quotes are avoided because they can lower the uniqueness of the text

And this is a very sad phenomenon, because quotes help the author reinforce his arguments and thoughts with the opinions of more important and authoritative people. Quotations make the text more convincing and vibrant, and very often become the strong point of the article.

Great Citation Tips I Found in a Book

"How to write convincingly"

Gerald Graff and Katie Birkenstein. The book is good in that it contains not only theory, but also ready-made templates (I share with you an entire chapter from it:

Chapter 3 “According to him”

Art of citation

Quoting gives your review more credibility and helps convince the reader that your generalizations are honest and accurate. Therefore, in a sense, quotes serve as a kind of reinforcement of your arguments, telling the reader: “Look, this is not what I came up with. She herself speaks about it - these are her words. ”

However, many authors make many mistakes with respect to citation, not the least of which is an insufficient number or even complete absence of citations. Some people cite too little - perhaps because they don’t want to trouble themselves and again turn to the original text for the exact words of the author or believe that they can restore his ideas from memory.

At the other extreme, the text is overloaded with quotes to such an extent that there is practically no room for the author’s own comments; the reason may be the author’s uncertainty that he will be able to correctly comment on the quotes, or a misunderstanding of their meaning, which prevents adequate explanation of the quoted words of the opponent.

However, the main problem associated with citation arises when the author of the text decides that the quotes can speak for themselves.

From the fact that the meaning of the quoted fragment seems obvious to himself, he concludes that readers will understand the quote with the same ease, although in practice this often turns out to be wrong.

Authors who make such a mistake consider their work done when they select a suitable quote and insert it into the text. They write their thoughts about the problem, interspersed several quotes here and there, and voila! - the article is ready. They fail to understand that quoting is more than just quoting what they say.

The quotes are somewhat similar to orphans: these are words taken out of the original context, which must be built into a new text environment.

In this chapter, we offer two main ways to embed this:

1) thoughtfully approach the choice of quotes, always paying attention to how well they emphasize certain thoughts in your text;

and 2) put each important quote in the correct frame, indicating to whom these words belong, what is their meaning and how they relate to your text.

We want to emphasize that quoting what “they say” should always be related to what you say.

Quote excerpts you need.

Before deciding which quotes are right for you, figure out what you’re planning on achieving, that is, how they can help your text in one place or another where you are going to place them.

You do not need to insert quotes in the text only to demonstrate your familiarity with other people's works; they should reinforce your thoughts.

However, selecting the right quotes is not always an easy task. It so happens that quotes, which at first seemed appropriate to you, gradually cease to be as you add and revise the text.

Since the writing process does not always follow a pre-planned scenario, sometimes you find that the quote, which at first served as the ideal support for your arguments, stops working.

Therefore, the formulation of abstracts and the selection of citations to them are not always separate successive stages of work.

When you are deeply immersed in the work on a text, revising and editing it over and over again, the relationship between your arguments and the selected quotes can change more than once.

Correct quote frame

Finding the right quotes is only part of your job; in addition, you need to present them so that their meaning and attitude to your words are obvious to the reader.

Since the quotes do not speak for themselves, you must build an appropriate frame around them to accompany them with everything you need.

Quotes inserted into the text without a frame are sometimes called “suspended”: they seem to hang in the air, devoid of any explanation.

Steve Benton, one of the graduate students who helped us work on the book, called this quotation “escape from the scene”, drawing an analogy with drivers who leave the scene of an accident, not wanting to take responsibility for your rumpled bumper or broken headlights.

Here is an example of such a citation.

It is taken from a review of an article by feminist philosopher Susan Bordeaux, which worries about the fact that the media is forcing young women to go on a diet even in previously isolated regions of the world, such as Fiji.

Susan Bordeaux writes about women and diets. “Fiji is just one example. Until TV came here in 1995, not a single case of eating disorders was recorded on the islands. "In 1998, three years after the broadcasts from the USA and Great Britain began to be broadcast here, 62% of the girls surveyed said they were on a diet."

It seems to me that Bordeaux is right. She also talks about ... Since the author of this text failed to adequately introduce a quote or explain why these words are worth quoting, it is difficult for the reader to reconstruct the point of view that Bordeaux advocates.

