Prohibition of foreign words in different languages. Borrowings from the Russian language in the English vocabulary

Foreign words are an integral and an important part any developing, living language. The Russian language is no exception in this regard. Foreign terms and words enrich it, make it more flexible and figurative, help to explain it more simply and concisely. complex phenomena and thoughts. Language borrowings serve as an indicator of the depth of interstate and international interaction.

What it is?

Foreign words are words that have entered the Russian language from other languages. Borrowing words is a completely natural and necessary process, which becomes the result of cultural, trade, military, political ties. Russian state with other countries.

During its development, the Russian language passed through itself many foreign words, sifting out unnecessary ones, leaving and mastering useful ones. IN currently foreign borrowings make up about a tenth of the entire Russian vocabulary. Many of them have so dissolved in the language that they are now perceived as native Russian words.

Why is this happening?

Intensive borrowing of foreign words is not a sign of language weakness. On the contrary, it is an indicator of his strength, energy, liveliness. The more actively the state develops and interacts with the world around it, the more new terms and concepts the state language absorbs.

Especially a lot foreign words in the language appears at the moments of cardinal social, political or cultural transformations. For example, on Russian soil, such transformations were the coming of Orthodoxy to Rus', the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the reforms of Peter the Great, the revolutions of the early 20th century, the collapse Soviet Union. The Russian language has always easily absorbed foreign words, using them for its own needs.

The main reasons for borrowing are:

contacts with other states;
the need for terms and names that were lacking in the Russian language;
replacement by one foreign word of large and difficult to understand descriptive phrases;
differentiation of concepts that are close in meaning, but differ in details;
authority of a foreign language in a certain area (science, music);
fashion for language in certain sections of society;
the need to identify and describe a foreign culture, customs, traditions.

How does this happen?

Foreign words in Russian appear in two ways: through oral speech or through writing. Oral borrowing sometimes changes words beyond recognition. So, the Italian word tartufolo turned into "potato", and the German word kringel - into "pretzel". When borrowed in writing, words practically do not change their appearance and sound.

Getting into a new language environment, a foreign word gradually obeys the laws of grammar, phonetics, word formation adopted in the Russian language and eventually turns from cutting ear and eye " foreign body"into a full-fledged representative of Russian vocabulary. Foreign words are borrowed both directly when the Russian language comes into contact with a foreign language, and indirectly - through an intermediary language.

Languages - donors

The Russian state at all times led an active foreign policy spreading its activities and interests outside. In this it differed, for example, from China or Japan, which were reluctant to contact foreigners. Rus' was open to relations with its neighbors, occupied new lands, traded and fought with other countries, willingly got acquainted with foreign cultures, learned crafts, science, and military affairs from more developed states.

These contacts were accompanied by intensive borrowing of foreign words. Russian came into contact with many languages, mastering new and necessary foreign terms. Some of them left a very weak trace, but several languages in total became a source of hundreds of new words for Russian:

Types of foreign words

All foreign words mastered by the Russian language can be divided into four large parts:

Borrowed.
Exoticisms.
Foreign inserts.
Internationalisms.

Borrowed words

Borrowed (or mastered) foreign words are words that originally appeared in a foreign language, and then were introduced into Russian and mastered by it. Borrowed words have completely settled down in the new language environment. Such words are transmitted through the graphic and phonetic means of the Russian language, obey its grammatical rules, have a definite, stable meaning, and are widely used in various fields of knowledge and activity. Examples: clown, rocket, body, arsenal, saber, shark, sandals, office, square, kefir, zenith, confusion, fakir, verse, fiesta, cavalier, company, tea, holidays, postulate, oval, fruit, canister, backpack, peat, film, flask, ottoman, table, fair, driver, locomotive, orange.

exoticisms

These are words that will allow you to localize, clarify the description of something for which there are no specific words in the Russian language. Exoticisms help to figuratively and succinctly describe foreign reality, to convey the national flavor, the originality of the region, people, country. With their help, you can create special national characteristics of literary characters. The most common types of exoticisms are:

Institutions - Sejm, Khural, Reichstag, Parliament, Rada.
Drinks and food - whiskey, gin, perno, goulash, pilaf, pudding, risotto, paella, poses, pasta.
Clothing items - sombrero, kimono, sari, zhupan, geta, poncho.
Money - dollars, yens, drachmas, francs, dinars.
Titles, professions, officials - lord, laborer, abbot, back, chancellor, gondolier, rickshaw, geisha, hetman, burgher, mr., don, mrs.
National holidays - Purim, Hanukkah, Yom Kippur, Shabbat, Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Adha, Pongal, Vesak, Asala, Fiesta.
Dances, songs and musical instruments - hopak, minuet, sirtaki, yodel, khoomei, duduk, bagpipes, sitar, maracas.
The name of the winds is sirocco, tornado, snowstorm, marshmallow, boreal, mistral.
Dwellings - yaranga, wigwam, mud hut, needle.

