Plant and animal life of the Far East briefly. Poisonous plants of the Far East. Prickly Eleutherococcus: a healing kind of plant

Not like any other. North and south, cold Siberia and humid subtropics mixed up here intricately. Near the larch grow vines of Schisandra chinensis, actinidia, next to the spruce - hornbeam and yew, on the mountain slopes at the latitude of Crimea - thickets of cedar dwarf ...

All this is a legacy of ancient geological history. The ice of the great glaciers did not reach here, and the newcomers from the north, who appeared here in the era of ball cooling, could not completely displace the inhabitants of the warm, moist forests of the Tertiary period.

If somewhere in Siberia or in Northern Europe preglacial relics are considered to be units, then here, in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, there are many of them. Here is the iron birch, hornbeam, yew - the inhabitants of the tertiary forests that once covered the vast expanses of the Eurasian continent.

Here is ginseng, zamaniha, aralia, eleutherococcus - representatives of the illustrious Araliaceae family, which appeared on Earth even earlier, in the Cretaceous period, more than 70 million years ago. Here is a microbiota — a coniferous shrub: stunted, no higher than the knee, and similar to a fan stand made of cypress branches; this is a contemporary of the Aralievs, at the beginning of the Tertiary period it already grew throughout Eurasia, its fossils are everywhere, and now it is preserved only here, in the Sikhote-Alin mountains ...

You need to know what exactly you are looking for when you buy one or another conifer

In the ideal case, it is always better to look at the plant first and choose for yourself, rather than entrust a neighbor to the cottage or landscape architect. But sometimes the postal service will be able to provide you a service, especially to residents of remote places where there is no nearby garden center or a good expert on plants. For coniferous trees and shrubs, as for all other plants, it is important that your expectations correspond to what you pay for, that the plant is of appropriate quality and matches its name. In the West, many companies give certain guarantees for replacement or service in case of any circumstances or problems within a year after the purchase of the plant.

The trees
In the forest

Forest, as a reality

At the dawn of human civilization, man's attitude to the forest was ambiguous, often hostile. On the one hand, the wild forest was for man a source of firewood, building materials, food, and sometimes served as a defense against all kinds of enemies. On the other hand, a person had to compete with the forest for the land necessary for the development of agriculture or the construction of settlements. Land, for life and agriculture, had to, at least in the northern countries, literally conquer from the forest, put considerable effort into their clearing. Therefore, the forest was often perceived as an enemy, a symbol of savagery, desolation, lack of progress and civilization; vast forest territories often received the names "wasteland", "deserts" - as places where there is literally nothing useful, worthy of even mention.

The trees
In the forest

The owner of the forest lands of Russia is the state. But the government does not have reliable information about their current state, ongoing work and the amount of necessary funding.

The trees
In the forest
Health

It is good to wander through the coniferous forest, admire the trees, breathe clean, tart, healing air. Healing because needles emits volatile aromatic substances that kill harmful microorganisms and have beneficial effects on the respiratory tract and the nervous system.

The trees
In the forest
Ecology

An article about why the fir tree became the invariable attribute of the New Year and Christmas holidays, and is there any sacred meaning in this? Oddly enough, our distant ancestors deified trees and decorated conifers, because it was believed that it was the pines and spruce that bring peace, possess vitality and predict immortality. Fir trees have been decorated since ancient times, as They believed that it was in their crown that the spirits dwell, which people always tried to appease, and from whom they asked for what they wanted, making their demands and pronouncing conspiracies. It so happened that it was the spruce in Europe that became the symbol of Christmas. After that, this tradition spread to Russia. The Americans, as always, approached this issue with commercial invention. They came up with decorate and light New Year trees.

The trees
In the forest
Fir
Spruce
Ecology

Christmas tree toys are not only a symbol of a magical holiday. For many decorations, you can well study history. Each of the luminous balls is capable of telling a lot about an entire era, time, country, where it was born. So, let's go on an entertaining journey.

The trees
Fir
Spruce
Ecology

New Year's holidays are perhaps the most beloved and certainly the most popular days of the year! At this time, I so want to create a unique cozy festive atmosphere in the house. Traditionally, we decorate a Christmas tree or fir, hang colorful garlands and tinsel, decorate household items with balls, bells and snowflakes. But what if you want to make the New Year’s interior truly stylish and unique?

The trees
In the forest
Ecology

Green spaces in recreation areas of the population form forests, groves, groups of trees and shrubs, alleys, hedges, decorative lawns and flower plantings are also being created. An important task in this case is the creation of an organic relationship between greening the city with coniferous trees with natural and artificial ponds, terrain and architectural structures.

The trees
In the forest

Logging operations are carried out in various natural and industrial conditions. Taxation indicators of stands and soil and soil conditions for their growth, as well as climatic conditions, differ. When choosing a technological process, it is necessary to take into account a significant number of factors that determine the productivity and efficiency of machines, the minimum amount of manual labor, the maximum and rational use of tree biomass, and the achievement of a minimum production cost. A significant influence on the choice of technological process is provided by the types of consumer production wood and their territorial location relative to the forest in general and the cutting area in particular.

The trees
In the forest
Health
Ecology
Nature reserve
Mushrooms

Modern man does not have much free time. And if it does form, it is worthwhile to conduct it with maximum benefit for the body and soul. There are many hobbies and hobbies. And it is worth thinking about those of them that involve trips to the countryside. After all, fishing on the banks of a picturesque river or even just a walk through the forest helps relieve stress and improve your health.

The trees
In the forest

A little about the morphology of conifers

Most modern gymnosperms belong to a subclass of conifers: they are called so because of modified leaves, called needles, or needles. These plants are not as diverse as angiosperms, but deserve attention at least because of their ancient history, the enormous role they play in nature and farming, as well as their amazing ability to survive.

Vegetation of the Far East The territory of the Far East is subject to the general laws of latitudinal zonation, which manifests itself here very peculiarly. ^ The forest zone of the Far East can be divided into 4 subzones:

The northern coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type - Kamchatka and the Khabarovsk Territory to Ayan - Daurian larch, stone birch, fragrant poplar, Chosenia, as well as cedar elfin.

The middle coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type, from Ayan to Amur, are Daurian larch, stone birch, Ayanska spruce, and white fir.

South coniferous forests with the participation of deciduous species - from Amguni to Sikhote-Alin, northern Sakhalin - Korean cedar, ordinary pine, Far Eastern birch and aspen appear.

