Where was Immanuel Kant born. Kant's philosophy

MOSCOW, April 22 - RIA News.  The two hundred and ninety years since the birth of the philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is celebrated on Tuesday.

The following is a curriculum vitae.

The founder of German classical philosophy, Immanuel Kant, was born on April 22, 1724 in the suburbs of Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad), Vordere Forshtadt, in a poor family of saddlery (saddlery is a manufacturer of eyecups for horses that are worn on them to limit the field of view). At baptism, Kant received the name Emanuel, but later he himself changed it to Immanuel, considering it the most suitable for himself. The family belonged to one of the directions of Protestantism - pietism, which preached personal piety and strict observance of moral rules.

From 1732 to 1740, Kant studied at one of the best schools in Koenigsberg - the Latin "Friedrichs-Collegium" (Collegium Fridericianum).

The house in the Kaliningrad region, where Kant lived and worked, will be restoredThe governor of the Kaliningrad region Nikolai Tsukanov ordered in two weeks to complete the development of a concept for the development of the territory in the village of Veselovka, associated with the name of the great German philosopher Immanuel Kant, the regional government said in a statement.

In 1740, he entered the University of Koenigsberg. There is no exact data on what faculty Kant studied at. Most scholars of his biography agree that he was supposed to study at the theological faculty. However, judging by the list of subjects that he studied, the future philosopher preferred mathematics, science and philosophy. Over the entire period of study, he attended only one theological course.

In the summer of 1746, Kant presented to the Faculty of Philosophy his first scientific work - "Thoughts for a true assessment of living forces", devoted to the formula for the quantity of motion. The work was published in 1747 with the money of Uncle Kant, the shoemaker of Richter.

In 1746, due to the difficult financial situation, Kant was forced to leave the university without passing final exams and without defending a thesis for a master's degree. For several years he worked as a home teacher on estates in the vicinity of Koenigsberg.

In August 1754, Immanuel Kant returned to Koenigsberg. In April 1755, he defended his dissertation "On Fire" for a master's degree. In June 1755, he was awarded a doctorate for his thesis "New coverage of the first principles of metaphysical knowledge", which became his first philosophical work. He received the title of privat-docent of philosophy, which gave the right to teach at the university, without, however, receiving a salary from the university.

In 1756, Kant defended his thesis "Physical Monadology" and received the post of full professor. In the same year, he petitioned the king to occupy the post of professor of logic and metaphysics, but was refused. Only in 1770, Kant received a permanent position as professor of these subjects.

Kant lectured not only in philosophy, but also in mathematics, physics, geography, and anthropology.

In the development of Kant's philosophical views, two qualitatively different periods are distinguished: the early, or "subcritical," which lasted until 1770, and the subsequent, "critical", when he created his philosophical system, which he called "critical philosophy."

Early Kant is an inconsistent supporter of natural science materialism, which he tried to combine with the ideas of Gottfried Leibniz and his follower Christian Wolf. His most significant work of this period is the “General Natural History and Theory of the Sky” of 1755), in which the author hypothesizes the emergence of the solar system (and similarly the emergence of the entire Universe). Kant's cosmogonic hypothesis showed the scientific significance of the historical view of nature.

Another treatise of this period, important for the history of dialectics, is "The Experience of Introducing the Concept of Negative Quantities into Philosophy" (1763), in which a distinction is made between real and logical contradictions.

In 1771, the “critical” period in the work of the philosopher begins. Since that time, Kant's scientific work has been devoted to three main topics: epistemology, ethics and aesthetics, combined with the doctrine of expediency in nature. Each of these topics corresponded to a fundamental work: A Critique of Pure Reason (1781), A Critique of Practical Reason (1788), A Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790), and a number of other works.

In his main work, Critique of Pure Reason, Kant tried to substantiate the unknowability of the essence of things (“things in themselves”). From Kant’s point of view, our knowledge is determined not so much by the external material world as by the general laws and techniques of our mind. With this formulation of the question, the philosopher laid the foundation for a new philosophical problem - the theory of knowledge.

Twice, in 1786 and 1788, Kant was elected rector of the University of Koenigsberg. In the summer of 1796, he gave his last lectures at the university, but left a place on the university staff only in 1801.

Immanuel Kant subordinated his life to a strict routine, thanks to which he lived a long life, despite poor health by nature; February 12, 1804, the scientist died in his house. His last word was "Gut."

