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  • Interesting words that came from. The meaning of foreign words in Russian

Interesting words that came from. The meaning of foreign words in Russian

    Examples of borrowed words: guest worker, motel, confetti, olivier, jam, latte, bulldozer. For more examples, see L.P. Rat, N.G. Komleva.

    Borrowing words

    The reasons for borrowing words from other languages \u200b\u200bare associated with technical and technological progress - the emergence in the world of new technologies, inventions, objects, concepts, for the name of which there are no words in Russian.

    When borrowing other people's words undergo phonetic, morphological, morphemic and semantic changes. This is due to the "fit" of borrowing words to the prevailing features and rules in the Russian language. Some authors of school textbooks on the Russian language share the concepts of borrowed and foreign words. If the borrowed word comes into the vocabulary of the Russian language with changes, then the foreign word almost does not undergo changes, retaining its original phonetic, morphological and other features.

    In modern Russian, there are a lot of borrowed words. Most of them are deeply rooted in Russian, and for modern native speakers, words are perceived as primordially Russian. Their true origin shows an etymological analysis.

    The process of borrowing words began in the Old Russian language and is currently happening. The words were borrowed from Latin, Finno-Ugric, Greek, Turkic, Polish, Dutch, German, French, English. People’s names, geographical names, names of months, church terms were borrowed. Some borrowed words went into the list of obsolete: blubber, Berkovets, tyun, grid, sausage and others.

    Borrowing morphemes

    Not only whole words are borrowed into the Russian language, but also parts of words (morphemes) that influence word formation and give rise to new words. We list some foreign prefixes and foreign suffixes, for each item we give examples of words.

    Borrowing consoles

  • а- - immoral, amorphous, apolitical, arrhythmia, anonym, apathy, atheist.
  • anti - anti-world, anticyclone, antithesis.
  • arch - archival, archimillionaire, archbishop.
  • pan-pan-American, pan-Slavism, pan-epidemic.
  • de - degeneration, degradation, decomposition, dismantling, demobilization, demotivation.
  • disinfection, disorientation, disorganization.
  • dis- - disharmony, disqualification, imbalance, dysfunction.
  • dis- - disassociation, disjunction.
  • counter-counterattack, counter-march, counterattack, counter-revolution, counterattack.
  • trans - transatlantic, trans-European, transoblastic.
  • ultra- - ultrasound, ultrashort, ultra-left, ultra-right, trendy.
  • and others...

Suffix borrowing

  • -ism - anarchism, collectivism, communism.
  • east - scuba diver, careerist, machinist, skydiver.
  • -izirov- - to militarize, mechanize, fantasize.
  • -er- - poacher, gentleman, trainee, boyfriend.
  • and others...

Borrowing foreign words contributes to the development of the language. Borrowing is associated with close communication between the peoples of the world, a developed communication system, the presence of international professional communities, etc.

Foreign words are included in the Russian language along with many concepts, ideas, theories and concepts. It is often too difficult, and even impractical, to invent their own terms for expressing borrowed concepts, so in most cases, along with a new concept, the word or phrase expressing it comes into the language. For example: a floppy disk (from the English. Diskette) - a small-format magnetic disk, usually flexible, a storage medium for processing on a computer.

The number of such words is gradually increasing in the context of expanding political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural ties. Over time, many of the borrowed words are polished, adapted to the norms of the Russian language, and become mutable in accordance with these norms, which greatly facilitates their use. For example: audit (from the English. Audit) - a form of financial control over the activities of organizations, enterprises, firms, carried out at the request of the client. In addition, we say audit, referring to another meaning of the word: audit. Auditor (from lat. Auditor - listener, investigator) - a person who verifies the financial and economic activities of the company on the basis of a contract. This noun, like the word audit, is inclined.

The process of “Russification” of borrowed words is the submission of borrowed unchanged nouns and adjectives to the norms of inflection of the Russian language: kepi - cap, papua - Papuan, lobby - lobbying - lobbyist - lobbying, piquet - diving, beige - beige, etc.