Mixed coniferous-deciduous forests - middle Amur, Ussuri, Sikhote-Alin, southern Sakhalin. The climate here is monsoon, with warm summers, but rather harsh winters. The growing season (frost-free period) begins in April and lasts from 160 days (in the north of the zone) to 190 in the east; the sum of the effective temperature is 2300-2900 ° С. Precipitation (up to 1170 mm per year) falls mainly in the summer in the form of heavy and prolonged rains, often causing floods on rivers. The monsoon climate, due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, in combination with fertile soils, contributed to the development of multi-tiered coniferous-deciduous forests with a wide variety of tree species, shrubs, shrubs and vines (total over 280). There was no glacier and relics of the Tertiary period (spiky yew, microbiota, kalopanax, Amur velvet, triostrain girlish grapes, etc.), as well as vicar species of European plants, were preserved. The main coniferous forest-forming species: Ayan and Siberian spruce, white and whole-leaf fir, Daurian larch, Korean cedar, Scots pine, Siberian pine; Mongolian oak (dwarf char), Manchurian ash, Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, Amur linden, small-leaved maples, Manchurian and green-barked poplar, Korean and Maximovich poplar, Maakiya, Maak cherry, ribbed birch, Daurian and Schmid.

The species composition of undergrowth shrubs and forest edges is very rich in representatives of the genera Hazel, Euonymus, Rhododendron, Lessdedets, Healer and others. In this zone, there are 22 species of vines (actinidia colomicta and acute, Schisandra chinensis, Amur grapes, etc.), which is much more than in any other region of Russia. ^ Steppe and forest-steppe vegetation Forest-steppe zone is represented by alternating forest and steppe plant formations. Soils are formed on loess and moraine deposits, mainly leached chernozems and slightly podzolized gray soils. In the Siberian forest-steppe, the climate is sharply continental and dry (300 m of precipitation per year), in the European milder (January temperatures -5 ° C) and humid (annual precipitation up to 550 mm). Accordingly, the species composition of forests varies: in the east, small-leaved birch forests, aspen, as well as low-pine pines, in the west, broad-leaved species - oak, linden, ash, maple, hornbeam, elm. The steppe zone in the northern and northwestern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation is divided by deep ravines and river valleys, further to the east and south there is an almost flat plain. Black soil of various thicknesses, sub chestnut. The mother rocks are of loess origin, permeable loams in the west, and dense loams in Western Siberia, as a result of which many lakes, both fresh and saline, have formed there. Woody vegetation is possible along river valleys, for example, from white and black poplars, white and brittle willows. On the slopes of river valleys, ravines, gullies, and depressions, fairly extensive shrubberies not exceeding 1.5 m in height can be formed (gorse, Russian broom, steppe cherry, blackthorn, spirea, almond steppe, shrubbery, goose narrow-leaved, etc.). The main obstacle to forest growth is the lack of moisture - both in the soil and in the air. Herbaceous vegetation is capable of ephemerality of the annual cycle, i.e. during the spring and early summer periods of hydration manages to grow, bloom and prolificate - due to the small biomass of an individual plant. ^ Desert and semi-desert vegetation of Central Asia Latitudinal zoning in the lowland is represented by dry steppe, semi-desert and desert. In the mountains, vertical zoning is well expressed - forest-steppe, broad-leaved and coniferous forests, shrubbery, alpine meadows. In the lower zone of the mountains there are real pistachio, narrow-leaved goof, Caspian willow. Above, plantations of walnut, apple, apricot, cherry plum, white mulberry, hawthorn, Semenov maple and birches. Then the Tyanshan spruce, Siberian fir, birch and aspen appear. Above the cloud level is the juniper belt, consisting of junipers and eastern biota. The semi-desert zone is located south of the steppes and extends in the form of a narrow strip from Ergeny to the Zaysan depression. It has a sharply continental climate, with hot, extremely arid summers and frosty, little snowy (or completely snowless) winters. Soils are predominantly saline. The vegetation cover is not closed. Xerophilic herbs and halophyte shrubs (types of wormwood, astragalus, hyssop, caraway, and kohii) dominate. Thickets of ephedra, hodgepodge, juzgun, tamariks are common. A significant role in the vegetation is played by ephemera. Trees (white, gray, black, trembling poplars, white and brittle willows, fluffy and dangling birch trees) grow here only in floodplain forests along river valleys. Desert zones of the temperate and subtropical zones. Deserts are located south of the semi-deserts on the territory of neighboring states that were once part of the USSR and occupy a vast territory from the Caspian Sea in the west to the border with China in the east, and in the south they are replaced by the Central Asian mountain country, the relief is flat, the soil is poor in humus and is characterized by salinity . The climate is sharply continental, extremely arid, with little rainfall mainly in winter. The air temperature in summer can rise to 50 ° C, and on the surface of sand - up to 70 ° C, in winter in the north of the zone it can drop to 35 ° C. ^ In the deserts there are 5 types of vegetation. Ephemeral on sierozems. It is characteristic of the southern regions. In early spring, numerous ephemerals develop, which die by the beginning of summer, after which the desert appears completely devoid of vegetation. ^ Ephemeral wormwood on saline sierozems. In addition to the ephemera, thickets of seaweed wormwood are common here. Sagebrush and saltwort on salt marshes. It differs in the distribution of black tree saxaul, as well as shrubs - succulents and halophytes (hodgepodge, salt marsh tamarix). ^ Sandy. It is represented by thickets formed by white saxaul, sand acacia, various types of juzgun. Tugaynaya, confined to the most moistened soils of the banks and river valleys. In places flooded with water, powerful reed beds are common. On less often flooded areas there is a fairly rich woody vegetation - tugai forests and shrubbery. Different types of poplar grow here (turangi gray and variegated, poplars white and black), willow, tamarix, honeysuckle, as well as chingil, goof. In general, the dendroflora of the deserts of the states bordering Russia has a very high species diversity. There are woody and semi-woody plants (over 250 species), among which shrubs and shrubs clearly dominate. The entire territory of deserts adjacent to our country is divided into 2 subzones: desert of the temperate zone and subtropical, located south of 40 ° C. w. The border between these zones runs approximately along the zero isotherm of January: in the desert of the temperate zone, the average air temperature of the coldest month is negative, in the subtropical desert - positive. In the current century, the vegetation cover of the subtropical desert zone has undergone changes due to the intensive development of agriculture on irrigated lands. The thermal conditions of this most heat-rich natural zone (the sum of the average daily air temperature above 10 ° C exceeds 5000 ° C) are such that they allow growing the most heat-loving varieties of fine-fiber cotton, rice, many valuable fruit tree plants (grapes, peach, apricot, pomegranate) on irrigated lands , figs, almonds, quinces, etc.).

