A stream of air escaping from the lungs causes the vocal folds to oscillate at a certain frequency (they are also called ligaments), and the chest and nasopharynx serve as resonators.

In children, the larynx is small, the folds are small, and only their edges vibrate under the influence of a jet of air, making high, piercing sounds. But at the age of 13-14, under the influence of sex hormones, the vocal folds in boys begin to grow, lengthen and thicken. There is a transition to the adult mechanism of sound formation when the entire fold vibrates, the voice wave travels both horizontally and vertically, so the adult voice is deeper, more beautiful, varied in color.

Children grow unevenly: one guy can also sprout a little, and the bass is already breaking through with might and main, and the other has waved a mile and a half, while the voice is still childish. Such boys, who are ahead of their peers or behind them, have the hardest time - they are shy of their voice more than others.

Most teenagers quickly find a new mechanism for the formation of sounds. But sometimes the help of a phonopedist is required - a voice specialist who usually works with singers. This often happens with boys who grow up surrounded by women only: they have no one to imitate, no one to take an example from. Usually, one lesson is enough, in which the doctor will show exercises for setting and consolidating a normal male voice.

THREE TIPS TO PARENTS FROM THE FONTIAR

The boys, unfortunately, do not cherish them: playing football, they scream like crazy, they sing songs to the guitar with all their might. Due to overvoltage on the folds, nodules can arise, which they call it - screamer nodules. They change the vibration of the folds, and the voice becomes hoarse. Some nodules resolve by themselves if the loads fall, but sometimes you have to remove them with a microsurgical operation.

SECOND.  Colds can drag out a mutation.

If the boy has already stopped growing up, and his voice does not sound like a manly low, you need to show the teenager a phoniatrist. The longer a guy speaks with falsetto, the more difficult it will be for him to switch to an adult timbre. By the way, not always a red throat in a teenager is a sign of a respiratory infection. When the larynx grows, blood circulation increases in it, the tissues become more red, as with laryngitis.

They begin to treat the boy for colds, give medicines, take them to doctors, and there is only a normal physiological process.

What an “adult” voice will be for a beautifully singing little boy, no one is destined to know. A well-known example is Robertino Loretti. And nothing can be done here: voice capabilities depend on the natural characteristics of the body. So take the age-related mutation of the voice philosophically and try to teach this child.

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Breaking the voice in boys: how and why this happens

How and why there is a breaking (mutation) of voice in boys, read in our article.

Yesterday, your son spoke in an ordinary, boyish voice, and today you heard the first break. He began puberty, so a lot of things are changing in him, including breaking the voice (mutation of the voice). Together with obvious external changes, the boy’s voice takes on a completely different sound. For a while, it will even be difficult for him to control his ligaments, therefore, due to the breaking of his voice, he will make a variety of strange sounds.

It is the larynx that is responsible for the appearance of sound. As puberty proceeds, the larynx increases and becomes thicker. This happens in both boys and girls, but for a boy, of course, changes in voice mutation are more noticeable. Girls' voices can literally drop by a tone or two, and this is barely noticeable, but the boy’s voice becomes much lower and deeper.

Why does a boy’s voice sound so strange during a mutation?

Before the boy reaches adulthood, his larynx is very small, and his vocal cords are thin and small. This is why the boy’s voice is higher than the voice of an adult man. But with maturation, the larynx increases, and the ligaments become longer and stronger, respectively, and the boy’s voice becomes deeper.

In addition, the facial bones grow: the sizes of the sinuses, nose and back of the throat become larger. A larger space gives the voice more opportunities to resonate.

When boys break their voices

Everyone has their own pace of development, so the breaking of the voice in boys occurs at different ages. This usually occurs between 11 years and 14.5 years, often after a large jump in growth. In some, the mutation (breaking) of the voice lasts a long time and gradually, while in others - very quickly.

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It has long been assumed by nature that man must communicate. Almost all babies are born with thin voices, and breaking their voices begins to occur by adolescence. In fact, this process affects both male and female ligaments, however, for girls this is not so noticeable.

What does the process look like?

The beginning of the air wave comes from the lungs, reaches the ligaments and makes them oscillate. As for the chest and nasopharynx, they act as resonators. The pitch depends on the thickness of the vocal cords - the thinner they are, as in girls, the higher the voice, and vice versa - the thicker the cords, as in boys, the lower.