However, there are many examples where borrowed words remain “foreigners” in the system of the borrowing language (jury, highway, scoreboard, attache, kangaroo, etc.). Often there are difficulties in determining the grammatical gender of these words, in their pronunciation and statement of stress. Keep in mind:
  1) non-declining words of foreign origin, denoting inanimate objects, belong to the middle family: publicity (advertising, fame, popularity); resume (a brief conclusion from the foregoing, a summary of the essence of speech).
  Although the word coffee refers to the masculine gender, colloquial use is possible on average;
  2) if the word is included in a more general, generic concept, then it corresponds to this concept in a grammatical gender. Thus, non-declining nouns included in the concept of “language” refer to the masculine gender: Bengali, Pashto, Hindi, etc .; Esperanto is used in both masculine and neuter gender; the word of the Sirocco-male gender (influenced by the word wind); the words beri-beri (disease), kohlrabi (cabbage), salami (sausage) - feminine; the word breeches are not only of the middle gender, but also of the plural (trousers);
  3) non-declining foreign words that indicate animate objects (animals, birds, etc.) refer to the male gender: gray kangaroo, little chimpanzee, funny pony, pink cockatoo. But: hummingbird, female kiwi-kiwi (influenced by the word bird); Iwashi (fish, herring), female tsetse (fly); if it is clear from the context that this is a female, then the names of the animals refer to the female genus: a kangaroo was carrying a kangaroo in a bag; a chimpanzee fed the cub;
  4) non-declining nouns of a foreign language origin, denoting people, belong to the male or female gender in accordance with the gender of the designated person: a wealthy rentier, an old lady; the same applies to their own names: the great Verdi, poor Mimi; two-clan are the words vis-a-vis (my vis-a-vis-my-vis), protege, incognito;
  5) the genus of non-declining nouns denoting geographical names (cities, rivers, lakes, etc.) is determined by the grammatical gender of the common noun denoting the generic concept (i.e., the city, river, lake, etc., by the genus of words). ): sunny Batumi, wide Mississippi, full-flowing Ontario, picturesque Capri (island), inaccessible Jungfrau (mountain);
  6) the grammatical gender of the non-declining names of the press is determined by the same principle: The Times (newspaper) published ...; The Figaro Literary (magazine) published ...; "Time" (magazine) printed ...;
7) the pronunciation of foreign words has a number of features: in the borrowed words in place the letters o are pronounced [o] in unstressed position, that is, without reduction: b [o] a, [o] tel, kaka [o] for the sake of [o ]; double pronunciation is allowed: n [o] et - n [a] et, with [o] no - with [a] no, etc .; in front of the vowel denoted by the letter e, in many foreign words the consonants are pronounced firmly: at [e] le, code [e] ks, kaf [e], Shop [e] n.

Along with borrowing in the Russian language, another (Russian by origin) word with the same meaning may function, for example: aloe - agave, lumbago - lumbago, rendezvous - date.

Borrowed words characterizing the specific national features of life of different peoples and used in describing non-Russian reality are called exotism. So, when depicting the life and life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the words are used: aul, sakl, arba, dzhigit; Italian colors convey the words gondola, tarantella, tavern, spaghetti, pizza, etc.

Many borrowings, unable to stand the test of time, quickly disappeared from the modern dictionary, but are found in the literature: Victoria (victory), plezir (pleasure), voyage (travel), politeness (politeness), table (arrange).

In recent decades, abuse of tracing paper from foreign words has become a frequent occurrence, although there are Russian equivalents to denote the corresponding concepts. For example, we read in the newspapers: the summit participants reached a consensus ... In the boutiques there is a wide selection of ready-to-wear clothing ... We hear on the radio: in the USA there were primaries, the rating of the main candidate for the post of candidate declined.

At the same time, the development of a market economy in Russia naturally supplemented our speech with such borrowed words as a broker (intermediary), dealer (person or company acting on the market using the manufacturers trademark), tender (official proposal to fulfill an obligation), tranche (financial part, series), transfer (financial transfer), offer (official offer to conclude a deal) and many others.

It should be noted such a phenomenon in the life of a foreign word as a shift in the hierarchy of meanings inherent in the source of borrowing. So, our dictionaries of foreign words give the following meanings of the English word sponsor: 1. Surety. 2. The person financing the event, organization. In modern Russian, the first meaning has not taken root. The word sponsor stands for "structure, person financing someone." A similar shift has occurred in the use of the word business. In the Russian interpretation, business is commercial activity, private trade, while the dictionary gives the following meanings as the main ones: business, permanent occupation, specialty, duty, duty.

Another group of words should be highlighted. Their semantic transformations illustrate a certain change in socio-economic and - as a consequence of this - language guidelines. Consider, for example, the words control, control. They have long entered the Russian language, being borrowed from French, and denote accordingly: verification, verification. Since the 1990s, the word control began to mean primarily not control, but management, retention under the influence. The pattern is found in English, where control means, first of all, the name of the control. In the new usage, the value of verification is shifted to the number of secondary ones.