Ticket 28

Winter hardiness, frost resistance, cold resistance of plants

Cold resistance plants, the ability of plants to tolerate low positive temperatures (from 1 to 10 ° C) for a long time. X. should be distinguished from frost resistance (See Frost resistance) of plants, which is usually understood as the resistance of plants to the effect of freezing temperatures. X. characteristic of temperate plants. Tropical and non-rolling subtropical plants at a temperature slightly above 0 ° C are damaged and gradually die, sometimes even when cooled for only a few min (see. Heat-loving plants). Cold-resistant include, for example, barley, oats, vetch, flax. The degree of H. is not the same in different plants. The degree of X. is also different for different organs of the same plant, for example, in corn and buckwheat, the smallest X. has a stem, and in peanuts - the roots. Damage to plant leaves is accompanied by loss of Turgor and discoloration due to the destruction of chlorophyll. However, these external signs of damage are not immediately apparent. Much earlier, “invisible” changes occur, which are detected only after the movement of the cooled plants in favorable temperature conditions: healthy-looking plants begin to die after a while. The main reason for the death of heat-loving plants from the action of a low positive temperature is probably a metabolic disorder: decay processes begin to prevail over the synthesis processes, poisonous compounds may accumulate, and the protoplasm structure is disturbed. Apparently, different "heat pipes" die from various, not yet fully understood reasons. H. plants is determined by their ability to maintain the normal structure of protoplasm and, accordingly, to rebuild their metabolism during cooling and subsequent increase in temperature.

To a large extent X. of plants depends on external conditions, changing which can increase the resistance of plants to cooling. For example, the increase in X. is promoted by the introduction of potash fertilizers, growing plants at low temperatures, high humidity, and good light. The hardening of plants by short-term exposure to such an extremely low temperature, which does not yet cause damage, turned out to be the most promising. In this case, it is advisable to use measures to combat pathogenic soil microflora, which at low temperature affects the roots of thermophilic plants. However, the cold hardening of seedlings of vegetable crops, although it increases X., but slows down the subsequent growth of plants, so it is more expedient to harden the germinating seeds. The temperature is selected accordingly, the degree of X. plants (in the range from 0 to -5 ° C) and act for short periods of time (12 h) so as not to damage the germinating seeds. For the rest of the day, the seeds are placed in favorable conditions (at 15-20 ° C). Such a change of cold and heat is produced for a month or a little longer. This method allows you to promote tomatoes, watermelons, melons and other heat-loving crops to the north. Presowing seed treatment with solutions of certain salts is also used. An increase in H. is also achieved through vaccinations, using which it is possible to obtain yields of watermelons and melons in the Kirov and Moscow regions. Plants in the phase of seedlings are grafted onto a pumpkin, which in addition to the root system leaves a part of the leaves. Promising the development of more cold-resistant varieties; seeds that have begun to germinate are quenched with cold. This reception is carried out in several generations. Thus, for example, new, more cold-resistant varieties of tomatoes were developed. Instead of cold seed treatment, winter sowing is also practiced in the soil (for example, tomatoes, buckwheat), carried out in several generations.

Winter hardiness plants the ability of plants to tolerate adverse winter conditions without damage. In severe frosts, freezing of plants can occur as a result of ice formation in cells or intercellular spaces. The ice crust that appears on crops during thawing conditions degrades cell aeration and weakens frost resistance of plants. Winter crops, for a long time under deep snow at a temperature of about 0 ° C, suffer from depletion and mold damage (see. Plant aging). Due to the formation of an ice layer in the soil, tearing the roots, the bulging of plants occurs. Often there is a simultaneous effect of many of these adverse factors.

Z. p., And in particular their frost resistance, develop towards the beginning of winter in the process of hardening of plants (See. Hardening of plants). Plants can tolerate frosts: winter rye to -30 ° C, winter wheat to -25 ° C, apple tree to -40 ° C. The resistance of plants to evaporation is ensured by: the accumulation of a large amount of sugars and other reserve substances in them by the beginning of winter; economical expenditure by plants (at a temperature of about 0 ° C) of reserve substances for respiration and growth; plant protection against fungal diseases. The resistance of plants to bulging is determined by the thickness and extensibility of the roots. Bulging is observed more often on dense, humus and moist soils with repeated freezing and thawing, so it is very important to choose the right site for sowing. Autumn stagnation of water in the fields is also dangerous (soaking of plants); it hardens the plants and they are more easily damaged by frost. Still more fatal is the stagnation of water in the spring; weakened and damaged plants in winter die off with a lack of aeration, therefore it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the arable layer of soil.

To increase the winter hardiness of fruit trees, one should apply agrotechnical methods of accumulation and conservation of moisture in the soil, irrigation, etc. It also decreases under the influence of summer droughts: due to a lack of water, the trees do not have time to complete the development cycle and go into a dormant state, therefore windbreaks play an important role. In fruit trees, winter hardiness often decreases during harvest years, because plants do not have time to prepare for winter. Therefore, it is necessary to select varieties with a yield that is uniform over years. To provide Z. p. pest and plant disease control is also required. Of great importance is the correct regionalization of existing varieties and the cultivation of new, winter-hardy varieties. The most winter-hardy varieties of winter rye and wheat, alfalfa, clover, apple trees are found in the USSR; the most winter-hardy varieties of winter rye in Siberia and in the southeast. country, winter wheat - in the eastern regions. See also Wintering plants.

Frost resistance plants, the ability of plants to survive during short-term frosts or prolonged frosts. One of the types of winter hardiness of plants (See. Winter hardiness of plants). In wintering plants, M. develops every year as a result of their long and complex preparation for winter (see Hardening of plants). In the warm season, when plants grow, their M. is insignificant, during the winter frosts - it is maximum. During thaws, M. drops sharply, and then, if the frost intensifies slowly, it rises again. Sharp fluctuations in temperature are dangerous, because plants do not have time to undergo repeated hardening. M. is caused by the fact that physicochemical processes occur in the cells, firstly, making it difficult to freeze intracellular water, and secondly, increasing the resistance of cells to dehydration of protoplasts and to mechanical deformations of their extracellular ice. These properties of cells develop during the hardening of plants at low temperatures in several stages, starting from the dormant period. If at any stage in the plant cells the necessary processes do not pass, then the plants will not be frost-resistant enough and may die.