The author of the review not only does not tell us who Bordeaux is and whether she is the author of the quotation, but does not even explain how her words are related to what he says, and in what, in his opinion, she is “right” . He simply “suspends” the quote, in a hurry to move on to some other thought.

A correctly framed quote is inside the design that we call the “quote sandwich”: the statement preceding the quote serves as the top piece of bread, the explanation following the quote is the bottom, and the quote itself is the filling.

In the part of the text that precedes the quote, you must explain who the author is and prepare a semantic base for it; in the following explanatory part of the quote, you need to show the reader why it seems important to you and what, in your opinion, is its meaning.

Templates for entering quotes into text.

 X states that "not all steroids need to be banned from use by athletes."
 As the famous philosopher X says: "____".
 According to X: "____".
 Sam X writes of this: ____.
 In his book, ____ X says that "____".
 Commentary X regrets that “____”.
 From the point of view of X, "____".
X agrees with this, stating: "____".
X does not agree with this, saying: "____".
X further complicates the question when he writes: "____".

Quote clarification templates

The most useful tip for citation, from the point of view of our students, is to make it a habit to accompany each citation with an explanation of its meaning, using patterns like the ones below.

In essence, X warns us that the proposed solution will only exacerbate the problem.
 In other words, X believes that ____.
Giving such a comment, X prompts us to ____.
This X agrees with the old dictum, which reads: ____.
 The point of saying X is that ____.
 The arguments of X come down to ____.

When offering such explanations to the reader, it is important to use a language that accurately reflects the spirit of the quoted phrase.

It would be quite appropriate, writing a quote about Fiji, to write: “Bordeaux claims” or “Bordeaux says”. However, taking into account the fact that Bordeaux is clearly concerned about the spread of media influence in these remote islands, it will be much more accurate to use a language that reflects her anxiety: “Bordeaux is concerned about what”, or “she cares”, or “she warns” .

Consider, for example, how to edit the excerpt from a review of Bordeaux previously using some of these tricks: The feminist philosopher Susan Bordeaux condemns the obsession with Western media for female weight loss and diets.

First of all, she cares that more and more women around the world, under their influence, begin to consider themselves fat and in need of a diet.

Using the example of the Fiji islands as a reinforcement of his views, Bordeaux notes that “until in 1995 television came here, not a single case of eating disorders was recorded on the islands.

In 1998, three years after the broadcasts from the USA and Great Britain began to be broadcast here, 62% of the girls surveyed stated that they were on a diet ”(149–150).

Bordeaux notes that the Western cult of diets has spread across the globe to the most remote corners. She is concerned that a culture of diets finds us wherever we live. What Bordeaux is talking about excites me. I agree with her, because most of the women I know, regardless of where they come from, are seriously worried about their weight.

In this setting, Bordeaux’s words not only fit better into the author’s text, but also help the author give an interpretation of what Bordeaux is talking about. The revolutions “feminist philosopher” and “Bordeaux notes” provide the reader with the necessary information, and the sentence following the quote throws the bridge between Bordeaux’s words and the author’s text.

The mention of 62% of dietary Fiji girls is no longer a dry statistic (as was the case in the wrong passage earlier) and becomes a quantitative example of how the “Western cult of diets spread across the globe.”

It is also important that these suggestions clarify Bordeaux’s thought in the words of the author, making it clear that the quote was used by the author intentionally to prepare the way for his own arguments, and not with the aim of increasing the volume of the article or list of references.

The fusion of strangers and your words

The above version of the frame of the quote also works well because it accurately conveys the words of Bordeaux and at the same time gives these words the sound needed by the author of the text. Notice how in this passage the author returns several times to the basic idea of \u200b\u200bdiets, as Bordeaux continues the theme of “television” and American and British “broadcasts”, introducing the term “cult” and further defining this cult as “western”.

Instead of simply repeating Bordeaux's words word for word, the sentences following the quotation adequately convey her speech, but at the same time unfold the discussion in the direction that the author needs. As a result, the frame of the quote creates a successful combination of Bordeaux words with the words of the author.

Is quotation analysis excessive?