Nature made sure that parents always heard their child. Therefore, from birth, each person has small and thin ligaments.

As they grow, they increase in size and thicken, respectively, the sound changes its tone.

But during puberty, the rate and degree of growth has gender differences. Female larynx changes twice, while male larynx by 70%.

That is why adolescents have such significant differences in timbre, both by gender and between each other. But it’s worth mentioning right away that such a process is completely individual, therefore some boys have already had bass for 12 years, while others and 15 still communicate with tenor.

There are three main stages of mutation.

1. Pre-mutation period. At this time, the body is preparing for future changes, and at this stage all systems are involved.

• the sound becomes more hoarse;
• hoarseness, perspiration, accompanied by a mild cough, are noted.

But it is worth noting that if a young man or girl is engaged in singing, then such symptoms can manifest themselves in a slightly different way, because the singers have more trained ligaments. Firstly, high notes will not come as easily as before. Secondly, the child may begin to complain of pain in the larynx during singing.

The vocal teachers themselves will begin to make comments about the “dirt” in the sound. Although in a "calm" state, such signs may not be observed. For the vocal cords at this time, rest is necessary, since the process of adjustment and the simultaneous load on them can lead to the fact that a person simply loses “his sound”.

1. Breaking voice. At this time, the larynx begins to flow, and mucus secretion may be observed. Such moments provoke the onset of the development of inflammatory processes.

Therefore, if you look into the mouth of a teenager, you can see that the surface of the vocal cords has acquired a red color. It is this condition that requires rest, since an increased load can lead to an underdevelopment of the organ.

In such a period, it is worthwhile to take special care to keep yourself from colds and viral diseases, otherwise after the teenage period passes, there is a risk that the boys will retain the sound of tenor.

1. Postmomentation period. This is an individual process. Here a lot of factors play a role, starting from nationality, and ending with personal physiological, and sometimes genetic characteristics. In boys and girls, it can occur in different ways, and take a different amount of time. Usually, at the end of the formation of “own sound”, the child begins to complain about the rapid fatigue of the vocal cords. But now it will become more noticeable that the voice has no differences anymore, it becomes more stable.

The teenage period is characterized by rapid activation of hormonal processes. It is these substances that are responsible for external and internal changes in the human body - boys begin to actively grow hair throughout the body, develop puberty, there is a pollution, a sharp increase in the skeleton and muscle mass. As for girls, their breasts begin to grow, their body shape changes, menstruation begins.

The vocal cords are also very hormone dependent. If in adolescence they lack their components, they will not be able to acquire “adult” sizes - to become more elongated and dense. Accordingly, the voice will not break, which means that it will remain high enough for the young man.

By the way, in girls it is always higher, since the sex hormones in them are produced not in such quantities as in boys, moreover, they are completely different. It is interesting to note the moment that by age, the male voice becomes higher, and the female lower. And all these points are due to the fact that the hormonal background does not receive its components.

Breaking the voice is associated not only with physiological, but also with psychological discomfort. Moreover, both boys and girls. But female ligaments grow a little slower, so when the moment of puberty comes, they are still short in comparison with male ones. Therefore, the mutation is not so obvious.

A sharp difference in timbre in a girl can be associated with a malfunction of hormones. But in this case, parents are obliged to show their daughter to the endocrinologist, because this can indicate serious endocrine diseases. If the girl does not have obvious symptoms of breaking the voice, then the mutation process goes on naturally and you should not worry about anything.

Most teenagers do not even notice how their voice breaks. This is due to the fact that such a process simply does not cause them any discomfort.

Different children of the same age may have different voices tonality, as their larynx will be at a different stage of development. But no matter what condition the child is in, parents should know what actions are permissible during this period, and why it is worth to refrain.

1. moderate load. Here, more advice applies to parents of boys than girls. Excessive load on the vocal cords provokes the formation of nodules, which subsequently lead to hoarseness. Such a defect can pass by itself, but in some cases, surgery can not be dispensed with;
2. during the mutation period, it is worth protecting the child from colds. This can tighten the breaking of the voice. If a young man continues to have high tones for a long time, then parents are recommended to show it to such a specialist as a phoniatrist;
3. parents should explain to the child that “their own sound” is unique, and it will be as it is laid down by nature. Very often, little boys try to imitate one or another hero. Such fanaticism can lead to the fact that the young man will overload his ligaments and they will simply “break loose”.