M. is determined primarily by inheritance. features. Some plant species die in mild frosts (for example, lemon trees die at temperatures from -5 to -12 ° C), others are able to survive in the harshest winters (for example, some apple trees withstand frosts down to -40 ° C); larch, birch and other trees in Eastern Siberia can survive at - 70 ° C. Even different varieties of the same plant species possess unequal M.: for example, some varieties of winter wheat die at temperatures below -15 ° C, others only at -23 ° C. Therefore, one of the most effective methods of increasing M. is the cultivation of frost-resistant varieties and their correct zoning. Soil and climatic conditions and agrotechnical practices that provide plants with optimal nutrition, water supply, and aeration conditions also influence M. Cultivated plants in natural conditions (in a field or in a garden) usually do not reach maximum M., because the conditions for preparing for winter often develop unfavorably. Winter wheat, for example, freezes at a temperature below - 15 ° C at the depth of the tillering unit; after hardening in the laboratory, it can withstand frosts up to -30 ° C. After laboratory hardening of annual seedlings, apricot is only slightly damaged at a temperature of - 60 ° C, and an Antonovka apple tree after such a frost is still able to bloom. After laboratory hardening, blackcurrant cuttings can take root and develop even after aging at an extremely low temperature (- 253 ° С). Assessment of M. plants is carried out by the field method (by the number of overwintered plants per unit area) and laboratory, which allows in refrigeration units to determine at what temperature the plants begin to freeze out and to track M. for a long time.

Ecological and geographic groups of plants by their frost resistance

According to the ability to tolerate temperature drops, tree species are divided into five groups:

1. Very frost-resistant (up to -35 ... -50 °)

Trees: fluffy birch, common and Siberian spruce, Daurian and Siberian larch, Siberian cedar, aspen, balsam poplar, common juniper;

Shrubs: hawthorn crimson, red elderberry, Siberian derain, yellow acacia, cedar stannica, silver goof, mountain pine.

2. Frost-resistant (up to -25 ... -35 °)

Trees: Canadian and Engelman spruce, prickly and Tien Shan, white willow, elm (elm), pedunculate oak, Norway maples, small-leaved linden, metasequoia, Manchurian and gray nuts, mountain ash, Weymouth pine, common cherry, ash;

Shrubs: common hawthorn, Tatar honeysuckle, irga, common viburnum, wrinkled rose, common lilac, thuja western and eastern.

3. Moderately frost-resistant (up to -15 ... -25 ° С)

Trees: white acacia or robinia, gledichia, beech, hornbeam, lisuga tisoliforum, magnificent catalpa, horse chestnut, field maple, silver linden, large-leaved and Crimean, Japanese Sophora, yew berry, cedar (for short-term cold), Arizona cypress, pistachio white and black mulberry, maple leaf plane tree, gingko, pomegranate, rosemary;

Shrubs: boxwood, laurel cherry, privet ordinary, quince Japanese, deystviya, viburnum, goose narrow-leaved, golden scoopie, spirea, mock or jasmine, wild rose.

4. Non-frost resistant (up to -10 ... -15 ° С)

Trees: Babylonian willow, common cypress, cedar (during prolonged cold weather), paulownia, eucalyptus, Primorye and Himalayan pines, Italian or pine, evergreen sequoia, oriental plane tree or plane tree;

Shrubs: large-leaved hydrangea, wisteria, fragrant olive, yucca.

5. The least winter-hardy (not lower than -10 ° С) subtropical tree species - palm trees, evergreen deciduous and some conifers.

Plant world- the greatest miracle of nature, the kingdom of beauty and our healing wealth. In the structure of the biosphere, the entire animal world can be considered as its consuming organs, and the plant one as energy-producing ones. Thus, the role of the plant world in human life is difficult to overestimate. In general terms, it is a powerful component of the physical and mental health of humans and animals. It is known that since ancient times, plants have been used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. For thousands of years, plants have been selected in each region for these purposes, and medical and preventive recipes have been created (India, Tibet, China, Mongolia).

Interest in medicinal plants and their preparations is determined by the whole way of life of mankind. The harmful effects of chemicals in the environment, synthetic drugs that humans are not evolutionarily adapted to, chemical food additives lead to allergic diseases.

In connection with the foregoing, the search for resources and the allocation of drugs with tonic, adaptive, antioxidant and other types of action are becoming very relevant at the present time. They are necessary for rehabilitation, prevention, protection from stress, for the correction of certain physiological functions in oncology, geriatrics, etc. As shown by experimental studies, many of the medicinal plants used in folk medicine for allergic conditions have a pronounced antihistamine activity, for example common lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Essential oils and terpene fractions ledum marsh (Ledum palustre) in acute inflammatory conditions, they prevent the development of vascular disorders and associated exudative phenomena.

In the process of evolution, plants changed and adapted to certain environmental conditions, climate, solar and space exposure. As a result of this, they accumulated environmental and biochemical information, including biologically active substances (BAS), necessary for their own life and, as it turned out, for humans and animals. Despite the recent active development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the creation of new highly effective drugs, medicinal herbs continue to occupy an important place in the arsenal of therapeutic agents. Especially often they are used at home.

Wealth and diversity far Eastern flora admired by her researchers. Particularly impressive is the plant kingdom of the southern part of the Far East. Unaffected by glaciation, it is a bizarre mixture of evolutionarily young and very ancient, relic plants that grew here millions of years ago, back in the Lower Cretaceous era. The close proximity of northern and southern, taiga and steppe species is striking. Life forms of plants are also diverse, trees are found. shrubs, shrubs, annual and perennial grasses; There are woody vines climbing to a height of more than 20 meters.