The words underwent similar changes: the analyst (now not only the one who analyzes, but the observer, commentator); administration (now not only and not so much the governing body of the enterprise as the public authority); Director or CEO (not only the head of the enterprise, but often its co-owner). A similar transformation can be found in the meanings of the words liberalization, model, and politics.

The main thing in using borrowings is an accurate knowledge of the meaning or meanings of a foreign word and the appropriateness of its use.

One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of a change in the entire vocabulary of a language. Originally Russian and are considered just from the position of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary provides an answer to the question of how the word came about, what it means, from where and when it was borrowed and what changes it underwent.

Russian vocabulary

All words that exist in the language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system, which led to the existence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and over the centuries developed along with the people. This is the so-called native vocabulary that has existed for a long time.

Also in vocabulary there is a second layer: these are words that came to us from other languages \u200b\u200bdue to the emergence of historical connections.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the position of origin, then we can distinguish the words native Russian and borrowed. both groups are represented in large numbers in the language.

The origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called native Russian.

The native Russian vocabulary has several tiers:


Borrowing process

In our language, native Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

Since ancient times, the people of Russia entered into cultural, economic, political, military, trade relations with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that the words of those peoples with whom we collaborated appeared in our language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these language borrowings Russified, entered the group and we have ceased to perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as “sugar”, “bath”, “activist”, “artel”, “school” and many others.

The words are originally Russian and borrowed, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered into our everyday life and help to build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Getting into our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different sides: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing is subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, in suffixes, and gender changes. For example, the word "parliament" in our country is masculine, and in German, where it came from, it is average.

The very meaning of the word may change. So, the word "painter" here means a worker, and in German it means "painter."

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words “canned food”, “conservative” and “conservatory” came to us from different languages \u200b\u200band have nothing in common. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of “save”.

Thus, it is important to know from which languages \u200b\u200bthe words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, it is sometimes difficult to learn the original Russian and loanwords in the mass of vocabulary that we use daily. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of loan words

Two groups of loan words are distinguished by a certain type:

  • come from the Slavic language;
  • taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, a large mass is comprised of Old Church Slavs — words that have existed since the 9th century in church books. And now such words as “cross”, “universe”, “power”, “virtue”, etc. are widespread. Many Old Slavs have Russian analogues (“Lanites” - “cheeks”, “mouth” - “lips”, etc. ) There are phonetic (“gates” - “gates”), morphological (“grace”, “benefactors”), semantic (“gold” - “gold”) Old Church Slavs.

The second group consists of borrowings from other languages, among which:

  • latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
  • greek (household - “bed”, “dish”, terms - “synonym”, “vocabulary”);
  • western European (military - “headquarters”, “junker”, from the field of art - “easel”, “landscape”, nautical terms - “boat”, “shipyard” “schooner”, musical terms - “aria”, “libretto”);
  • turkic (in culture and trade, "pearls", "caravan", "iron");
  • scandinavian (household - “anchor”, “whip”) words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very accurate science. Everything is clearly structured here. All words are divided into groups, depending on the attribute underlying.

The native Russian and loanwords are divided into two groups based on etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that meet specific goals. So, you can call the dictionary of foreign words, which contains foreign-language examples that have come to us for many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary clarifies the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, the author of which was N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century, a number of foreign dictionaries appeared.

Among the most famous are the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” under the editorship. The dictionary article lists information about the origin of the word, gives an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, stable expressions with it.

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word avoids descriptive phrases, the language becomes more simple and dynamic. For example, a long phrase “Trading in a specific place once a year”   in Russian language is successfully replaced by the word that came from German fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the unlawful and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All kinds of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing   literally clog up the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that indiscriminate prohibitions can harm its normal development. In this article, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of Russian language and literature. Word poetry   it has become so firmly entrenched in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. Meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creation". Word poem   translates as "creature", but rhyme – "Proportionality","Coherence"rooting to it is the word rhythm. Stanza   translated from Greek - "turn", but epithet – "Figurative definition".

Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("Collection of legends"), myth(“Word”, “speech”),   drama ("act"), lyrics   (from the word musical), elegy("Mournful flute chant"), oh yeah ("song"),   epithalamus("Wedding poem or song"),   epic (“Word”, “story”, “song”), tragedy ("Goat song"), comedy("Bear holidays") The name of the latter genre is associated with holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, who celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these ideas. well and scene   - of course, "Tent"where the actors performed. Concerning skits, that is - "Singing inside out" .