Kant was not married, although, according to biographers, several times had this intention.

Kant was buried at the eastern corner of the north side of the Koenigsberg Cathedral in a professorial crypt, a chapel was erected over his grave. In 1809, the crypt was demolished due to dilapidation, and a walking gallery was built in its place, which was called "Stoa Kantiana" and lasted until 1880. In 1924, according to the project of the architect Friedrich Lars, the Kant memorial was restored and acquired a modern look.

The monument to Immanuel Kant was cast from bronze in Berlin by Karl Gladenbeck according to the design of Christian Daniel Rauch in 1857, however, it was installed in front of the philosopher’s house in Koenigsberg only in 1864, since the money collected by the residents of the city was not enough. In 1885, in connection with the redevelopment of the city, the monument was moved to the university building. In 1944, the sculpture was hidden from the bombing on the estate of Countess Marion Denhoff, but was subsequently lost. In the early 1990s, Countess Denhoff donated a large sum to restore the monument.

The new bronze statue of Kant, cast in Berlin by the sculptor Harald Haake according to the old miniature model, was installed on June 27, 1992 in Kaliningrad in front of the university building. The burial place and monument to Kant are objects of cultural heritage of modern Kaliningrad.

Immanuel Kant - the largest German scientist, philosopher, founder of German classical philosophy, a man whose work had a huge impact on the development of philosophical thought of the XVIII and subsequent centuries.

In 1724, on April 22, Immanuel was born in the Prussian Koenigsberg. His whole biography will be connected with this city; if Kant left its borders, then a short distance and not for long. The future great philosopher was born in a poor large family; his father was a simple artisan. The talent of Immanuel was noticed by the doctor of theology Franz Schulz and helped him become a student of the prestigious Friedrichs Collegium Gymnasium.

In 1740, Immanuel Kant became a student at the Albertina University of Koenigsberg, but his father’s death prevented him from completely unlearning. For 10 years, Kant, financially supporting his family, has been working as a home teacher in different families, leaving his native Koenigsberg. Difficult everyday circumstances do not prevent him from engaging in scientific activities. So, in the years 1747-1750. Kant's focus was on his own cosmogonic theory of the origin of the solar system from the original nebula, the relevance of which has not been lost to date.

In 1755, he returned to Koenigsberg. Kant finally managed not only to complete university education, but also, having defended several dissertations, obtained a doctorate and the right to engage in teaching activities as an assistant professor and professor. Within the walls of his alma mater, he worked for four decades. Until 1770, Kant worked as an extraordinary assistant professor, after - as an ordinary professor in the department of logic and metaphysics. Philosophical, physical, mathematical and other disciplines Immanuel Kant taught students until 1796.

The year 1770 became a boundary in his scientific biography: he divides his work into the so-called subcritical and critical periods. In the second, a number of fundamental works were written, which not only enjoyed great success, but also allowed Kant to enter the circle of outstanding thinkers of the century. His work “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781), ethics - “Critique of Practical Reason” (1788) belong to the field of epistemology. In 1790, the essay “A Critique of Judgment Ability” was published, which touched on aesthetics. Kant's worldview as a philosopher was formed to a certain extent thanks to the study of the works of Rousseau, Hume and several other thinkers.

In turn, the influence of the works of Immanuel Kant himself on the subsequent development of philosophical thought is difficult to overestimate. German classical philosophy, the founder of which he was, later included major philosophical systems developed by Fichte, Schelling, Hegel. The romantic movement experienced the influence of Kant's teachings. Schopenhauer's philosophy also traces the influence of his ideas. In the second half of the XIX century. “Neo-Kantianism” was highly relevant, in the twentieth century Kant's philosophical heritage influenced, in particular, existentialism, the phenomenological school, and others.

In 1796, Immanuel Kant stopped giving lectures, in 1801 he quit the university, but did not stop his scientific activity until 1803. The Thinker could never boast of iron health and found a way out in a clear daily routine, strict adherence to his own system, useful habits, which surprised even pedantic Germans. Kant never connected his life with any of the women, although he had nothing against the fair sex. Dimension and accuracy helped him live longer than many of his peers. He died in his native Koenigsberg on February 12, 1804; they buried him in the professorial crypt of the city cathedral.

“Two things always fill the soul with new and stronger surprise and awe, the more often and longer we think about them - this is the starry sky above me and the moral law in me.”