Plants with medicinal properties occupy a special place in the Far Eastern flora. Of more than 2 thousand species growing in Primorye and Priamuye, more than half are medicinal. Among them there are both world-recognized and plants used only by the local population. Some species are common with those growing in the European part of Russia - this is celandine, marsh rosemary, calamus. Other plants - lily of the valley Keiske, motherwort varifolia, Valerian Amur and Korean unique to our region, however, being closely related to European species, they have similar chemical composition and application. We also have a lot of plants that have no analogues in the vegetation of other regions of our country. These include the entire Araliev family, whose representatives are found only in the Far East, with the exception of ivy, growing in the western regions of the country. Finally, you can often find plants that are not indigenous to the vegetation of the south of the Far East; they appeared here solely thanks to man. This is a well-known oregano and sea buckthorn.

Currently, medicinal plants are widely used in medicine, veterinary medicine and the food industry as food additives. Preparations from plants are prescribed for the treatment of various diseases of the cardiovascular, digestive, bronchopulmonary system and other diseases. They are also used to prevent digestive disorders, hypovitaminosis, metabolic disorders and in the treatment of various diseases.

A variety of nutritional supplements have appeared, which are various extracts of active substances or simply crushed plants.

The advantage of medicinal plants is their low toxicity and the possibility of prolonged use without pronounced side effects. In functional disorders and in mild forms of pathology, medicinal plants should be preferred for maintenance therapy.

Medicinal plants - the oldest and completely unreplenished treasury of drugs and technical raw materials. After all, about half of all medicines, pharmacists get from plants. The aphorism of ancient healers remains unforgettable today: “The doctor has three tools - a word, a plant and a knife”.

A list of some medicinal plants of the Far East is presented to your attention:

Buttercup family - ranunculaceae

Aroid family - Araceae

Actinidium family - Actinidiaceae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

Heather family - Ericaceae

Saxifragidae family - saxifragaceae

Barberry family - Berberidaceae

Root family - rutaceae

Lingonberry family - Vacciniaceae

Valerian family - Valerianaceae

The grape family - Vitaceae

Buckwheat family - Polygonaceae

Asteraceae family - Compositae

The bean family - Leguminosae

Beech family - Fagaceae

Family of labiaceae - labiatae

Araliaceae family - Araliaceae

The Far East is an amazing territory, whose nature is able to surprise with its diversity, beauty and even some kind of fabulousness. And the flora of this region is so rich that its detailed list will take more than one page. So a significant area of \u200b\u200bthe Far East is covered with mixed forests. Let's talk on this page www.site about what the mixed forests of the Russian Far East are in a little more detail, recall what plants in mixed forests are more common than others, including trees characteristic of these territories.

The main feature of the mixed forests of the Far East is that in these places the Siberian taiga, as well as the subtropics, come together, mixing in the most amazing way. Sullen spruce trees can fancifully be wrapped in clusters of wild grapes, and cedar with larch can grow near a cork tree, as well as around Manchurian walnut. The slopes of the mountains can be covered with larch with a birch undergrowth, and cranberries can be found in its moss cover. Literally a few meters away, a linden forest with lush thickets of prickly Aralia and bushes of odorous jasmine grows safely.

Plants mixed forests of the Far East. General list

Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover approximately 60% of its territory. Mixed forests are represented by coniferous-deciduous forests.

Coniferous fir is considered dominant by whole-leaf fir and Korean pine. Korean cedar also occupies a significant place. Whole-leaf fir forms forests, in all tiers of which there are different heat-loving representatives, among which are hornbeam and small fructose, actinidia, Sakhalin cherries, Manchurian and false-bog maples, dimorphant, etc.

Also, the mixed forests of Russia in the Far East are rich in a wide variety of linden species, for example, Amur, Take and Manchurian. They meet elms, for example, valley and mountain. In addition, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut and other types of maples (small-leaved, green-bark, etc.) grow in the Far East. The second canopy of the tree layer consists of Amur akatnik, mountain ash (Amur and bicolor), Amur lilac, Maksimovich cherry, etc.

As for the shrubs, the mixed forests of the Far East include mock marshmallows, honeysuckle, eleutherococcus, aralia, weigela, euonymus, manchurian hazel, etc.

In the forest glades, as well as along the edges of the forest, different trees and shrubs are entwined with vines, there are about fifteen species in all. The most famous plants of this type are Amur grapes, Schisandra chinensis, among them a vineyard, a red bubble, actinidia, etc.

As for the grass cover, in mixed forests it can be either underdeveloped or dense, quite high and at the same time diverse. In particular, many flowering herbs are found on the edges of the forest, as well as on its clearings. The most common cultures of this type should be recognized as Volzhanka forest, meadowsweet, lily-of-the-valley, lilies of the valley, lilies, red-blooded and others.

In spring, before the leaves bloom on the trees, as well as on the bushes, ephemeroids appear that delight the eye with a bright color. Such plants include forest poppy, adonis, anemone, crested. After the death of ephemeroids, various ferns appear: osmund, adiantum, woodsia, etc.

Main mixed forest trees in the Far East

Whole-leaf fir is the tallest tree in the Far East; its height can exceed forty-five meters and a diameter of one and a half meters. Such a tree is characterized by a powerful beautiful spreading crown and has valuable wood.

The classic representative of the mixed forests of the Far East is considered spruce Ayanska. It usually reaches a height of up to forty meters. Such a tree gives small cones - no more than three to five centimeters long, and is considered one of the most important species of the forest industry.

The hornbeam is a fairly recognizable plant; its trunk is encircled by silver ribbons similar to snake skin. Usually a tree reaches ten to twelve meters in height, less often - fifteen meters. It grows slowly.

Chamomile is a fairly common plant with edible fruits. Most often, the height of the tree does not exceed eighteen meters, its crown may look narrow, pyramidal or ovoid (shape depends on the level of illumination). Trees can grow in groups or on their own.

Sakhalin cherry can reach fifteen meters in height. Such a plant blooms in May and produces small bitter spherical fruits that are inedible.

The Manchurian maple is a slender and attractive tree, which usually reaches twenty meters in height. The bark on its trunk is painted in light gray tones, and the leaves have a complex shape and are graceful triplets.

False maple maple is a beautiful small tree or shrub, it resembles the Siebold maple, which grows in Japan. This plant has small rounded, beautifully cut leaves, and is characterized by a surprisingly elegant longline growth style. False maple maple is found in the shrub layer of forests on rocky slopes, and its leaves adorn the slopes with luxurious colors from orange-yellow to wine-red.

Small-leaved maple is a small tree - its average height does not exceed fifteen meters. The plant has a pyramidal crown, five or seven-fingered leaves.