Nature itself lays a certain tonality of voice, and no one can change it. Therefore, it is worth perceiving your timbre as a given and does not oppose it. And it’s impossible to speed up the breaking of the voice, because this process is natural and it is impossible to influence it.

It remains only to be patient, adhere to the recommendations, so that this process goes faster, and if possible without complications.

Voice mutation

Every 2-3 years, the children's voice changes. Becoming stronger, it gradually decreases, acquires new intonational capabilities and a wider range. However, the most noticeable changes occur during a mutation (from lat. Mutatio - change, change). This is the name of the period when the voice of a child becomes the voice of an adult.

At what age the mutation begins, depends on many factors: climatic conditions, nationality and individual physiological characteristics of the development of the child. Usually in children living in a temperate climate, voice changes begin at 13–16 years and last from a month to 2–3 years.

The boys vocal apparatus is growing rapidly and unevenly. The larynx, vocal folds increase 1.5–2 times, the volume of the tongue and the position of its root change. The voice drops by 5–6 tones, becoming stronger and “timbre9raquo ;.

Expression “Breaking the voice”  very vividly and accurately conveys the nature of the changes taking place with boyish voices, and is rarely used when it comes to girls. Really, voice mutation  less noticeable in girls: the larynx increases only by 1/3, the voice drops by 1-2 tones, gradually losing children's properties and becoming feminine.

Changes in the vocal apparatus are a natural reaction to the restructuring of the whole organism during maturation. At this time, the voice is especially vulnerable, so it is important to explain to the teenager the need for caring for him.

Communicating with each other at school and on the street in elevated tones, often breaking into screaming screams, the children mercilessly strain their voices. This leads to damage to the ligaments, the appearance of callosity growths on them - “nodules of screamers” - and often ends with hemorrhage in the vocal fold, after which the student can not utter a sound.

127287, Moscow, st. Novodmitrovskaya, d. 5a, p. 8

A person's voice appears due to the passage of a stream of air from the lungs. In this case, the vocal folds (or, as they say, the ligaments) oscillate with a certain frequency, and the nasopharynx and chest function as sound resonators.

Children's voice organs (both the larynx and the vocal folds) are small. A stream of air only vibrates their edges. At the same time, all children make high sounds. In boys aged 13-14, the vocal cords begin to grow due to changes in the hormonal background. In addition, they lengthen and thicken. At this time, the vocal apparatus is being reconstructed to a new, adult, sound reproduction mechanism. Now the teenager completely vibrates the entire fold. At the same time, voice waves can go both horizontally and vertically, which provides a deep, rich sound.

You can’t say that breaking a boy’s voice will happen at any particular time. For some, this process occurs earlier, while for others it may be delayed for one reason or another. And, of course, boys who are ahead or behind the bulk of their peers have a hard time in the psychological sense, the teenager’s self-esteem may fall.

Most often this happens when adolescents are constantly surrounded by women only. Such boys simply have no one to imitate, nowhere to take an example. If adults have noticed such a problem, it is worthwhile to show the child a phonopedist, whose specialization is the correct voice setting. Sometimes, just one and a couple of classes is enough for a teenager to “sound” like a man.

Breaking the voice in boys may not occur in those who are often prone to colds, throat diseases, especially laryngitis. Moreover, only a doctor can determine if the red throat is a consequence of a disease or a sign of voice mutation (after all, often breaking the voice is accompanied by inflammation of the organs of the speech apparatus, which is quite physiological and does not require treatment). Therefore, if the problem is delayed, it is worth visiting a special phoniatrist doctor who treats or eliminates diseases of the vocal apparatus.

The period of voice mutation in adolescent boys should be held under the motto of maximum relaxation for the ligaments. It is necessary to explain to the teenager that now is not the time for high-profile songs to the guitar, chants during football matches and generally any loads on the speech apparatus. Overexertion can lead to the formation of nodules in the vocal folds, which make the voice hoarse and ugly.

If, with the onset of a breaking voice in a boy, one draws attention to the health and lifestyle of a teenager and takes this time seriously, then the process of physiological changes will go much faster and less painfully. And it is worthwhile to understand that a new, male voice depends only on the natural characteristics of the boy. It is impossible to “make” a voice sound melodic, definitely high or low.