Is it possible to overdo it when explaining quotes? And how to understand that the explanation is already enough? After all, not all quotes require the same amount of explanation, and some once and for all established rules in order to determine this do not exist.

In general, it can be said that the most explanations require such quotes that may be difficult to understand - long and complex, with many details or slang words, containing some seemingly invisible problems.

Although usually the place and scope of the explanation is dictated by the specific situation, we can offer one general advice: if in doubt whether to explain, explain.

It’s better to take a chance and be overly verbose in explaining the meaning of the quote than to “hang” it, leaving the readers perplexed.

Even if you know that your audience is familiar with the writings of the person you are quoting and is capable of interpreting his words herself, it’s better to provide the quote with a full explanatory design.

Even in such cases, readers need to know how you understand this quote, because words - especially if they belong to ambiguous figures - can be interpreted differently and used to support different, sometimes opposing, opinions.

Your readers should see what you are doing with the material you are quoting, if only to make sure that you and they read the same thing.

How to enter quotes

We want to end this chapter with an overview of some of the wrong options for entering citations in text. You should not precede the quote with such turns as “Orwell offers the idea of \u200b\u200b...” or “The quote borrowed from Shakespeare says ...”, although some authors do this.

Such introductory revolutions are redundant and confusing. In the first example, you can write: “Orwell offers ...” or “Orwell’s idea is ...” instead of combining both options, which will be a clear excess.

The second example confuses the reader, because it is the author who is quoting, not Shakespeare (the “borrowed from Shakespeare quote” phrase can be misunderstood). The templates in this book will help you avoid these kinds of mistakes.

When you become proficient at using patterns such as “according to X” or “in the words of X himself,” you probably won’t even think about it, calmly focusing on interesting ideas that can be framed using the patterns.

Exercises

Find a published work that cites what they say. How does an author embed quotes in text? How does he introduce these quotes and what does he say (if he speaks at all) in order to explain them and attach them to his own text? Can you suggest any improvements based on what you read in this chapter?
Analyze one of your written works on a subject. Did you quote any sources in it? If so, how did you embed the quotes in the text? How did you bring the reader to them? How did they explain their meaning? How did they relate to your text? If you didn’t do anything, edit your text using templates to enter quotes into text and clarify quotes. If you have never used quotes in your texts, try editing one of your works by adding quotes.

The text is no less important than its semantic load. In particular, this applies to quotes. Mistakes with similar elements of the text are one of the most common, in one form or another, most students make them. Next, we will analyze in detail how to fill out quotes in the coursework, and give some practical examples.

The abuse of direct quotes is a sign of a coursework of poor quality, deliberately "inflated" of its volume. In addition, non-unique quoted passages of the text reduce the overall uniqueness of the course. Do not forget that this parameter is important in many universities, and its unsatisfactory value leads to a decrease in the student's score.
Excessively large quotes, which occupy almost a third of the page, are not allowed. The reasons are the same - a decrease in the uniqueness of the work, and therefore its quality. Large quotes are permissible only in exceptional cases, for example, when it is necessary to analyze a passage of a work of art, consider the means of artistic expression used by the author, the manner of presentation, etc.
Quoting references is not always appropriate. The mention of various kinds of dictionaries and taste books is not welcome; references to such literature are permissible only in the introduction and, if necessary, definition of terms.

How to fill out quotes in coursework: the most common ways

There are two types of quoting:

direct
indirect

In turn, direct quotes can be introduced into the text of the work in several ways:

indicating the author and source directly in the text
with reference to the author and source

Indirect quotation

By design, this method is the simplest. Another advantage of it is that the text of the quote can be changed, it is not necessary to use it verbatim. The student can express the essence of the quote in his own words, choose key thoughts from it.

Examples of indirect citation:

Direct quoting

A few punctuation rules for direct citation:

How to quote an incomplete quote? Sometimes it is necessary to quote without a certain part of it. In such a case, words that are omitted are replaced by ellipsis. Such a design can be located anywhere in the passage - at the end, middle or the very beginning. If three points are located before the text, that is, the beginning of the phrase is omitted, its continuation is written with a small letter. In one quotation, dots can be replaced by several passages at once, at the discretion of the author.