Foreign blotches

These foreign words differ from exoticisms in that, as a rule, they retain their original phonetics and graphic spelling. Often foreign inclusions become idioms, which are used in scientific papers, fiction, journalism and direct speech. Often they are playful or ironic.

Examples: alter ego, post factum, c "est la vie, tete-a-tete, happy end, o.k., post scriptum, terra incognita.

Internationalisms

These are a kind of cosmopolitan words that sound almost the same in many languages. Internationalisms often become universal scientific terms that are easily understood without translation around the world. The greatest contribution to the creation of such foreign words was made by Latin, English and Greek.

Examples: television, philosophy, republic, civilization, constitution, space, satellite, chaos, gas, car, democracy, monologue, atom, student.

Foreign words in modern Russian

The last decades have brought two large waves of borrowings to the Russian language. The Union collapsed, the ideological curtain collapsed, rigid party censorship disappeared, and a grandiose socio-political reorganization took place in the country. In the lexicon of Russians, on the pages of books and newspapers, on television screens, a lot of new words or words that have been mastered for a long time, but have gone out of use, have appeared.

At the same time, the information technology revolution was unfolding in full force on the entire planet, resulting in hundreds of phenomena, processes and things that had no name and received them, as a rule, with the help of in English. These new terms were quickly absorbed by other languages. In Russian modern language foreign words appeared or played with new colors. These are, for example, words such as:

in politics - separatist, corruption, legitimate, inauguration, PR, oligarch, prime minister, image, president, senator;
in economics - brand, default, outsourcing, business, voucher, inflation, investment, holding, emission, firm, consulting, holding, management, merchandiser;
in the information technology field - blog, internet, site, avatar, update, installation, cursor, browser, click, offline, interface, login, posting, link;
in sports - snowboarding, freestyle, curling, kiting, overtime, kitesurfing;
in music - rap, punk, house, hip-hop, rave, mix.

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way, speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech they enter, makes people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change drastically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Borrowing language	adopted word	Semantics
	Business	Occupation, business
	Price list	price list
	Gameplay	Game process
	Diving	Swimming underwater
	Penalty	Punishment
	Blogger	Man posting online diary on internet
	parking	Parking
	Cake	Cake
Arab	Admiral	sea lord
	Shop	Stock
	Robe	Honorary Outfit
ancient greek	Aristocracy	The power of the chosen
	Atheism	godlessness
	Comedy	Joyful songs
	Optics	See
	Skeleton	withered
	Telephone	far audible
	Tragedy	goat song
	Photo	light recording
	Bank	Bench
Italian	Vermicelli	Worms
	Paparazzi	Annoying mosquitoes
	Tomato	Golden Apple
Latin	gravity	severity
	Oval	Egg
	Rail	straight stick
	Soldier	coin for military service, salary
	Stimulus	animal stick
	Pot	round cauldron
German	Mug	Bowl
	Camp	storage
	Mouthpiece	Mouth product
	Leggings	Pants for riders
	Market	Circle, square
	Jail	Tower
	Apron	front handkerchief
	Barrier	felled tree
	State	State
	Chess	Shah passed away
Persian	Shashlik	six slices
	Suitcase	Warehouse of things
	redneck	livestock
Polish	begging	Kneel
	Bouillon	Decoction
	Conductor	drive
French	Corset	Body
	Marauder	Robber
	Still life	dead nature
	Dude	Pigeon
	Masterpiece	business professional
	Floor	platform

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
Doubled consonants in the root.
A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
Words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

Nouns that are not inflected.
Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

Prefixes of foreign origin.
Suffixes of foreign origin.
Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

Russian term	English term	Meaning
Bodysuit	Body - body	body-hugging outfit
Jeans	Jeans - denim	This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
clutch	To clutch - squeeze, grab	Small women's bag, carried in the hand
Leggings	Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg	Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year.
Sweater	To sweat - sweat	The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious
Stretch	To stretch - stretch	Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch"
Hoodie	Hood - hood	Hoodie
Shorts	Short - short	Cropped trousers
Jam	To jam - crush, squeeze	Jelly density jam
Roast beef	Roast - fried Beef - beef	Most often a piece of meat, grilled
Chips	Chips - crispy fried potatoes	One of the favorite treats of children and adults
Brand	Brand - name, brand	Popular Brand
Investor	Investor - contributor	A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds
know-how	To know - to know	A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service
Release	Release - release	Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc.
Browser	Browse - browse	Utility for viewing sites on the Internet
Laptop	Notebook - notebook	laptop computer
Best-seller	Best - the best Seller - sold	The product that serves the best
Loser	To lose - lose, fall behind	Jonah
puzzle	puzzle	Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces
Rating	To rate - evaluate	Product awareness level
Soundtrack	sound - sound Track - track	Most often music written for a film
Thriller	Thrill - nervous trembling	A movie that can make you chill with fear

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.