Surely this quote is known even to those who are not familiar with philosophy at all. After all, these are not just beautiful words, but the expression of a philosophical system that radically influenced world thought.

We bring to your attention Immanuel Kant and this great man.

A Brief Biography of Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) - German philosopher, the founder of German classical philosophy, standing on the verge and era of romanticism.

Born on April 22 in Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad) in a poor family of artisan saddler.

Kant was the fourth child in a large Christian family. His parents were Protestants, and identified themselves as followers of pietism.

Pietism emphasized the personal piety of each individual person, preferring strict observance of moral rules to formal religiosity.

It was in such an atmosphere that the young Immanuel Kant was brought up, who later became one of the greatest philosophers in history.

Student years

Seeing Immanuel’s unusual tendency to teach, his mother gave him to the prestigious Friedrichs-Collegium Gymnasium.

After graduating from high school, in 1740 he entered the theological faculty of the University of Koenigsberg. Mother dreams of becoming a priest.

However, the gifted student failed to complete his studies due to the death of his father. Mother died even earlier, therefore, in order to somehow feed his brother and sisters, he gets a job in Yudshen (now Vesyolovka) as a home teacher.

It was at this time, in the years 1747-1755, that he developed and published his cosmogonic hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from the original nebula.

In 1755, Kant defended his dissertation and received a doctorate. This gives him the right to teach at the university, which he has been successfully doing for 40 years.

Russian Konigsberg

During the Seven Years' War from 1758 to 1762, Koenigsberg was under the jurisdiction of the Russian government, which was reflected in the business correspondence of the philosopher.

  Portrait of Immanuel Kant

In particular, he addressed the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna a request for an ordinary professor in 1758. Unfortunately, the letter never reached her, but was lost in the governor's office.

The issue of the department was decided in favor of another applicant on the grounds that he was older both in years and in teaching experience.

During the several years that the Russian troops were in Koenigsberg, Kant kept several young noblemen in his apartment as boarders and met many Russian officers, among whom were many thinking people.

One of the officer circles suggested that the philosopher give lectures on physics and physical geography.

The fact is that Immanuel Kant, after a refusal in the department, was very intensively engaged in private lessons. In order to somehow improve his modest financial situation, he even taught fortification and pyrotechnics, and also worked for several hours daily in the library.

The heyday of creativity

In 1770, the long-awaited moment arrives, and the 46-year-old Immanuel Kant is appointed professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Koenigsberg, where he teaches philosophy and physics.

I must say that before that he received many offers from universities in different European cities. However, Kant categorically did not want to leave Königsberg, which gave rise to many anecdotes during the life of the philosopher.

Criticism of Pure Reason

It is after a professorship that the “critical period” begins in the life of Immanuel Kant. Fundamental work brings him worldwide fame and reputation of one of the most prominent European thinkers:

• “Critique of Pure Reason” (1781) - epistemology (epistemology)
• Critique of Practical Reason (1788) - Ethics
• “Critique of the ability of judgment” (1790) - aesthetics

It should be noted that these works had a tremendous impact on the further development of world philosophical thought.

We offer you a schematic representation of Kant's theory of knowledge and his philosophical questions.

Kant's personal life

Being naturally very weak and painful, Immanuel Kant subordinated his life to a strict daily routine. This allowed him to outlive all his friends by dying at the age of 79.

The inhabitants of the city, knowing the features of the genius living next to them, checked the clock on it in the literal sense of the word. The fact is that Kant made daily walks at certain hours to the nearest minute. The townspeople called its permanent route the “philosophical path”.

It is said that once, for some reason, the philosopher was late to the street. The Konigsbergians, not allowing the thought that their great contemporary could be too late, turned the clock back.

Immanuel Kant was not married, although he had never lacked female attention. Possessing a delicate taste, impeccable manners, aristocratic grace and absolute simplicity, he was a favorite of high secular society.

Kant himself said so about his attitude towards women: when I wanted to have a wife, then I could not support her, and when I could already, then I did not want to.

The fact is that the philosopher lived the first half of his life modestly, having a very low income. He bought his house (which Kant had long dreamed of for a long time) by the age of 60.

  Kant's House in Königsberg

Eating Immanuel Kant only once a day - at lunch. And it was a real ritual. He never dined alone. As a rule, from 5 to 9 people shared a meal with him.