How to quote, citing a source?

This method of introducing citations is most often used. Footnotes or square brackets are acceptable here.

If you decide to use footnotes, you must do this as follows:

That is, you should cite the phrase, putting after it the number of the footnote. The number is indicated with the “Superscript” option enabled. A shortened horizontal line is placed at the bottom of the page, under which the footnote number (that is, “1”) is duplicated, a dot is placed and the source is indicated, most often with the page designation.

Note! Footnotes should be paginated. In other words, it is unacceptable for the quoted phrase to remain on one page, and a footnote indicating its source should appear on the next or further. The fact is that the numbering of footnotes may not be cross-cutting throughout the course work text, but page-by-page. That is, each subsequent footnote is considered the first for a new page.

When using square brackets, the quotation is entered into the text in a separate sentence, without changing the text and without the punctuation marks mentioned above. After it, square brackets are opened, in which the number of the source and its specific page are indicated.

It looks like this:

Note! When using square brackets, consider the requirements of your university regarding the compilation of a list of references. The numbering of citations can be either in the order they appear in the text, or in alphabetical order (according to the names of the sources).

GOST R7.0.5 2008

NATIONAL STANDARD RUSSIAN FEDERATION

System of standards for information,
librarianship and publishing

Date of introduction - 2009–01–01

Citation;

· Borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;

· The need to refer to another publication, where the question is more fully stated;

P. 6.1.Subscriptive Bibliographic Reference - drawn up as a note, taken out of the text of the document down the page.

How to make notes

According to GOST 7.32-2001, notes are placed immediately after the text, picture or in the table to which they relate. If there is only one note, then a dash is placed after the word “Note” and the text of the note follows. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order in Arabic numerals without a period.

Note - _____

Notes

1 ________________

2 ________________

3 ________________

Notes can be issued as footnotes. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed in superscript Arabic numerals with a bracket. It is allowed to execute footnotes with asterisks “*” instead of numbers. More than three stars per page are not allowed. A footnote is placed at the end of the page with indentation, separated from the text by a short horizontal line to the left.

Rules for registration of references to literary sources

• Depending on which method of constructing the bibliographic list is selected, you should use one of two ways to designate links in the text.
When using a numbered list of references, the link in the text is made out as the source number in the list, enclosed in square brackets:.

• When using an unordered list of references, a link in the text is made out in the form of the author’s name and, separated by a comma, the publication year, enclosed in square brackets: [Weber, 1918]. If the referenced work has more than two authors, then the name of only the first author is indicated in square brackets, and instead of the names of the others, “ and etc."- in the case of a Russian-language source, and" etal."- in the case of a literary source in English: [Almond et al., 1995], . In the case when the list contains works by different authors with the same surnames, a surname with initials is given: [Petrov V., 2000]. If several works of the same author were published in one year, then lowercase letters corresponding to the order of the works in the bibliographic list are added to the link: [Bolotova, 2007b].
It is necessary to refer to literary sources in various situations: direct citation, statement of original thoughts without citation, citation not according to the original source, listing authors who worked on a similar problem, citing a picture, diagram, table from another literary source (for examples of references for different situations, see . in Example 2.1).

Direct quoting

• For direct citation, the text contains a phrase or part of a phrase from some other source. The quote must be enclosed in quotation marks. After the quotation, the text in square brackets indicates:

surname of the author, year of publication of the cited work and, separated by commas, the number of the page on which the cited text is placed in this source.

In the case of a numbered list of references: source number in the list of references and, separated by a comma, the number of the page on which the quoted text is placed in this source.

General citation rules

• The text of the quote is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, while preserving the features of the author's spelling.

• Quoting should be complete, without arbitrary reduction of the cited fragment and without distortion of meaning. The omission of secondary words that do not affect the meaning is indicated by ellipsis.

• If, quoting, it is necessary to highlight some words in it, important for Your histext then after of such a selection, it is necessary to indicate the initial letters of your name and surname: (italics mine - I.F.), (emphasized by me - I.F.), etc.

• Do not abuse quotes. The optimal number of citations in the text is no more than two per page.

Each the quote must be accompanied by a reference to the source from where it was borrowed.

