The article is devoted to citation rules in scientific papers. We will tell you about the general rules of citation, about special cases and common mistakes made by the authors.

Introduction

The topic of proper design of borrowed elements has recently become very discussed. More serious attention to plagiarism and several scandals related to the dissertations of famous people led to toughening the requirements for citation in scientific papers.

Scientific work without citation is impossible. The fine line between plagiarism and citation is to comply with the rules described in GOSTs and teaching aids. Unfortunately, some manuals do not provide accurate answers to citation questions, leaving gaps. Publishing House "Young Scientist" continues to talk about the correct design of your work and in this material will recall the basic rules of scientific citation.

General rules

What is citation? Quote is called:

• borrowing a fragment of the author’s text;
• borrowing formulas, provisions, illustrations, tables and other elements;
• short, translated or paraphrased reproduction of a fragment of text;
• analysis of the content of other publications in the text of the work.

The most important citation rule is to accompany the citation with a link to a specific source from. The absence of a link when quoting or the absence of a quote if there is a link is a gross mistake in the design of the work. For example, in the publishing house "Young Scientist" this may be the reason for the return of your article for revision.

1. Be sure to include quotation marks when verbatim rewriting the source text. Otherwise, such a quote will become plagiarized.
2. The text of the quote should be complete. Arbitrary text reduction is not acceptable.
3. When linking to the author, indicate his name and initials. Initials are placed before the surname, for example, “M.T. Kalashnikov "or" S. Hawking. " It is not necessary to write the names of the authors as a whole, even if they are sufficiently well-known - enough initials.
4. Do not start the paragraph with a quote, initials or surname of the author.
5. All links in the work are made in a single style.

In scientific works, this type of citation is widespread, such as paraphrase. This is called retelling a quote in your own words. In this case, a reference to the author is also required, as is the preservation of meaning during retelling. Paraphrase is appropriate in the following cases:

• providing generalized information by reference to several sources;
• a summary of the volumetric theoretical concept;
• voluminous quotes not applicable for direct reference.

Change quote  permissible only in special cases. As a rule, this is undesirable, but there are cases when GOST R 7.0.5_2008 "Bibliographic reference" and teaching aids allow the author to amend the citation:

1. When deploying shortened words to full ones. In this case, it is necessary to take the supplemented part of the word in square brackets.
2. When changing the case of words in a quote. A change is permissible only if the quotation obeys the syntactic structure of the phrase in which it is included.
3. When citing works published before the reform of Russian spelling in 1918
4. When indicating typos and errors in the text of the document. The error is not corrected, but a correctly written word is put in square brackets or a question mark in brackets.

Special cases

There are special options for citing text used in special cases. Such options include citation from secondary sources, mention of foreign authors and terms, self-citation and citation of legislative acts.

Secondary Quotation  it is possible only at the stage of acquaintance with the topic and problems of the study, as well as to determine the conceptual apparatus of work. All citations that are used in this way should be carefully verified according to primary sources. You also need to be sure that no errors were made in the secondary source. Cases in which quoting from a secondary source is possible:

• the source is lost or inaccessible (for example, is in closed archives or libraries);
• the source is written in a language difficult to translate;
• the text of the quote is known by recording the words of its author in the memoirs of other persons;
• a quote is given to illustrate the train of thought and the author’s argument.

At the mention last names of foreign authorsas well as quoting foreign sources, the source text is also not in the original language, but in the language of the scientific work (for example, in Russian). If the translation is in doubt, paraphrase can be used. In the event that the author is not widely known in Russian science, it is necessary to additionally write his original surname and initials in brackets.

It is important to transliterate the name of the author correctly. For this, you can refer to Russian-language sources and publications on this topic. With a high degree of probability, the source of the quote has already been indicated and has been translated into Russian. Note that in the list of sources used, foreign publications are indicated in the original language.

Self-citation  - A frequent practice in Russian scientific works. Earlier published research by the author may be a source of citation. This type of citation will avoid duplication of information and self-plagiarism, and will also help direct the interested reader to previous and related works. Own quotes must be made in accordance with all citation rules. It must be remembered that the citation of one’s own work should be appropriate and justified, complement the scientific work and follow its tasks.

Legislation citation  It should be carried out strictly according to primary sources, especially since all legal and by-laws are public and generally available information. Conducting a quote from secondary sources will look inappropriate and completely unjustified. You need to make sure that the current version of the law is used and that the law has entered into force. This can be checked using any legal system, for example, “ConsultantPlus” (http://www.consultant.ru).