  Lunch of Immanuel Kant

In general, the whole life of the philosopher was subject to strict rules and a huge number of habits (or oddities), which he himself called "maxims."

Kant believed that it was precisely this way of life that made it possible to work as fruitfully as possible. As can be seen from the biography, he was not far from the truth: practically until he was old, he had no serious illnesses (with his own congenital frailty).

The last days of Kant

The philosopher died in 1804 at the age of 79. Not all admirers of an outstanding thinker want to acknowledge this fact, but there is conclusive evidence that at the end of his life Kant showed dementia.

Despite this, until his death, both representatives of the university community and ordinary citizens treated him with great respect.

Interesting facts from the life of Immanuel Kant

1. In terms of the scope of his philosophical works, Kant is on a par with Plato and Aristotle.
2. Immanuel Kant denied that they were written by Thomas Aquinas and were for a long time in absolute authority, and then came to his own,. An interesting fact is that so far no one has been able to refute it. in the famous work “The Master and Margarita” he cites Kant’s proof through the mouth of one hero, to which another character answers: “If we had this Kant, yes, for such evidence three years to Solovki.” The phrase became winged.
3. As we have already said, Kant ate only once a day, the rest of the time it cost tea or coffee. He went to bed at 22:00, and always got up at 5 in the morning.
4. It is unlikely that this fact can be confirmed, but there is a story about how once students invited a chaste teacher to a brothel. After that, when he was asked about his impressions, he answered: "A lot of vain small movements."
5. Unpleasant fact. Despite the highly moral way of thinking and the pursuit of ideals in all spheres of life, Kant showed anti-Semitism.
6. Kant wrote: "Have the courage to use your own mind - this is the motto of the Enlightenment."
7. The edging was quite low in stature - only 157 cm. (For comparison, which was also considered undersized, had 166 cm in height).
8. When he came to power in Germany, the Nazis were very proud of Kant, calling him a true Aryan.
9. Immanuel Kant knew how to dress up with style. He called fashion a matter of vanity, but added: “It is better to be a fool of fashion than a fool of fashion”.
10. The philosopher often made fun of women, although he was friendly with them. In jest, he claimed that women had no access to paradise and cited as evidence the place from the Apocalypse, which says that after the ascension of the righteous, silence reigned in heaven for half an hour. And this, according to Kant, would be completely impossible if there were at least one woman among the saved.
11. Kant was the fourth child in a family of 11 children. Six of them died as a child.
12. Students said that while lecturing, Immanuel Kant was in the habit of fixing his gaze on any one student. Once he fixed his eyes on a young man who did not have enough buttons on his frock coat. This immediately caught my eye, which made Kant absent-minded and confused. Ultimately, he gave a very unsuccessful lecture.
13. Not far from Kant's house was a city prison. As a correction of morals, prisoners were forced to sing spiritual songs for several hours a day. This singing was so annoying to the philosopher that he wrote a letter to the burgomaster asking him to take measures "to end the scandal" against the "loud piety of these prudes."
14. Based on prolonged self-observation and self-hypnosis, Immanuel Kant developed his own “Hygienic” program. Here are its main points:

• Keep your head, legs and chest cool. Wash feet in ice water (so as not to weaken the blood vessels removed from the heart).
• Sleep less (bed is a nest of diseases). Sleep only at night, short and deep sleep. If the dream doesn’t come on its own, you need to be able to cause it (the word “Cicero” had a hypnotic effect on Kant - repeating it intrinsically to himself, he quickly fell asleep).
• Move more, serve yourself, walk in any weather.

Now you know everything about Immanil Kant that any educated person should know, and even more.

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Biography

He was born in a poor family of a craftsman saddle-maker. The boy was named in honor of St. Emanuel, in translation this Hebrew name means "God is with us." Under the supervision of the doctor of theology, Franz Albert Schulz, who noticed giftedness in Immanuel, Kant graduated from the prestigious Friedrichs-Collegium Gymnasium and then entered the University of Koenigsberg. Due to the death of his father, he is unable to complete his studies and, to feed his family, Kant becomes a home teacher for 10 years. It was at this time, in -, he developed and published the cosmogonic hypothesis of the origin of the solar system from the original nebula, which has not lost its relevance so far.