If the Greeks took on the “duty” to give names to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans seriously engaged in prose. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase “purposeful speech”. The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "Carved in stone" (short, concise) Word text   means "Connection", "compound", but illustration – "Explanation"   (to the text). Legend- this is “What should be read”,   memorandum – “Things to remember”, but opus– “Labor”, “work”. Word plot   translated from Latin means “Story”, “legend”but in Russian it came from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript   - this is handwritten document, well and editor   - this is the person who must “tidy up” everything. Madrigal   - also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means a song in the mother tongue. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runesoriginally meant "All knowledge", later - "secret"   and only later it began to be used in the meaning “Letters”, “letters”.

But back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique code of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“Justice”, “legality”), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("Truth spoken"), lawyer   (from latin “Urge”), notary– ("scribe"),   protocol("First sheet"), visa ("Viewed") etc. The words version("turn") and intrigue ("Confuse") also of Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lapsus – “Fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”.   Greek and Latin origin has most medical terms. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, words such as anatomy("Dissection"), agony ("fight"), hormone (“Set in motion”), diagnosis("Definition"), diet ("Lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation") The following terms are Latin in origin:   hospital("hospitable"), immunity ("Liberation from anything"),   disabled ("Powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),   muscle ("Mouse"), obstruction (Clogging),obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy – "Another action"   (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mostly in Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which sometimes represented tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("Divine inspiration") was translated into Old Slavonic as "Madness"   (!). Such an interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that   angel- this is "Messenger", apostle –"Messenger",   clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon –"Minister", bishop– “Looking down from above”, but sexton– "Watchman". Word   hero   also Greek and means "St"   - no more, no less! And here is an abusive word foul   came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural"   (resident of). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result this word became a synonym for the pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that call the representatives of the other world. Word demon "Deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “A demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of its passions, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to its doubts either on earth or in heaven,   - so he explained his position. " But what do the words devil and the devil mean? Heck   - this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil   same - “Seducer”, “slanderer”   (Greek). Other names of the devil - of Hebrew origin: satan – “Contradictory”, “adversary”, Velial   - from the phrase "No good". Name Mephistopheles   Goethe invented, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "Liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name   Wolandwhich M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel "The Master and Margarita", has a German origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "Cheater", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles was once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy   has a Latin origin and means "Fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, and the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old dominance of Christianity, Europeans are still sympathetic to fairies and elves, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word gnome   came up with Paracelsus. Translated from Greek, it means "Inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "Dark alvami" or "zwergs". Brownie in Germany they call Kobold. Later this name was given to the metal, which had "Harmful nature", - made it difficult to smelting copper.   Nickel   called elf living near the water, a big lover of a joke. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

Word the Dragon   translated from Greek means "Keenly seeing". Interestingly, in China this mythological creature was traditionally portrayed without eyes. Tradition says that one artist of the Tang era (9th century) was carried away and drew his eyes to the dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricanecomes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Hurakana. The names of some precious and semiprecious stones also have their meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.)   chrysolite – "golden"(Greek) olevin – "green"   (Greek) lapis lazuli– "Sky blue"   (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst   from Greek translates as "Drunk": according to legend, this stone is able to "curb passions", so Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, put them in crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate   translated from Greek means "good"which he was supposed to bring to its owner.

There were times when the same word came to our country from different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words   colossus, fraud and car- single-root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "Something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages \u200b\u200band is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of the connection of roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabracontains greek root with meaning "deity"   and hebrew with meaning "word". I.e "The word of God"   - an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snobit is interesting in that, being of Latin origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "Without nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on the English ships began to be called passengers who do not have the right to dine with the captain. Later, in English houses, this word was put on guest lists opposite people who should have been declared without a title.

But what about other languages? Have they contributed to Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly affirmative. There are many examples. So, the Arabic phrase "Lord of the sea"   became a Russian word   admiral.

Fabric name atlas   translated from Arabic means “Beautiful”, “smooth”.Bondage   - this is "Receipt", “Commitment”,   shackles – "Fetters", "fetters"   etc. It has long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("Black or bad hand") and toddler ("Like a watermelon") About antiquity words iron   evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "Metal", "ore"). Weight   - this is "heavy"   (Persian), stage –"Platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"   (Polish). The words roll   (from “Lay the vessel on its side”) and yacht   (from "Drive") are of Dutch origin. The words rush ("All up"   - over all),   bluff("Cheating"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting in that it is a “false friend of a translator”: readers were probably surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in corduroy suits and dresses. Words came from German cabin boy("boy"), tie("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), workbench ("workshop") A lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),   career("run"), feint ("Pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("Print"), relay race ("stirrup") - Italian.   Scam ("a business"), gauze ("Kisei"), balance ("Libra"),   compliment("Hi"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French have given birth to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuosomeans "valor"word cantata   formed from Italian cantare –"sing", capriccio   - from the word "goat"(a piece with a galloping “like a goat’s” change of themes and moods), opera –   "composition", tutti – “Execution by the whole cast”.