Frequently quoted errors

Despite the brevity and uniqueness of the rules of citation, periodically, authors of scientific papers make mistakes. Let's see how the most common errors occur.

1. The lack of links in the list of references. Such a mistake can be the result of simple carelessness, but it is considered as a serious flaw.
2. Links to popular publications or to authors who do not have the proper scientific qualifications. The authors' qualifications must be checked based on the work style and information found on the author and the publication itself. In the event that there are doubts regarding the qualifications of the author, it is better to avoid quoting him.
3. The lack of links when posting graphic materials. When borrowing graphic materials (for example, diagrams, diagrams, drawings), as well as tables, you must specify a link to the source of information. Such information without reference to the source will be a violation of copyright.
4. Literally rewriting text and “lines” from quotes. In order to preserve the lively nature of the narrative, it is necessary to use citations within reasonable limits, as well as vary the form of citation. For example, use paraphrase.
5. Violation of the rules of secondary citation. Authors often cite information as if they themselves found it in the original source, or as if it belonged to the author of the secondary source.
6. Errors in citing foreign authors. Incorrect translation of the author’s surname, lack of original spelling of the name and surname, paraphrase errors with independent use of the source. It is also important to remember that in the list of references the names of the sources of citations should be given in the original language.
7. Use of quotes with unverified authorship, as well as quotes containing banal or erroneous statements.
8. And finally, the most unforgivable and unethical mistake: the lack of quotes and links to the source of information. In this case, the quote is considered plagiarism.

In the article, we examined the main features of scientific citation. Usually it’s enough to know these simple rules in order to clearly observe copyright and to be insured against unintentional plagiarism. If you want to delve deeper into the problem and learn more details and subtleties, then we recommend the excellent methodological guide T.O. Kulinkovich.

So, finally you can start the final part of this article. As the name implies, it will be devoted to the design of quotations. But first, let's talk a little about this term.

Quote is a verbatim excerpt from a text. © Wikipedia

Of course, the concept is obvious, but necessary to complete this part. Now I can safely say that everyone who reads this part will know what the quote is and there will be no misunderstanding in the text that follows.

And now let's move on to the basic design rules:

· The quoted quotation should accurately reproduce the quoted piece of text.

· Punctuation in the quote must be reproduced accurately. If there is no text of the work at hand, then you should place the signs in accordance with the rules of punctuation.

I think these two points are quite obvious. The very definition of this term suggests that the text is transmitted not just verbatim, but with all punctuation marks. That's the quote.

· In Russian and typography, quotes are usually made in quotation marks or in a special font.

So, we will analyze the item in more detail.

With quotes, probably, everyone will figure it out. But nevertheless, I’ll supplement that usually two types are used for decoration: French quotation marks, otherwise also referred to as Christmas trees (“...”), and German, also known as paws (“...”).

A special font, according to Wikipedia, is called a small size, with a pull, italics. However, not all resources have the opportunity to issue a quote like this, so quotation marks are a win-win option.

I would also like to note that other citation rules may be used in other languages, but I will not discuss them in this article, since we all write in Russian. At least within the ficbook.

Speaking of our beloved Book of Fanfiction. Sometimes I noticed that on this resource quotes just stand out in italics. Also, I often came across the designation of the quote with a copyright sign. Yes, I myself often use it in articles, quoting.

So, as you can see, there are infinitely many ways to quote.

But in this article I would like to consider in detail the design with quotation marks.

· If you omit a fragment of a quote, you must replace it with an ellipsis, which is sometimes located in angle brackets.

At this point we dwell in more detail. In order not to annoy him for a long time, I will give an example of such a citation. More precisely, what the quote itself will look like with a “torn piece” that I met recently in a Russian language textbook.

Example:

“But why do I remember that?<…>  Because it took some three or four hours, and all this - our wonderful bathing together, and a sleepy lake with motionless banks reflected, and a thousand other thoughts, feelings, impressions - all this suddenly went somewhere. " (Benjamin Caverin "Two Captains")

I would like to note that the missing fragment of the quote is also located inside the quotation marks. And please pay attention to the fact that the dot is placed after the closing quotation mark.

I would also highlight another case where, after the colon, the text is not quoted from the very beginning. In this case, after the colon, an ellipsis is placed inside the quotation marks, and the text itself is written with a small letter.

Example:

Raskolnikov himself tells Luzhin about his reasoning: "... bring to the consequences that you preached just now, and it turns out that people can be cut ..."

· Options for including citations in the text may vary.