IN modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech ...

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, the long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the one who came from German language word fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language without decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In the article brought to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

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Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. The word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer even think about its meaning. And meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creativity." The word poem is translated as "creation", and rhyme - "proportion", "consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. The stanza in Greek means “turn”, and the epithet is “figurative definition”.

WITH Ancient Greece such terms as epic (“collection of legends”), myth (“word”, “speech”), drama (“action”), lyrics (from the word musical), elegy (“mournful tune of a flute”), ode ( "song"), epithalama ("wedding poem or song"), epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy ("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these representations. Well, the stage is, of course, the “tent”, where the actors performed. As far as parody is concerned, it is “singing inside out”.

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Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us what it is short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech". The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and the illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “what should be read”, a memorandum is “what should be remembered”, and an opus is “work”, “work”. The word fabula in Latin means "story", "tale", but in Russian it came from German with the meaning "plot". A manuscript is a document “written by hand”, but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order”. Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means a song in the native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", then - "mystery" and only later began to be used in the meaning of "writing", "letters".

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“in another place”), verdict (“truth is spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I call”), notary - (“scribe”), protocol (“ first page”), visa (“viewed”), etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("to confuse") are also of Latin origin. The Romans, on the other hand, came up with the word blunder - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”. Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy (“dissection”), agony (“struggle”), hormone (“I set in motion”), diagnosis (“definition”), diet (“lifestyle”, "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), invalid (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“mouse”), obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm (“divine inspiration”) was translated into Old Slavonic as “possession” (!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that an angel is a “messenger”, an apostle is a “messenger”, a clergy is a “lot”, an icon case is a “box”, a liturgy is a “duty”, a deacon is a “servant” , the bishop is “looking from above”, and the sexton is “watchman”. The word hero is also Greek and means "holy" - no more, no less! But the word filthy, which has become abusive, came to us from the Latin language and means only “rural” (resident). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenaciously held in countryside, as a result, this word has become synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. The word demon in Greek means "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts neither on earth nor in heaven – this is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Damn is not a name, but an epithet (“horned”). The devil is “seducer”, “slanderer” (Greek). Other names of the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan - "contradictory", "adversary", Belial - from the phrase "without benefit." The name Mephistopheles was invented by Goethe, but it is made up of two Hebrew words - “liar” and “destroyer”. But the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, it is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

The word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them " good people and "peaceful neighbors".

The word dwarf was coined by Paracelsus. In Greek, it means "inhabitant of the earth." In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called a "kobold". Later, this name was given to a metal that had a "harmful character" - it made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel was the name of an elf living by the water, a great lover of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

The word dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracan. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby is “red” (Latin), chrysolite is “golden” (Greek), olevin is “green” (Greek), lapis lazuli is “sky blue” (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst is translated from Greek as “non-drunk”: according to legends, this stone is able to “curb passions”, therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he was supposed to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and different time, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words colossus, machination and machine have the same root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", the other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabra contains a Greek root meaning "deity" and a Hebrew root meaning "word". That is, "the word of God" is an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob is interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ("without nobility"), which was shortened to s. nob.: this is how passengers on English ships began to be called who did not have the right to dine with the captain. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.

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But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples.

So, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became the Russian word admiral.

The name of the fabric satin in Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth". Bondage is a “receipt”, “obligation”, shackles are “fetters”, “fetters”, etc. It has long been perceived as Russian Turkic words doodle ("black or bad hand") and karapuz ("like a watermelon"). The antiquity of the word iron is evidenced by its Sanskrit origin (“metal”, “ore”). The kettlebell is “heavy” (Persian), the stage is “scaffold” (Spanish), the coat of arms is “inheritance” (Polish). The words roll (from "to put the ship on its side") and yacht (from "to drive") are of Dutch origin. The words avral (“up all” - over all), bluff (“deception”), velveteen (“velvet”) came to Russia from England. The last word it is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. From the German language came the words jung ("boy"), tie ("scarf"), weather vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, a trampoline (“hit”), a quarry (“running”), a feint (“pretense”, “fiction”), a stamp (“seal”), a relay race (“stirrup”) are Italian. Scam ("case"), gauze ("muslin"), balance ("scales"), compliment ("hello"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. The Italian word for conservatory (“shelter”) recalls the decision of the Venice authorities to turn 4 convents to music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", the word cantata is derived from the Italian cantare - "sing", capriccio - from the word "goat" (a work with a galloping, "like a goat", a change of themes and moods), opera - "composition", tutti - " performance by the whole team.