Statement of original thoughts without citation

In case of retelling someone’s ideas, thoughts, concepts, but without direct quoting, it is also necessary to refer to the source in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are stated. Retelling / presentation of ideas, thoughts, concepts is not enclosed in brackets. After retelling / exposition in square brackets it is indicated:

In the case of an unordered list of references:surname of the author, year of publication of the work in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are presented.

source number in the list of references.

Non-citation

In the case when the source is unavailable, and there is another source available, in which the necessary quotation is given, then this quote can be quoted in tex, referring to the available source. The quote is drawn up as in the case of direct citations, but after the quote in the text in square brackets it is indicated:

In the case of an unordered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Cit. by:”(Cited by), then the name of the author, the year of publication of the work that cites the quote, and separated by commas, the page number on which the cited text is placed in this source.

In the case of a numbered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Cit. by:”(Cited by), then the number of the source in the list of references by which the quote is given, and separated by a comma, the number of the page on which the quoted text is placed in this source.

In the case of an unordered list of references:the names of the authors and the year of publication of their works in which their ideas are presented, separated by a semicolon.

In the case of a numbered list of references:the numbers of their works in the list of references, separated by semicolons.

Bringing from another source a picture, diagram, table

In the case when the text contains figures, diagrams, tables from other literary sources, it is necessary to indicate where they were taken from. In this case, after indicating the name of the figure, diagram, table in square brackets are indicated:

In the case of an unordered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Drive unit. by:”(Given by), then the surname of the author, the year of publication of the work from which the figure, diagram, table is taken and, separated by a comma, the page number on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.

In the case of a numbered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Drive unit. by:”(Given by), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the figure, diagram, table is taken and, separated by a comma, the number of the page on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.

	Numbered list of references	Unnumbered list of references
Direct quoting		[Ryabinin, 2008, S. 175]
Statement of original thoughts without citation		[Weber, 1918]
Non-citation	[Cit. by: 14, p. 236]	[Cit. by: Andreeva, 2008, S. 236]
		[Kadyrbaev, 1993; Krivushin, Ryabinin, 1998; Damier, 2000; Shcherbakov, 2001]
Bringing from another literary source a picture, diagram, table	[Drive: 14, p. 236]	[Drive: By Andreeva, 2005, p. 236]

At each mentioning the names of the authors of the discussed works, their initials must be indicated. In this case, an inextricable space must be made between the initials and the surname, so that the initials and surname are always located on the same line. When referring to a work that has not yet been published in Russian, the first mention in the text of the name of its author after a Russian-language transcription indicates its original spelling in brackets. For example: J. Levine .
2. This section is compiled in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic reference. General requirements and compilation rules. [Entered into force on 01.01.2009].

So, finally you can start the final part of this article. As the name implies, it will be devoted to the design of quotations. But first, let's talk a little about this term.

Of course, the concept is obvious, but necessary to complete this part. Now I can safely say that everyone who reads this part will know what the quote is and there will be no misunderstanding in the text that follows.

And now let's move on to the basic design rules:

· The quoted quotation should accurately reproduce the quoted piece of text.

· Punctuation in the quote must be reproduced accurately. If there is no text of the work at hand, then you should place the signs in accordance with the rules of punctuation.

I think these two points are quite obvious. The very definition of this term suggests that the text is transmitted not just verbatim, but with all punctuation marks. That's the quote.

· In Russian and typography, quotes are usually made in quotation marks or in a special font.

So, we will analyze the item in more detail.

With quotes, probably, everyone will figure it out. But still I’ll supplement that usually two types are used for decoration: French quotation marks, otherwise also referred to as Christmas trees (“...”), and German, also known as paws (“...”).

A special font, according to Wikipedia, is called a small size, with a pull, italics. However, not all resources have the opportunity to issue a quote like this, so quotation marks are a win-win option.

I would also like to note that other citation rules may be used in other languages, but I will not discuss them in this article, since we all write in Russian. At least within the ficbook.

Speaking of our beloved Book of Fanfiction. Sometimes I noticed that on this resource quotes just stand out in italics. Also, I often came across the designation of the quote with a copyright sign. Yes, I myself often use it in articles, quoting.