I know two types of quoting. As direct speech and as indirect. And now we’ll deal with each method in more detail.

With quoting as direct speech, everything is very simple. These quotations apply precisely to the rules of direct speech design that were stated by me in the previous part of this article.

Example:

“I only know two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei Pierre.

With indirect speech, things are somewhat different and in some ways even simpler. In this case, the quote is an integral part of the sentence and is always written with a small letter. An exception can only be the case if it begins with a proper name.

Example:

Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life "only two real misfortunes: remorse and disease."

All these rules are characteristic for quoting prose texts. Now let's talk about poetic quotes. After all, they have their own special rules.

· You cannot retell a poetic text in your own words.

By quoting poems in this way, the meaning is distorted that sometimes it can look ridiculous and absurd.

An example of how not to do it:

Pushkin writes that he loves Peter’s creation.

· General rules for the design of a poetic quote.

But speaking generally about the rules for quoting a poem, only two can be distinguished again. Each of them, of course, I will consider in detail.

So, the first in compliance with the graphic appearance of the stanza. Quoting in this way, the text is quoted without quotation marks, and is written after the colon.

Example:

“A wonderful picture ...” A. Feta - winter landscape. This poem conveys the feelings of the poet, caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature:

Wonderful picture
  How are you dear to me:
  White Plain
  Full moon…

The second citation method is applicable to small-sized poetic quotes that do not exceed one or two lines. In this case, the quote is enclosed in quotation marks.

Example:

“A wonderful picture” by A. Fet - a winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature: “A wonderful picture, // How are you dear to me ...”

In this case, it has already been indicated once which work or its creator is in question, therefore there is no need to repeat it.

· There is no need to indicate the name of the poet in the case when it precedes the quote or is called after it.

If the name is called before quoting the poem, then the quote itself is written after the colon. If the author is indicated at the end, the name is indicated in parentheses.

Examples:

1. A. Fet writes:

Wonderful picture
  How are you dear to me:
  White Plain
  Full moon…

2. A wonderful picture,
  How are you dear to me:
  White Plain
  Full moon…

· Quotes of various poets.

If the text contains poems by different authors, the name of each must be indicated in brackets after his work.

Under the blue skies
  Great carpets
  Shining in the sun, the snow lies ...

("Winter morning")

The clouds are racing
  clouds are curling;
  Invisible moon
  The flying snow illuminates;
  Cloudy sky, night cloudy ...

And on this note, perhaps, you can finish this part, and with it the whole article. I hope she found it useful in some way.

Note Author: In order not to violate any laws and not find problems for myself on the fifth point, I indicate the source from which the materials for writing this part of the article were partially borrowed - http://www.gramma.ru/RUS/?id\u003d5.8

The article was prepared by Maxim Klokov (Zebrul) specifically for the Beta-Gamma Training Center group (vk.com/beta_gamma).

The material is borrowed from the article "Rules for the design of direct speech and quotes" by the same author.

Publication of this article outside the group is strictly prohibited! Respect the work of others, gentlemen!

Usually, when composing texts for the web, quoting is not paid enough attention. Trying to correct this annoying misunderstanding, we will touch upon two questions: typographic design of quotes (in that part, where errors are most often made during layout) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.

We will also not touch upon questions of verifying the semantic accuracy of citation, the correct use of notes, abbreviations and additions - all those interested are waiting for the “Handbook of the publisher and author” A. E. Milchin and L. K. Cheltsova.

We hope that this entry will be conveniently used as a reference to frequently encountered questions in the design of citations.

Typographic quote design.

Quotes

  Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quote is highlighted in color, font size, another font, italics, or the quote is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, quotation marks are not put. Also, quotes-epigraphs are not highlighted with quotes, if they are not accompanied by non-quoting text.

Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quote, regardless of the size of the quote and the number of paragraphs in it.

Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same pattern as those used in the main text as the main ones - in the overwhelming majority of cases, these are the quotation marks “herringbone”.

If inside the quote there are words (phrases, phrases), which are in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotation marks closing and opening the quote (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “”, then the inner ones are paws ““, and vice versa ) For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the rating of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”

If quotation marks contain “third stage” quotes, that is, quotes inside quotation marks contain, in turn, quotation marks, quotation marks of the second pattern, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love of music and develops the concept of the opera before him:“ Listen, do you like music? I love terribly ... If I composed an opera, then, you know, I would have taken the plot from Faust. I really love this topic. ""  But in general, it’s better to try to rebuild the citation so that such cases do not arise.