The timbre of the voice has already been laid genetically and it is worth considering philosophically how the child’s voice now sounds. Undoubtedly, it will take time for both those around and the teenager himself to get used to the new voice. Teach your child to correctly perceive himself and not be complex about his new "sound."

The appearance of a voice in a person occurs through several organs: vocal cords, larynx, nasopharynx, chest, lungs. Air escaping from the lungs causes the vocal folds to vibrate, and the nasopharynx and chest are resonators. The pitch depends on the thickness and length of the vocal cords - the larger and thicker, the lower the sound. In children, the larynx is small, the vocal folds are small, so the voice in children is high and sonorous.

When and why do boys break their voices?

At the age of 12-14 years, age-related changes in the body begin in boys, under the influence of sex hormones, the ligaments begin to grow, thicken and lengthen. At this time, they show signs of breaking the voice - he switches from a high tone to a low one and vice versa. This is what is called a mutation of the voice. Often at this time a problem arises, but not physiological, but rather psychological: the boy is used to the sound of his high voice, but the adult bass sometimes scares him. But for most boys, voice mutation is a very natural process and it lasts on average several months.

What to do if a voice breaks?

Parents should know about three features of the teenage voice mutation:

• during the breaking period, you can not load the vocal cords, due to overstrain on the folds, nodules appear, as a result of which the voice becomes hoarse;
• avoid colds - the mutation can drag on;
• what kind of voice a teenager will have in adulthood is not known: what nature has laid down cannot be changed.

Teens are often interested in how to speed up breaking voice. So, this cannot be done in any way because a mutation is a natural physiological process, and, as you know, it is not worth interfering with nature.

Does the voice break in girls?

The fact is that the vocal folds in girls grow more slowly than in boys and by the time they begin puberty, they are much shorter in girls. The voice of the girls also breaks, but not so clearly and not as fast as the boys.   This process cannot be called a mutation because such a breaking of the voice is not associated with hormonal changes in the girl’s body.

This or that voice timbre is inherent in a person by nature and it is necessary to perceive it as a given. It will take time for an adult child to get used to his new voice. Explain to the child that breaking the voice is a kind of beginning of the path to adulthood. And if parents take the teenager seriously during the mutation of his voice and support him with practical advice, this process will be the least painful and much faster.

Around the age of 13-14 years, the whole body of the boy begins to grow rapidly under the influence of increased activity of the endocrine glands; puberty begins. The growth of organs and tissues in most cases is uneven. It depends on the prevalence of one or another endocrine gland in the body. For example, the rapid growth of the bone skeleton (high growth, long limbs) is associated with a disorder in the boy's activity of the pituitary gland (cerebral appendage); slow skeletal growth is caused by abnormal thyroid function. As a result of the growth of skull bones in height (dolichocephalus, long-headedness), the depth and height of the hard palate increases. This creates certain conditions for voice formation, different from those when the boy has a more rounded shape (brachiocephalus, round-headedness). Such a structure of the skull corresponds to a different form of the hard palate; it will be flatter, shallow. "The soft tissues of the extension voice tube - the tongue, the soft palate - can also significantly change their configuration during the mutation period, which will undoubtedly affect sound production."

In boys, there are clear, conspicuous, anatomical changes in the laryngeal skeleton. The laryngeal cartilage, and especially the readily accessible thyroid cartilage, quickly grows in size, the front corner of the larynx begins to protrude forward, forming a bulge on the front of the neck (Adam's apple). All other parts of the larynx also grow rapidly at this time and in a short time reach their significant dimensions characteristic of the male larynx. The biggest difference between male and female sizethe larynx is expressed in the size of the anteroposterior size. In this regard, in boys in adolescence they find enhanced and rapid growth. So at 12-13 years the length of the vocal cords in them is 13-14 mm; in the period of maturation of the vocal apparatus, the length of the ligaments increases by 6-8 mm, and by the age of 25 reaches a length of 24-25 mm.

The male larynx in puberty increases by as much as two-thirds, and the female larynx only by half.

The vocal folds increase in length by one and a half to two times, as a result of which the voice can drop by an octave. Here the Pythagorean law applies, according to which the length and thickness of the strings are inversely proportional to the height of the sound they make. This change in the boy’s voice range due to the growth of the vocal cords -superfluous evidence that the myoelastic (muscular-elastic) theory of sound formation, based on physical (acoustic) laws, has an equal right to coexist with the neurochronactic theory.