The main difference between green maple is the bark, painted green and covered with vertical white stripes, with age its color changes to dark gray. The height of the plant is also small - no more than fifteen meters. The width of the crown is not more than nine meters, the tree can grow like a shrub.

The vegetation of the mixed forests of the Far East is represented by a dimorphant, also known as kalopanaks. Such a culture can reach twenty-five meters in height, its main feature is beautiful and large five or seven-bladed leaves, whose length can reach twenty-five to thirty centimeters. Dimorphant is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Among the common trees of the mixed forests of the Far East, there is also Korean cedar. This is a giant tree that can reach forty meters in height and two meters in diameter. Korean cedar is able to live up to five hundred years, it has strong, durable and beautiful wood. The seeds of such a plant are the most important food source.

Trees growing in a mixed forest, as we mentioned above, are adjacent to lindens. Amur linden is a common leaf tree that reaches twenty-five to thirty meters in height. Most often, such a culture grows on the lower parts of the mountain slopes, as well as in river valleys. This type of linden is similar to small-leaved linden.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, the Amur linden usually is adjacent to the takea linden, it grows to the same size, and its main difference is the thick red pubescence of leaf petioles, as well as young shoots.

As for the Manchu linden, it differs from the already listed varieties by its drooping inflorescence and a larger leaf size.

These three varieties of linden blossom at different times of the year. At the end of June, Amur linden begins to bloom, a week later - takee linden, and the last one is Manchurian. Linden, or rather its color is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Such a widespread tree as valley elm can be easily recognized by its wide-spreading, as it were, broken crown, which is bordered by long, thin and light gray branches. The branches of such trees are planted with flower heads, which are bundled, and in winter they look like rounded buds.

As for mountain elm, its crown has a wide cylindrical shape, a tree can reach thirty meters in height. The bark is painted in brown tones and looks deeply penetrated by cracks. The leaves are large and rough.

A fairly common tree of mixed forests of the Far East is Manchurian ash. It has a slender columnar trunk and a high crown. Such trees are considered one of the largest in this part of Russia and can reach thirty-five meters in height.

Manchurian walnut is a relative of the beloved walnut. This tree has a spreading crown and can reach twenty five to thirty meters in height. This kind of nut has long been used by our ancestors for medicinal purposes: for the treatment of diathesis, diarrhea, rickets and stomach diseases.

Also in the forests of the Far East there is Amur velvet, which is a dioecious, perennial and deciduous tree with a beautiful openwork crown and cirrus leaves. Such a culture can reach twenty-eight meters in height, and its distinctive feature is the specific aroma of leaves, which can be felt after grinding them in your hands. Amur velvet fruits are used in folk medicine: for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, hypertension, etc.

Amur Akatnik is another tree of the mixed forests of the Far East, it can reach a height of twenty-five meters and has surprisingly valuable wood that is resistant to aggressive influences. Amur Akatnik is actively used by folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antitumor, expectorant and analgesic.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, mountain ash can also be found: Amur and bicolor. The Amur mountain ash is a small tree (4-15m high), and the two-color mountain usually ranges from 7 to 10m in height. Such a culture gives juicy, sweet-bitter and tart fruits, which are a source of a significant amount of ascorbic acid, and have multivitamin, anti-zingotic, choleretic, astringent and diuretic qualities.

Amur lilac is a common low-growing tree, it blooms late, and the color of its leaves may vary depending on the season. Flowers of this culture are characterized by a small size, cream or white color, they are collected in large inflorescences that smell pleasantly of honey.

The famous tree of the Far East is also a hawthorn blood red. This is a low tree, which rarely grows more than three to four meters in height. Such a plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes, on the basis of which cardiotonic preparations and blood circulation regulating agents are prepared.

Shrubs

One of the most beautiful shrubs of the mixed forests of the Far East is considered a mock-up, which can reach a height of three meters. Such a plant has attractive rather large flowers, due to which it is often mistakenly called jasmine.

Another representative shrubbery is honeysuckle. It can reach one and a half to two and a half meters in height, and its fruits are actively used for therapeutic purposes: to prevent cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments.

Also, the prickly eleutherococcus is considered a widely known medicinal shrub of the Far East. Its height reaches four to five meters in height, and the rhizomes and root of this culture are used to prepare a liquid extract and other medicines that have a general tonic and adaptogenic effect.

Occasionally, in the forests of the Far East, one can find high aralia or Manchurian aralia. This shrub usually grows singly or in small groups, preferring well-lit places. Aralia is actively used for therapeutic purposes, its components have an exciting effect on the central nervous system.

Another well-known shrub of the Far East, acantopanax sitschotsvetnaya, also known as heirloom, possesses similar medicinal qualities. Such a plant is used by gardeners for growing for decorative purposes.

Weigel is also considered a common shrub of mixed forests of the Far East. This culture usually reaches a height of one and a half meters no more. She pleases the eye with large flowers (up to five centimeters) of different colors - red or pink.

Among shrubs there are winged euonymus. Usually they reach a height of one to two meters. Such plants look especially decorative in the fall - their leaves and fruits are painted in red colors of different shades. It is worth noting that euonymos are poisonous.

Manchurian hazel is also a common shrub of mixed forests in the Far East. It reaches three to four and a half meters in height. In the forests, such a plant plays the role of undergrowth; it can form thickets on clearings.

Also in this group of plants is buckthorn - a perennial low shrub (usually one to three meters tall). The bark of this plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes: for internal and external use. Buckthorn bark has a pronounced laxative effect, it is used as a choleretic and anthelmintic agent.

Creepers

Colomict actinidia is a fairly common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East; it is a woody vine, the trunk thickness of which can reach two to five centimeters in diameter. An interesting feature of actinidia is leaves that change color. At first they are bronze, then green, before flowering they become bright white, and after flowering they turn pinkish, then they are crimson-red.

Amur grapes are common in the forests of the Far East, its vines rise to the tops of trees, braiding them, and they can also spread along shrubs, grasses, stones or stumps. This powerful liana can reach twenty to thirty meters in length, in the fall its leaves are painted in attractive reddish, purple, chestnut and transitional tones. Edible berries, reach 1.2 cm in diameter.

A well-known plant of the mixed forests of the Far East is also considered Chinese schisandra - a liana-shaped perennial climbing culture. This plant is actively used in folk medicine as a stimulating and tonic central nervous system.