Punctuation marks after the quote at the end of the sentence

  If the sentence ends with a quote, then the dot is always put after  closing quotation marks. The point is not set in the following cases.

1. If closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark, and a quote enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, these are all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoted person). In this case, the punctuation mark is placed inside quotation marks. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova:
   Pechorin wrote: "I do not remember the morning more blue and fresh!"
   Pechorin admitted: "I sometimes despise myself ..."
   Pechorin asks: “And why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers?”
2. The same, if an independent sentence ends with a quote, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. For example: Pechorin reflects: “... why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I alarmed their calm ... "
3. If there is a question or exclamation mark in front of quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence, and after the whole phrase with the quote, a question or exclamation mark should be placed. For example: Lermontov exclaims in the introduction that this is an “old and pathetic joke!”

We emphasize once again, in other cases, a period is put at the end of the sentence, and it is put after  closing quotation marks.

Quote with words quoted inside

  Despite the fact that the quotation’s speech is inside the quotation, quotation marks are still placed only once - at the beginning and at the end of the quote. Put a closing quotation mark before the words of the citing and again opening after them not necessary.

If there are no punctuation marks at the place where the quote breaks, or the gap occurs at the place of the semicolon, semicolon, colon or dash, then the words of the citation are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be an inextricable space before the dash! )

In source	In the text with a quote
I became incapable of noble outbursts ...	“I,” confesses Pechorin, “became incapable of noble outbursts ...”
... My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it again.	"... My heart turns to stone," Pechorin concludes hopelessly, "and nothing will warm it again."
Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life; another push, and the person goes crazy.	“Too one-sided and strong interest unnecessarily increases the tension of human life,” D. Harms muses, “another impetus, and a person goes crazy.”
The goal of all human life is one: immortality.	“The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Harms in his diary, “immortality.”
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life.	“True interest,” says D. Harms, “is the main thing in our life.”

If there is a dot in the place where the quote breaks in the source, then a comma and a dash “, -” are put before the words of the citing, and a dot and dash “after the words. - ”(do not forget about the inextricable space!), And the second part of the quote begins with a capital letter (in the common people also called“ capital ”or“ capital ”). If the source contains a question mark, exclamation mark or ellipsis, then before the words of the citing person put this sign and a dash "? -; ! -; ... - ", and after his words - a dot and a dash." - "if the second part of the quote begins with a capital letter. If the second part of the quotation begins with a lowercase letter (in common people also called "small"), then a comma and a dash ", -" are put after the words of the citing person.

In source	In the text with a quote
Sometimes I despise myself ... Is that why I despise others as well? .. I became incapable of noble outbursts; I'm afraid to seem ridiculous to myself.	“I sometimes despise myself ... is that why I despise others as well? .. - Pechorin admits. “I became incapable of noble outbursts ...”
... I'm sorry love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it again.	“... I'm sorry love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone ...”
This is some kind of inborn fear, an inexplicable premonition ... After all, there are people who are unaccountably afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice ...	“This is some kind of inborn fear, an inexplicable premonition ...” Pechorin seeks explanation. “After all, there are people who are unaccountably afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice ...”

Making quotes in code

Many people forget that the HTML 4.01 standard already provides elements for the design of quotes typed inside the text, and either do not use them at all, or (even worse) put quotes inside the tags …   or …   . It was also cited to observe the use of the blockquote element to create indentation, which is also unacceptable from the point of view of observing the semantics of layout.

So, two elements are used to highlight citations: block blockquote and inline q. In addition, the inline cite element is used to describe the source from which the quote was taken. Note that cite is used solely and is necessary to indicate a link to the source, the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!

According to the HTML 4.01 specification, blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite \u003d "...", indicating the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title \u003d "...", the contents of which will pop up as a hint when hover over the quote with the mouse.

Unfortunately, browsers do not yet handle these HTML elements very well. So, the cite \u003d "..." attribute is not rendered at all by any browsers. In order to get around this flaw, there is a Paul Davis script that displays in a separate layer a tooltip with a link specified in the cite attribute.

The second global flaw related to the output of inline quotes is connected (surprise, surprise!) With the Internet Explorer browser family. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotation marks when using the q element. Quotation marks must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes - a different picture. Okay, let's say Opera does not comply with the last requirement, and the quotation marks for the attached quotes are the same. But IE until the seventh version inclusive does not render them at all!

In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties of quotes, before, after, and content, which, cattle, completely bury the hopes of solving the problem using semantically correct layout using CSS.