On the issue of the onset of voice mutation in boys, which usually coincides with the onset of puberty, the data of the specialized literature diverge somewhat from different authors, which is apparently due to the unequal duration of the onsetpuberty in different climates. So, in the northern regions, the mutation occurs relatively late, but it proceeds more sharply, while in more southern countries, where puberty begins early, the phenomena of voice mutation appear much earlier.

In our climate, mutation in boys occurs between 15 and 19 years, but there are cases of earlier maturation of the voice (at 13-14 years and even earlier)

Changes in the vocal apparatus of boys, in parallel with the strong growth of the larynx, are expressed in lowering the range of the voice and in changing its timbre. A voice from treble or viola goes into tenor, baritone or bass.

Although there are some observations that the treble most often turns to bass, and the alt to tenor or baritone, it has not yet been possible to establish patterns in this matter.

The transition from a boy’s voice to an adult’s voice usually occurs more or less abruptly. The voice during the fracture drops by almost an octave. While hearing and will tend to maintain the height of a child’s voice, the vocal cords, due to their changed sizes (increase in length, width and thickness), produce much lower sounds. Therefore, the voice during the mutation period in boys is unstable, breaks down and reveals the most unexpected transitions from low to high tones (as they say, the voice “kicks”, “jumps”).

Mutation period, i.e. the period of a complete transition from a child’s to a male’s one can last from several weeks (4–6), months (3–6), up to 2–3, and sometimes up to 5 years. Most often, it lasts about one year.

Not always a change in the singing and conversational voice occurs at the same time: sometimes one is late, sometimes the other.

After a change of voice, the larynx continues to grow; the voice, however, later changes little. It only develops with respect to strengthand the fullness of the range (in men - until about the age of 30).

The forms of the course of the mutation in boys are very diverse.

So, there are frequent cases when the voice changes very slowly, almost imperceptibly, both for themselves and for others; only occasionally there is a slight hoarseness and fatigue of the voice. With this form of the course of the mutation, elements of male sound are desirable both in speech and in singing.

In other cases (which is most common) in boys, when singing and even in speech, it suddenly begins to break; at the same time, notes of a bass timbre suddenly appear, often of a crude, barking nature, suddenly jumping to a fistula.

Further, there is such a form of mutation when the boy’s soft voice suddenly becomes rude; there is a sharp hoarseness of voice, sometimes reaching complete mute. When hoarseness after some relatively short period of time disappears, the boy (youth) already has a fully formed male voice.

In the literature, there are cases of extremely rapid voice changes: a boy who was speaking in a childish voice the day before already finds the voice of an adult man the next day.

With the onset of mutation in boys, in the case of a quick process, the voice immediately becomes lower (approximately an octave), and with a slow course it decreases gradually.

Link all changes tothe vocal apparatus with the puberty of boys is so cramped that any reason preventing the puberty of the boy is enough to slow down or even stop completely in the development of the larynx and voice. So, there are observations that in boys, many sick in childhood, poorly developed physically, puberty is significantly delayed, and at the same time, the vocal apparatus is significantly behind in development compared to its growth in healthy children, remaining at the degree of development of the children's larynx; in this case, the voice can remain infantile (underdeveloped, childish) in an adult.

Forms of abnormal course of a mutation are very diverse. They can be the result of a number of reasons that cause certain disorders in the physical or mental sphere of children, and sometimes in one and the other sphere.

So, mutational disorders include:

Protracted mutation when a voice change lasts for many years (3-5-7 and even more).

Stubborn falsetto   caused by a violation of coordination in the work of the vocal and anterior muscles of the larynx, when the activity of the latter prevails; with this form of mutational disorder, a young man develops a very high, unpleasant, squeaky voice. Coordination disorders in some cases are so pronounced that speech is accompanied by convulsive contractions of the external muscles of the larynx.

Acute mutation   It is accompanied by such violent phenomena in the sending of a voice that young men completely refuse to talk and communicate with others.

Disguised Mutation Disorders . There are no visible mutation phenomena in the voice yet; the voice sounds as if quite childish. At the same time, the young man has coughing attacks that cannot be explained in any way.

According to some authors, this phenomenon may be caused by too long a stay in the choir of boys who already show signs of an onset or onset of a mutation, but which, however, continue to sing in a purely childish voice. On the other hand, such phenomena can be caused by prolonged singing of boys "under the voice of an adult man." In both cases, there is undoubtedly a sharp overstrain of the vocal apparatus, which causes an irrepressible reflex cough in boys (teenagers).