Now it’s France’s turn: arrangement – "Tidying up", overture   from the word "open", benefit – "Profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration –"decoration", pointe shoes   (solid socks of ballet shoes) - "Tip", "tip",divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "Hearth". And in modern pop music the word is very popular plywoodwhich comes from German "Impose"   (voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, you can not ignore the culinary theme. So word garnish   came from french "Supply", "equip".Look- means “Frozen”, “ice”. Cutlet – "Rib". Consomme – "bouillon".Langet – "Tongue". Marinade– "Put in salt water". Roll   - from the word "coagulation". Word the vinaigrette   - exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. This dish is called worldwide "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog \u200b\u200bnames in our country are of foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the contrary, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs in their suburban estates (and even took bribes with “greyhound puppies”) and a few house dogs in urban houses. Since French (and later - English) Russian nobles knew better than their native language, they gave names to their dogs foreign. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What a familiar word could a peasant in nickname not know French Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course,   Ball! Trezortranslated into Russian means "treasure"   (fr.), nickname Watchdogdescended from the french word "bearded", but Rex   - this is "king"   (lat.). A number of nicknames came from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik   - these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,   Bug and Zhulka   descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word granny   in English is used to mean "Women's head scarf", but pancakes   in Britain called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity   got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, desperate to find its full-fledged analogue, in one of his novels decided to leave it without translation.

The words satelliteand comrade   known all over the world, and kalashnikov for a foreigner - not the last name, but the name of the Russian machine. Relatively recently they made a triumphal march around the world, now somewhat forgotten terms restructuring and publicity.   The words   vodka, nesting doll and balalaika   so often out of place are used by foreigners who talk about Russia, which cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages \u200b\u200bin 1903, is frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia   (author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation   they are not Russian “by origin,” but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their “mother tongue”, they switched to many foreign languages \u200b\u200band became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, the appearance of words   acid, refraction, balance   we must M.V. Lomonosov.N.M. Karamzin   enriched our language with words influence, industry, social, general useful, touching, entertaining, focused.

One way to develop a modern language is to borrow foreign words. The development of language is always closely connected with the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts, relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with the words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicism is very common in our speech. We’ll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have rapidly penetrated into the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as the international status of the English language. Here are the main reasons for the massive entry into the Russian language of borrowings (in particular from the American version of the English language).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, borrowing foreign vocabulary occurs due to the lack of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. So, for example, English borrowings appeared in Russian such as a computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word is highlighted. Examples: a hotel for caravans - a motel, a summit - a summit, figure skating - freestyle, a marksman - a sniper, a short press conference for journalists - a briefing, a hit man - a killer, a parking lot - parking / parking, short-distance running - sprint, production decline - recession, retail - retail and many others.

Foreign words in Russian can increase its expressive means. In recent years, the appearance of foreign stylistic synonyms such as service - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - goofrend, dancing - dance, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, Reception - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also determined by the need for specialization of objects and concepts; therefore, many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from the English language. A significant number of foreign words, from formal / book vocabulary, have corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:


  • accent - highlight;
  • similar - similar;
  • to vary - to change;
  • vulgar - rude, vulgar;
  • misinform - give false information;
  • to decorate - to decorate;
  • ideal - perfect;
  • infectious - contagious;
  • memoirs - memories;
  • permanent - permanent, continuous;
  • reconstruction - restoration;
  • elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words in Russian appeared due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman come to Russian from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries an athlete, record holder, and yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to replenish with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular Anglicisms

In almost any field of activity, one can come across words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV shows, shops: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain Ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Royev Creek); Second hand; Call Center Real comfort; Sweet Mom.


Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have been most often used in them recently.

Politics / Economics / Positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food / Clothing / Trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, cleats, bandana, cotton, top, necroll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-hall, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skate-ring, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step-class, oververt contest.

Art / Radio / TV:

western, video clip, thriller, clip maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop -Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (L), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit - parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home / Life / Office:

air conditioning, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roll - curtains, bulette magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, adhesive tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, site, blog, emoticon.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages \u200b\u200bof African peoples and peoples of other continents, who were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese, the word “tape” sounds like tap-recode from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American merchants, is also noted: the word “sops” means “soap” (in English “soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).