This problem is solved in several ways:

• using the proprietary CSS-property behavior (Paul Davis's solution) that runs JavaScript, placing quotes in IE, while the pattern of the enclosed quotes alternates;
• with the help of conditional comments, by simple execution of JavaScript when loading the page (the decision of Jesom Lemon from “Juicy Studio”), while the pattern of the enclosed quotes is constant;
• or nullifying quotation marks in CSS using the quotes property and manually placing quotation marks in the text, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate the W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni’s decision on the A List Apart website).

The latter method seems to me the same deal with conscience, as an attempt to find a way to circumvent the restrictions on Shabbat - a violation of the spirit when observing the letter of recommendations.

Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use the script of Jes Lemon slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, when JavaScript is disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.

Our quote design

So, in order to adequately make up the text with quotes, you need to download the script “quotes.js”, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:

In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify a quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, enclosed quotes have one design regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement on CSS without involving additional classes), but we again strongly recommend that you avoid deep nesting quotes at the stage of writing text.

   // Add to CSS file
   // External Christmas tree quotes
   q (quotes: "\\ 00ab" "\\ 00bb";)

   // Nested foot quotes
   q q (quotes: "\\ 201e" "\\ 201c";)

It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated for the case of alternating quotation marks with deep nesting by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even and pointing the class with your hands directly when making the quote.

Now we easily and semantically make up the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” said Vladimir Pupkins in an interview with “Russia Today”, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called“ jumping out the door leading inside. ”

The success of the Zalgiris campaign, - stated in an interview with Russia Today Vladimir Pupkins, - due not only to the choice of vendors of toothpaste, but also to the fact that Mark Twain  called jump out the door leading inside.

The most relish is that the title \u003d "..." attributes for nested tags are worked out correctly by browsers.

Writing an example for the correct sharing of nested blockquote, q, and cite elements is left to the reader as homework. :)

Update:  Correction from - of course, to set the picture of quotes in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes: q property is sufficient (quotes: "\\ 00ab" "\\ 00bb" "\\ 201e" "\\ 201c";)

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• quote
• blockquote
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Until 2007, Russian students, performing theses, used any sources and were not afraid that they would be accused of borrowing other people's texts. Now everything has changed, and absolutely all written works are checked for anti-plagiarism. If the percentage of uniqueness is below the norm, then the student is not allowed to defend.

This seems like the right decision if you do not encounter passing the verification personally. An essential part of any work is citation. Some graduate studies are even based on proving or refuting the works of a predecessor. And if this is a legal work? How to do without quotes of laws in it? But any quote is on the Internet, and anti-plagiarism will underestimate the percentage, considering that you want to deceive the teacher. Let's figure it out and find solutions.

Does antiplagiarism cite

There is an opinion that if a student draws up a quote correctly, then he has nothing to fear - the anti-plagiarism will see this and will not take into account the fragment when determining the overall result. In fact, everything is different:

• Antiplagiat.ru recognizes quotes, but still reduces uniqueness due to them;
• ETXT, Advego DC Finder do not even respond to quotes, equating them to the rest of the text; the most popular service "Anti-plagiarism. University" only plans to distinguish quotes, but so far considers them plagiarized.

What is the outcome? Correctly formatting the quote is important, but only for passing the test of the teacher, not the “machine”. But we will nevertheless open this question in the hope that someday anti-plagiarism will learn to distinguish between student quotes and text.

How to make the right quotation

In this matter, we rely on the rules of the latest versions of training manuals, according to which, the citation is made according to a certain algorithm:

1. Mandatory intro before quotation. For example, "According to the historian Ivanov I.I." or "The famous scientist Petrov P.P. claimed."
2. The quote itself is enclosed in quotation marks.
3. Square brackets, which indicate the serial number of the source in the bibliography, as well as the page number. For example, .

Using this algorithm, you will not be able to make quotes a unique text, but at least avoid the comments of teachers on the design.

But how then to pass a check for uniqueness if the correct quotation does not help? Take advantage of our site!

Uniqueness at Antiplagius

We can help students in two ways: professional rewrite and coding.

Of course, our experts will not rewrite quotes, but they can make the rest of the test absolutely unique, and the test will not be scary for you. We have access to all verification services, even to the “closed” “Anti-plagiarism. University”, so we will check the work and give you a report. The cost of the service is 100 rubles per page, the completion time is no more than 3 days.