Another vine found in the Far East is the red bubble (wood pliers). This is a creeping or slightly winding shrub, which can reach two and a half to five meters in length. For healing purposes, the roots of this culture are used, medicines based on them help to improve blood circulation and cure skin diseases.

Also a common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East is a vineyard - a deciduous ligneous liana, which climbs along a support, being fixed by twisting tendrils. The fruits of such a culture reach 0.7-0.9 cm in diameter, they are inedible.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, Nippon dioscorea can also be found - a perennial liana, which can reach a length of four meters. This culture is prone to populate secondary plant communities that form after clear-cutting and fires. Nippon dioscorea is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of cardiovascular ailments.

Herbs

Volzhanka forest is a common grass that feels great at the edges and glades. This plant belongs to perennials and can reach a meter and even more in height. In summer, the Volzhanka blooms beautifully - in small white or cream flowers that are collected in large inflorescences thirty to sixty centimeters long.

Mudwort dunus is another common grass found in mixed forests of the Far East. Such a culture grows very quickly in large areas, reaches a height of sixty-one hundred centimeters. Lubaznik can be used for medicinal purposes, and is also a good honey plant.

At the edges and glades of mixed forests, lily of the valley is often found. Its amazingly beautiful and fragrant flowers are familiar to every person. They are painted white and have the shape of bells. Lilies of the valley are often used for medicinal purposes.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East, wild lilies can be found. It is believed that in such a climatic zone, several varieties of such plants can be found, represented by drooping, false tiger, corpus callosum, two-row and mead-shaped lilies. Such plants usually grow on the edges and slopes.

Krasnodnev is a common grass that occurs on the outskirts of mixed forests, on clearings, slopes, and among shrubs. It is also known as daylily, thanks to its characteristic shape.

Also in the forests of the Far East you can find aconite (wrestler), it can grow rapidly, forming gloomy thickets. Such a plant can reach a height of one and a half to two meters, it is very poisonous, although it attracts attention with dense high inflorescences.

Among the mixed forests, there is occasionally a temptation, which got its name due to the bright red juicy berries that attract (lure) birds. But it is very difficult for people and four-legged to get to them, since its parts are covered with very sharp spikes.

Another amazing plant in the Far East is ginseng. This culture has been known since ancient times, so the Chinese healers for four millennia use its root for therapeutic purposes. But in the forest to find her is not easy, because she hides in the bushes, ferns and at the bottom of the ravines.

Dioecious nettle is a common grass in mixed forests of the Far East. This weed is known for its ability to cause severe burning sensation when in contact with skin. In addition, it is actively used by traditional medicine specialists as a hemostatic agent and cosmetic composition.

Occasionally, on the edges of the mixed forests of the Far East, one can also find hemlock grass. This biennial poisonous plant, which has a mass of healing properties. Traditional medicine experts advise using it for the treatment of very serious diseases, including cancer.

Ephemeroids

Such plants are characterized by an extremely short growing season, which falls on the most optimal time of the year. Among them, forest poppy - perennial, whose height usually does not exceed twenty to forty centimeters. This is a poisonous plant that can be used for medicinal purposes, as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and sedative.

Adonis is another ephemera found in the mixed forests of the Far East. This plant is also known as adonis, thanks to large bright flowers of intense color. Adonis is actively used for therapeutic purposes, as an anticonvulsant, diuretic and sedative.

Another ephemera is anemone. It usually grows on shrubs, fringes, and hills. This grass got its name due to its sensitivity to the wind, because even a slight air movement leads to its flutter and to swaying of flowers on long peduncles.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East there are several varieties of crested crest (Corydalis deceitful, smoky-leaved, spread and Bush crested). Typically, such plants reach a height of no more than twenty-five centimeters, they stand out with attractive medium-sized flowers of different colors: pink-purple, bluish-lilac, lilac, sky blue, etc.

Ferns

Ferns are among the oldest plants on Earth. Among them are osmundae, which have large, cirrus non-rolling leaves of a light green color. In especially favorable conditions, these plants can reach a height of two hundred centimeters, but their average height is eighty-one hundred centimeters.

Small ferns of the mixed forests of the Far East include adiantums. The leaves of these plants are painted in light green colors, they are arranged as if in the shape of a fan. Usually the height of such a species of fern does not exceed fifty centimeters.

Another undersized fern of the Far East is woodsia. This plant usually does not grow more than twenty centimeters in length. This variety of ferns discards leaves for the winter, but it looks very decorative, so many gardeners tend to cultivate it in their areas.

Various mixed forests grow on the territory of the Far East, the plants of which we have examined today. You can talk about such cultures and their unique properties for a very long time. It's time to finish the story for today. We continue this topic in future publications.

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Aconite (Wrestler) - Aconitum L. This is a perennial herbaceous plant with erect or curly stems. Long-leaved leaves. Flowers can be yellow, blue or purple. 37 species of aconite are found in the Far East. All Far Eastern aconites are extremely toxic. They contain substances belonging to the group of cardiovascular poisons. The main representative of these substances is the alkaloid aconitine, which disrupts both the nervous regulation of cardiac activity and the performance of the heart muscle itself. In severe poisoning, death quickly occurs from paralysis of the heart, or from respiratory arrest.

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Adonis (Campion) Amur (Adonis Amurensis Rgl) Adonis Amur is outwardly similar to the common spring Adonis in the western regions of the country, but is found only in the Far East. This is a perennial herb. Its large, bright yellow flowers on short stems attract attention in early spring. After flowering, the stems grow to 30-40 cm and numerous leaves develop on them, cut into narrow, serrated cloves along the edge. At the end of the stem, oval dense inflorescences develop. Cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids and some other substances were found in Amur Adonis.

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Arisaema Amur (Arisaema maxim) Arizema has one five-part leaf and a round smooth root - a tuber. On a separate leg flaunts a bizarre yellow-green flower with dark veins. The flower has a jug-like bedspread with a wide hole, in the depth of which the top of the juicy stem is visible. After ripening, the stem is exposed and its surface is strewn with dark red, juicy seeds, tightly pressed to each other. All parts of arizema contain special burning substances that cause sensitive burns and redness of the skin. The roots, and to a lesser extent the aerial parts of the plant, are highly toxic. In case of poisoning, profuse salivation and loss of sensitivity of the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips are observed.