Premature mutation when boys at 11, 12 and even 10 years old have a low, rude sounding voice, completely inappropriate for children of this age.

Such a phenomenon can be both a consequence of the premature onset of puberty, and the result of a long overly intense voice apparatus (screaming, forced singing, singing in high tessitura, etc.).

Late mutation . This includes cases of voice mutation, manifested much later than puberty (after 3-4 years or more). In these cases, the larynx comes to maturity as the last organ associated with puberty.

Secondary mutation   - when already in adulthood in a voice, mutation phenomena (timbre changes of a voice sharply conspicuous) are suddenly detected again.

According to the observations of Dr. Levidov, "... in the majority of cases, a certain mutation period in boys is preceded by a certainpre-mutation period usually lasting several months. During this time, some signs of an approaching mutation begin to appear in the boy’s voice, at first very weak, but then gradually increasing. The main signs are quick fatigue of the voice and unwillingness to sing, and sometimes still not quite pure intonation when singing, "since it becomes more difficult for a boy to cope with the upper sounds of his range due to the growth of the vocal cords in length." Laryngoscopy   often exhibits mild catarrh phenomena   larynx (mucus on ligaments). "

The second period - actuallymutational   - characterized by a more pronounced color of the vocal folds, and sometimes the entire mucous membrane of the larynx, the secretory function of which is impaired, while the amount of mucus secreted or decreased. Thickening and hyperemia are noted   vocal folds with a red, gray-pink or yellow-red hue. This phenomenon should not be considered as inflammation, but as physiological hyperemia, always accompanying the inflammatory process with increased growth. Physiological hyperemia is a favorable soil for the development of real inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx in the mutation period with careless, irrational handling of the voice.

In addition, during the mutation period, boys have a significant tension of the vocal folds when pronouncing high sounds and relaxing them when moving to low. All these phenomena are accompanied by a noticeable violation of both speech and singing voices, they can occur in the form of small or significantly pronounced hoarseness. In this regard, the voice quickly becomes fatigued, unexpected breakdowns of it and jumping sounds from high to low and vice versa, which in vocal practice are called kicks, occur.

Professor Levidov also managed to establish, "... that the mutation of the voice in boys also usually does not end immediately." For several months, and sometimes more, a period calledpost-mortem . It is characterized by the fact that with a complete change of voice, when the latter sounds already quite adult, and the range seems to have been completely established, and singing for the youth does not present any particular difficulties, the catarrhal phenomena in the larynx persistently; even after a short singing, intense redness of the vocal cords and an abundance of viscous mucus can be noted.

Also, the post-commutation period is characterized by relatively rapidly onset of fatigue of the voice, some disturbance of the vibratory function and pinkish color of the vocal folds that appears after singing. In this period, all the elements of the thoracic mechanism of voice formation are fixed, due to which, in the post-commutation period, the young man's voice acquires the properties of an adult. Changes in the range, strength and timbre of the voice, manner of sound formation in this period are closely related to the changes in the body and psyche of boys.

The human body receives the final design of its development by about 20 years. Although the growth of the larynx by this time ends, it can still lag behind the growth of the chest, there is a mismatch in the work of breathing and vocal cords; The muscle strength of the latter has not yet been sufficiently strengthened, and in the post-period period (the longest), the vocal cords need an appropriate mode.

N.D.Orlova emphasizes that according to the observations of E.N. Malyutina the most dangerous period is aftermath, when children's automatisms are forcibly changed, from which the ligaments begin to strain, come into a hypertonic state, which invariably entails their hypotension - weakening, lack of closure, uneven operation of the right and left ligaments. Caution in singing should be respected by young people even later, when the voice is already fully formed, especially if there was no preparation before.

Catarrhal inflammation   (i. catarrhalis; syn.qatar ) B. mucous membranes, characterized by the formation of abundant exudate of a different nature (serous, mucous, purulent, serous-hemorrhagic, etc.) and swelling of it on the surface of the mucous membrane.

tissue   (arterial, active hyperemia)or   obstructed outflow (venous, passive, congestive hyperemia). It accompanies any inflammation. Artificial hyperemia is caused for therapeutic purposes (compresses, heating pads,cans ).