Now it's France's turn: arrangement - "bringing in order", overture from the word "open", benefit performance - "profit", "benefit", repertoire - "list", decoration - "decoration", pointe shoes (hard socks of ballet shoes) - " point”, “tip”, divertissement - “entertainment”, foyer - “hearth”. And in modern pop music, the word plywood is very popular, which comes from the German “overlay” (voice over already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from French, you can not ignore the culinary theme. So, the word garnish comes from the French "to supply", "equip". Glace means “frozen”, “icy”. Cutlet - "rib". Consomme - "broth". Langet - "tongue". Marinade - "put in salt water." Roll - from the word "folding". The word vinaigrette is an exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world, this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Because French (and later English) Russian nobles they knew better than their own, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri (“Cutie”)? Of course, Sharik! Trezor translated into Russian means “treasure” (fr.), the nickname Barbos comes from the French word “bearded”, and Rex is “king” (lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby, Zhuchka and Zhulka came from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that many languages of the world included Russian word man. The word grandmother in English is used in the meaning of "women's headscarf", and pancakes in Britain are called small round sandwiches. The word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

The words satellite and comrade are known all over the world, and Kalashnikov for a foreigner is not a surname, but a name Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms perestroika and glasnost made a triumphal march around the world. The words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which was included in the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia (author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "in origin", but they were invented in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, we owe the appearance of the words acid, refraction, balance to M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with the words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, concentrated. Radishchev introduced the word citizen in its modern meaning into the Russian language. Ivan Panaev was the first to use the word dude, and Igor Severyanin - the word mediocrity. V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim the authorship of the word zaum.

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and fully describe the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers, who themselves will be able to continue their fascinating journey through the vocabulary of the Russian language.

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200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
active - active
Actual - topical
immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
Entourage - environment
Argument - argument
business - business
Boyfriend - buddy
Briefing - letuchka
variant - variety
Dimensions - dimensions
Sealed - impenetrable
hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - overview
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demo - show
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - Detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Managing Director
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
Differentiation - division
Dominate - dominate, dominate
duel - duel
ignore - disregard
identical - identical
Image - image
Import - import
individual - sole
indifferent - indifferent
Industry - Industry
inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
international - international
infected - infected
Information - information
Camouflage - cover
Merchant - merchant
Compensation - reimbursement
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - convenient, well-appointed
specific - certain
Competitor - Rival
Competition - competition
ascertain - establish
construct - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - agreement
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - concentration
Corrections - amendments
Correspondence - correspondence; message
lender - lender
criminal - criminal
Legitimate - legal
Lepta - contribution
Liquidation - destruction
Linguist - linguist
Lifting - skin tightening
Maximum - maximum, limit
Mask - disguise
Mentality - mindset
Method - reception
Minimum - smallest
Mobility - Mobility
Model - sample
Modernization - update
Moment - moment
instant - instant
Monologue - speech
monument - monument
monumental - majestic
natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize
Objective - unbiased
Original - original
Hotel - hotel
Parameter - value
Parking - parking
Passive - inactive
personal - personal
Pluralism - plurality
positive - positive
Controversy - dispute
potential - possible
prevail - prevail
claim - claim
Precise - refined
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - prediction
Progress - promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (action) - publication, publication
Radical - indigenous
Reaction - response
Implement - put into practice
Revision - check
Revolution - coup
Regression - decline
Resolution - decision
Resonance - echo
Result - consequence, consequence
Reconstruction - perestroika
Relief - outline
Renaissance - rebirth
respectable - venerable
Restoration - restoration
Reform - transformation
secret - secret
Service - maintenance
Symposium - session
Symptom - symptom
Synthesis - collection, generalization
Synchronously - simultaneously
Situation - position, situation
Social - public
Sociology - social science
Sponsor - philanthropist (philanthropist)
Stability - resilience
stagnation - stagnation
Stress - tension, shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - area
Theme - subject
Tolerance - tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - transformation
Actual - valid
Forum - meeting
Fundamental - fundamental
Hobby - hobby
Chief - head
Shopping - shopping
Show is a spectacle
Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposition - display
Export - export
Embryo - fetus
Era - chronology

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, a long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the word that came from the German language fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. all sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In the article brought to your attention, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. Word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. However, in Greek it means "creation". Word poem translates as "Creation", A rhyme – "proportionality","consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. Stanza translated from Greek "turn", A epithet – "figurative definition".

Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("collection of stories"), myth(word, speech),drama ("action"), lyrics(from the word musical), elegy("the mournful tune of the flute"), Oh yeah ("song"),epithalamus("wedding poem or song"),epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. well and scene- of course, "tent" where the actors performed. Concerning parodies, that is - "singing inside out" .

Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech." The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). Word text means "connection", "compound", A illustration – "explanation"(to the text). Legend- This "what needs to be read",memorandum – "things to remember", A opus– "work", "work". Word plot translated from Latin means "story", "tale", but it came to Russian from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript- This handwritten document, well and editor- This a person who has to "put everything in order". Madrigal- also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means song in native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", Then - "secret" and only later began to be used in the meaning letters, letters.

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice ("fairness", "lawfulness"), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("truth spoken"), advocate(from Latin "call"), notary– ("scribe"),protocol("first leaf"), visa ("viewed") etc. Words version("turn") And intrigue ("confuse") is also of Latin origin. The Romans coined the word blunder – "fall", "mistake", "wrong step". Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy("dissection"), agony ("struggle"), hormone ("set in motion"), diagnosis("definition"), diet ("lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital("hospitable"), immunity ("liberation from something"),disabled person ("powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),muscle ("mouse"), obstruction ("blockage"),obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy – "another action"(the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("divine inspiration") was translated into Old Church Slavonic as "rage"(!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that angel- This "herald", apostle –"messenger",clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon –"servant", bishop– "seeing from above", A sexton– "watchman". Word hero also Greek and means "saint"- no more, no less! But the word that has become abusive filthy came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural"(inhabitant). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. Word daemon "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts either on earth or in heaven, This is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Crap- this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil same - "deceiver", "slanderer"(Greek). Other names for the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan – "opposite", "adversary", Belial- from the phrase "useless". Name Mephistopheles invented by Goethe, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word dwarf invented by Paracelsus. In Greek it means "inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called "kobold". Later this name was given to a metal that had "bad character", - made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel called elf living by the water, a big fan of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

Word the Dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word Hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracana. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.), chrysolite – "golden"(Greek), olevin – "green"(Greek), lapis lazuli– "sky blue"(Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst translated from Greek as "not drunk": according to legends, this stone is able to "curb passions", therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he had to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, words colossus, machination and machine- single root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: word abracadabra contains a Greek root with the meaning "deity" and Hebrew with the meaning "word". That is "word of God"- an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "no nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on English ships passengers who did not have the right to dine with the captain began to be called. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.

But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples. So, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became a Russian word admiral.

Fabric name atlas translated from Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth".cabal- This "receipt", "commitment",shackles – "fetters", "fetters" etc. Long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("black or bad hand") And peanut ("like a watermelon"). About the antiquity of the word iron evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "metal", "ore"). Weight- This "heavy"(Persian), stage –"platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"(Polish). Words bank(from "put the ship on its side") And yacht(from "drive") are of Dutch origin. Words rush ("top everything"– over all), bluff("deception"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. The words came from the German language cabin boy("boy"), tie("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), Workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),career("run"), feint ("pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("seal"), relay race ("stirrup") are Italian. scam ("case"), gauze ("Kiseya"), balance ("scales"),compliment("Hello"), negligee ("negligence") are French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", word cantata derived from Italian kantare –"sing", capriccio- from the word "goat"(a work with a galloping, “like a goat”, change of themes and moods), opera –"composition", tutti – "performing by the whole team".

Now it's France's turn: arrangement – "tidying up", overture from the word "open", benefit – "profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration –"decoration", pointe shoes(solid toe ballet shoes) - "point", "tip",divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "hearth". And in modern pop music, the word is very popular plywood which comes from the German "impose"(voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. Yes, the word garnish derived from French "to equip", "to equip".Glace- Means "frozen", "icy". Cutlet – "rib". Consomme – "bouillon".Langet – "tongue". Marinade– "put in salt water". Roll- from the word "clotting". Word the vinaigrette– exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre – "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since the Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course, Ball! Trezor translated into Russian means "treasure"(French), nickname watchdog derived from the French word "bearded", A Rex- This "tsar"(lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik- these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,Bug and Julie descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word grandmother in English is used in the meaning "women's headscarf", A pancakes in Britain is called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

Words satellite And comrade known all over the world and kalashnikov for a foreigner - not a surname, but the name of a Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms made a triumphal procession around the world perestroika and glasnost. Words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, is frankly a shame. Words intelligentsia(author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.