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Belena (Hyoscyamus) In the Far East, 2 species of this extremely toxic plant are found. Belena has a long stalk. On it are sessile leaves, as if embracing the stem, and large flowers similar to a jug. They are light yellow in color with a dense network of dark purple veins and a dark purple spot in the throat. The plant is covered with sticky pubescence and has an unpleasant odor. In all its parts, the belena contains extremely active alkaloids (scopolamine, atropine, hyoscinamine). Signs of poisoning: The face turns red, the pupils dilate greatly, eyesight, delirium, hallucinations worsen. The temperature rises, a rash appears on the skin. Blood pressure drops. In very severe poisoning, victims die from respiratory paralysis during the first day.

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Calla Marsh (Calla Palustris L.) The appearance of the plant resembles a miniature calla lily. Also juicy heart-shaped leaves and a white wing surrounding the signet. It lives along the marshy shores of water bodies and rivers in marshy and humid places. All parts of the plant are poisonous. The plant contains alkaloids and a burning substance similar to saponin, the rhizome contains starch. Cases of poisoning in cattle are known. In folk medicine, there are known recipes for tinctures of rhizomes used in the bite of poisonous snakes.

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Ledum marsh (Ledum Palustre) Upright evergreen shrub with a length of 50-60 cm. Stems are still. Leaves are alternate, short-leaved. Flowers on long thin pedicels, white, less often red with a strong stupefying smell. It grows in mossy swamps, peatlands and swampy coniferous forests. Ledum is poisonous. In all its parts, and especially in the leaves, glycoside, ericoline, essential oil and tannins are contained. Ice cream was isolated from ledum oil, a substance that gives the leaves poisonous properties. Icebreaker poisoning causes vomiting, palpitations and suffocation. The headache can be caused by toxic fumes of rosemary oil.

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Bogilov Spotted (Conium Maculatum) In the Far East, Bogilov imported weed. This is a biennial herbaceous plant, with a rod-shaped vertical root and a high branched stem. Petiole leaves, deeply divided into small segments. The flowers are white, in complex numerous umbrellas. It blooms in June and July. All parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids, of which hl is coniin. Poison Bogilova primarily has a paralyzing effect. paralysis of the respiratory muscles is the direct cause of death in the case of Bogilov poisoning.

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Poisonous milestone (Cicuta Virosa) Poisonous milestone is a perennial herbaceous plant with a high stem up to 150 cm tall and about 2 cm thick below. Large leaves on long petioles, cut into narrow, serrate-lobed segments. The flowers are small, white, collected in an inflorescence - a complex umbrella, consisting of small, spherical up to 2 cm in diameter umbrellas. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but rhizome is especially dangerous. The poison is very resistant. It persists with prolonged boiling, when the plant is dried, and even when acids and alkalis act on it. In a person who has eaten 1-2 grams of rhizome, in a few minutes convulsions appear, and consciousness is lost and if you do not take measures, death occurs. The main active ingredient is cyclutotoxin, which belongs to the group of convulsive poisons.

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Kamchatsky Daphne (Daphne Kamtschatica Maxim) A low shrub that is popularly known as the “Wolf bast” .. Its pale yellow small flowers sit on half-dead branches sticking out from under the ground. In late June, shiny crimson berries appear on the branches of the plant. All parts of the plant are poisonous: berries, bark, wood, flowers. But the berries are the most dangerous. 10-15 pcs. lethal dose to humans. Inhalation of small particles of bark (dust) leads to irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The ingress of plant juice on the skin, especially on the mucous membranes, causes their acute inflammation.

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Crow's eye (Paris Hexaphilla Cham.) Fairly poisonous grass. Very aptly received its bizarre name. The plant has only one single berry, which at the end of the shoot is surrounded by 6-8 lanceolate pale green leaves collected in a whorl. Rhizomes and fruits are especially poisonous. They contain an unstructured substance - parastifin, as well as cardiac glycosides and saponin - convalarin. Signs of poisoning: daze, convulsions, paralysis. All parts of the plant act differently: the berries violate cardiac activity, the leaves have antispasmodic properties, and the rhizome causes vomiting.

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Pointed Voronet (Actaea Acuminata Wall.) Vorontsa are among the most poisonous representatives of the ranunculaceae family. They are found in mixed and coniferous forests. This is a perennial herb. Stems up to 70 cm tall. The leaves are complex. The flowers are small, white collected in an oval brush. Flowering in May - June, fruits in August-September. Vorontsov has a pointed black berry, and red-fruited red.

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Voronet Red-fruited (Actaea Errythorocarpa Fisch.) Brushes of bright fruits look very effective and may turn out to be accessible to children, which is very dangerous. All parts of the plants are toxic, and the poison does not disappear even when dried. Vorontsov has a very pronounced local irritant effect, and bubbles quickly form on the skin areas that come into contact with them.

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Datura Ordinary (Datura Stramonium L.) This is an annual herbaceous plant with an upright stalk up to 100 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, on long petioles, ovoid in shape with a pointed apex. Large, white funnel-shaped flowers are located singly in the forks of the stem. The whole plant has an unpleasant odor. The fruit is a box that looks like a spiked egg. Datura contains alkaloids in all parts (hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine), and eating its leaves or seeds leads to severe poisoning. Signs of poisoning: mental disorders, delirium, hallucinations, loss of control over behavior and coordination of movements. Convulsions may develop. The victim sometimes remains unconscious for more than 2 days. Having recovered, a person does not remember anything that happened to him during the poisoning.

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Purchased (Poygonatum Adans) In the Far East there are 8 species bought. These are perennial herbaceous plants. Small flowers, one at a time - two on the pedicels emerging from the axils of the leaves. It blooms in late May - June, the fruits are spherical blue-black berries. Fruits in appearance are quite tempting, but toxic at the same time. Cases of poisoning of children have been repeatedly noted. Kupena contains active glycosides of cardiac action.

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Lily of the valley Keiske (Convallaria Keiskei Mig.) Lily of the valley - perennial grass. Every spring, a green escape tube leaves the growing rhizome. The tube unfolds in 2-3 wide leaves and a peduncle with 6-15 flowers is pulled out. In the second half of summer, red pea-sized fruits appear tough and poisonous in the places of the flowers. In all parts of the lily of the valley contains glycosides, which in moderate doses have a beneficial effect on the heart. An overdose of lily of the valley can lead to serious consequences. For example, a severe violation of the heart.