Quotation marks

Quotes  are in quotes. If quote  drawn up as direct speech, that is, it is accompanied by the words of the author bringing it, then the corresponding punctuation rules apply:
  Belinsky wrote: "Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society."
  “Twelve million people are illegal! .. Horror! ..” Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to serfs in the then Russia.
  “Therefore, in order to understand the history of art and literature of one or another country,” G.V. Plekhanov, “we need to study the history of those changes that have occurred in the situation of its inhabitants.”
  The speaker cited Gorky's words: “Every individual is the result of social grouping” - and this ended his speech.
  If after the poetic quotes  the text continues, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line: Tatyana’s husband, so beautifully and so completely from head to toe described by the poet with these two verses:
  ... and all above
  And raised his nose and shoulders
  The general who entered with her
  Tatyana's husband introduces her to Onegin as his relative and friend  (comma and dash appear before words tatyana's husbandwhich are repeated in order to associate the second part of the author’s words with the first part).
  If quote consists of several paragraphs then quotes  placed only at the beginning and at the end of the whole text: In the article "From the History of Russian Literature" A.M. Gorky wrote: “What is the strength of literature?
  Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater visibility, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.
  Being more readable and convincing than its philosophy because of its liveliness, literature is also the most widespread, convenient, simple and victorious way of propagating class trends. ”
  Often, for a more clear indication of the boundaries quotesespecially if there are quotes, is used as an additional special printing method of allocation quotes  (set to a smaller format, set to a different font size, and so on).
  If, by quote, the author emphasizes individual words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), this is specified in a note enclosed in brackets, indicating the author's initials, which are preceded by a dot and a dash: (emphasized by us. - A. B.), (italics ours. - A. B.), (our detente. - A. B.).  Such a note is placed or immediately after the appropriate place in quote, or at the end of a sentence either quotes  in general, or in the form of a footnote (in the latter case, the note is placed without parentheses).
  If the author or editor is pasted into quote  your text explaining the sentence or individual words of the quote, then this text is placed in direct or new brackets: S.N. Schukin wrote in his memoirs about A.P. Chekhov: “To become a true writer,” he taught<Чехов>, - you must devote yourself exclusively to this matter. Amateurism here, as elsewhere, will not let you go far. "

Ellipsis with quotes.

If quote  is not completely given, the pass is indicated by an ellipsis, which is set:
  before quote  (after opening quotes), not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that quote  not from the beginning of the sentence: L.N. Tolstoy wrote: "... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the form of art, which is achieved only with great talent and great work";
  In the middle quoteswhen a piece of text is missing inside it: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, A.A. Fadeev recalled: “It is not by chance that our Russian classics ... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
  after quotes  (before closing quotes), when the quoted sentence is not given to the end: Speaking in defense of the culture of spoken language, Chekhov wrote: "In essence, for an intelligent person speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ...".
  After quotesending with an ellipsis, a period is given if the quote is not an independent sentence: M.V. Lomonosov wrote that "the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language appear quite from books written in past centuries ...".

Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotes.

If quote  syntactically connected with the author’s text, forming a subordinate clause, the first word of the quote is written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter: Speaking about the poetry of Pushkin, N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that "in his poems, live Russian speech first spoke to us, the real Russian world first appeared to us."
  The first word is written with a lowercase letter quotes  and in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, it has an ellipsis in front of it: DI. Pisarev pointed out: "... the beauty of a language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness, that is, exclusively in those qualities that accelerate and facilitate the transfer of thought from the head of the writer to the head of the reader."
  If quote  is preceded by the author’s words, the first word in it is written with a capital letter and in the case when it is not from the beginning of the sentence, that is, in the quoted text this word is written with a lower case letter: “... Flexible, rich and with all its imperfections, the language of every nation is beautiful, the intellectual life of which has reached a high level of development,” wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky.

quotes  immediately following it, it is enclosed in brackets, and the dot after the quote is dropped and put after the closing bracket: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian social thought is enormous” (Lunacharsky).
  The title of the work is separated from the surname of the author by a dot and is not quotes, the point separates the output: "We must be able to use words that most accurately and subtly express thoughts that excite the artist" (Fadeev A. A. Literature and life. M., 1939. S. 155).
  The first word indicates the source quotes  is written in this case with a lowercase letter, if not a proper name: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Lightning flashed between the distance and the right horizon, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky was bordered by blackness. A terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; large black rags hung on its edge; exactly the same rags, crushing each other, were piled on the right and left horizon ”(from the story“ Steppe ”by A.P. Chekhov). (see translation agency)
  If an indication of the author or source quotes  It’s not directly behind it, but placed lower, then a dot is placed after the quote.

  How not to love your native Moscow?
  Baratynsky