So, as you can see, there are infinitely many ways to quote.

But in this article I would like to consider in detail the design with quotation marks.

· If you omit a fragment of a quote, you must replace it with an ellipsis, which is sometimes located in angle brackets.

At this point we dwell in more detail. In order not to annoy him for a long time, I will give an example of such a citation. More precisely, what the quote itself will look like with a “torn piece” that I met recently in a Russian language textbook.

Example:

“But why do I remember that?<…> Because it took about three or four hours, and all this - our wonderful bathing together, and a sleepy lake with motionless banks reflected, and a thousand other thoughts, feelings, impressions - all this suddenly went somewhere. " (Benjamin Caverin "Two Captains")

I would like to note that the missing fragment of the quote is also located inside the quotation marks. And please pay attention to the fact that the dot is placed after the closing quotation mark.

I would also highlight another case where, after the colon, the text is not quoted from the very beginning. In this case, after the colon, an ellipsis is placed inside the quotation marks, and the text itself is written with a small letter.

Example:

Raskolnikov himself tells Luzhin about his reasoning: "... bring to the consequences that you preached just now, and it turns out that people can be cut ..."

· Options for including citations in the text may vary.

I know two types of quoting. As direct speech and as indirect. And now we’ll deal with each method in more detail.

With quoting as direct speech, everything is very simple. These quotations apply precisely to the rules of direct speech design that were stated by me in the previous part of this article.

Example:

“I only know two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei Pierre.

With indirect speech, things are somewhat different and in some ways even simpler. In this case, the quote is an integral part of the sentence and is always written with a small letter. An exception can only be the case if it begins with a proper name.

Example:

Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life "only two real misfortunes: remorse and disease."

All these rules are characteristic for quoting prose texts. Now let's talk about poetic quotes. After all, they have their own special rules.

· You cannot retell a poetic text in your own words.

By quoting poems in this way, the meaning is distorted that sometimes it can look ridiculous and absurd.

An example of how not to do it:

Pushkin writes that he loves Peter’s creation.

· General rules for the design of a poetic quote.

But speaking generally about the rules for quoting a poem, only two can be distinguished again. Each of them, of course, I will consider in detail.

So, the first in compliance with the graphic appearance of the stanza. Quoting in this way, the text is quoted without quotation marks, and is written after the colon.

Example:

“A wonderful picture ...” A. Feta - winter landscape. This poem conveys the feelings of the poet, caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature:

Wonderful picture
How are you dear to me:
White Plain
Full moon…

The second citation method is applicable to small-sized poetic quotes that do not exceed one or two lines. In this case, the quote is enclosed in quotation marks.

Example:

“A wonderful picture” by A. Fet - a winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature: “A wonderful picture, // How are you dear to me ...”

In this case, it has already been indicated once which work or its creator is in question, therefore there is no need to repeat it.

· There is no need to indicate the name of the poet in the case when it precedes the quote or is called after it.

If the name is called before quoting the poem, then the quote itself is written after the colon. If the author is indicated at the end, the name is indicated in parentheses.

Examples:

1. A. Fet writes:

Wonderful picture
How are you dear to me:
White Plain
Full moon…

2. A wonderful picture,
How are you dear to me:
White Plain
Full moon…

· Quotes of various poets.

If the text contains poems by different authors, the name of each must be indicated in brackets after his work.

Under the blue skies
Great carpets
Shining in the sun, the snow lies ...

("Winter morning")

The clouds are racing
clouds are curling;
Invisible moon
The flying snow illuminates;
Cloudy sky, night cloudy ...

And on this note, perhaps, you can finish this part, and with it the whole article. I hope she found it useful in some way.

Note Author: In order not to violate any laws and not find problems for myself on the fifth point, I indicate the source from which the materials for writing this part of the article were partially borrowed - http://www.gramma.ru/RUS/?id\u003d5.8

The article was prepared by Maxim Klokov (Zebrul) specifically for the Beta-Gamma Training Center group (vk.com/beta_gamma).

The material is borrowed from the article "Rules for the design of direct speech and quotes" by the same author.

Publication of this article outside the group is strictly prohibited! Respect the work of others, gentlemen!