Goodwill is pure (unconditional will). Pure good will cannot exist outside the mind, since it is pure and does not contain anything empirical. And in order to generate this will need a mind.

Categorical imperative

Moral law - coercion, the need to act in spite of empirical influences. So, it takes the form of compulsory command - an imperative.

Hypothetical imperatives  (relative or conditional imperatives) - actions are good in special cases, to achieve certain goals (doctor's advice to a person who takes care of his health).

These are three different ways of representing the same law, and each of them combines the other two.

To verify the compliance of a particular act with moral law, Kant proposed using a mental experiment.

The idea of \u200b\u200blaw and state

In the doctrine of law, Kant developed the ideas of the French Enlightenment: the need to destroy all forms of personal dependence, the affirmation of personal freedom and equality before the law. Kant derived legal laws from moral ones.

In the doctrine of the state, Kant developed the ideas of J.J. Russo: the idea of \u200b\u200bpopular sovereignty (the source of sovereignty is the monarch, who cannot be condemned, because "he cannot act by law").

Kant also considered the ideas of Voltaire: he recognized the right to freely express his opinion, but with the caveat: "talk as much as you like and about anything, but obey."

The state (in the broad sense) is an association of many people subordinate to legal laws.

All states have three powers:

• legislative (supreme) - belongs only to the united will of the people;

• executive (acts according to the law) - belongs to the ruler;

• judicial (acts according to the law) - belongs to the judge.

Government structures cannot be unchanged and change when they cease to be necessary. And only the republic is durable (the law is independent and does not depend on any particular person). The true republic is a system governed by authorized deputies elected by the people.

In the doctrine of relations between states, Kant opposes the unfair state of these relations, against the dominance of strong law in international relations. Therefore, Kant for the creation of an equal alliance of peoples, which would help the weak. And he believed that such a union brings humanity closer to the idea of \u200b\u200beternal peace.

Kant's questions

What can i know?

• Kant recognized the possibility of cognition, but at the same time limited this possibility to human abilities, i.e. You can know, but not all.

What should I do?

• One must act according to the moral law; you need to develop your mental and physical strength.

What dare I hope?

• You can rely on yourself and on state laws.

What is a person?

• Man is the highest value.

About the end of existence

In the Berlin Monthly (June 1794), Kant published his article. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe end of everything is presented in this article as the moral end of mankind. The article talks about the ultimate goal of human existence.

Three options for the end:

1) natural - by divine wisdom.

2) supernatural - for reasons incomprehensible to people.

3) unnatural - due to human imprudence, misunderstanding of the ultimate goal.

Works

• Akademieausgabe von Immanuel Kants Gesammelten Werken (German)

Russian editions

• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 1. - M., 1963, 543 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 4)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 2. - M., 1964, 510 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 5)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 3. - M., 1964, 799 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 6)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 4, Part 1. - M., 1965, 544 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 14)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 4, Part 2. - M., 1965, 478 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 15)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 5. - M., 1966, 564 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 16)
• Immanuel Kant. Works in six volumes. Volume 6. - M., 1966, 743 s (Philosophical heritage, vol. 17)
• Immanuel Kant. Criticism of Pure Reason. - M., 1994, 574 s (Philosophical Heritage, T. 118)
• Kant I.  Critique of Pure Reason / Per. with him. N. Lossky was verified and edited by C. G. Arzakanyan and M. I. Itkin; Note C. G. Arzakanyan. - M .: Eksmo Publishing House, 2007 .-- 736 with ISBN 5-699-14702-0

Russian translations available online

• Prolegomes to any future metaphysics that might appear as a science (translation: M. Itkina)
• The question of whether the earth is aging from a physical point of view

Kant translators into Russian

About him

see also

References

Age of Enlightenment
Prominent people of the era by country
Austria	Joseph II | Leopold II | Maria Theresa
France

Introduction

Immanuel Kant was perhaps the most famous citizen of Koenigsberg in the history of this city. His philosophy glorified Koenigsberg in a way that neither his rulers nor the wars that took place in these parts and in which Prussia willingly participated, nor the trade that flourished in the Hanseatic city located at the crossroads of trade routes, could do it. This is all the more surprising since Koenigsberg could be called the center of political, military, craft, trade life in the southeastern Baltic, but spiritually and culturally it was nothing but the distant eastern periphery of the Western world. Koenigsberg could not boast of a rich artistic, scientific, philosophical life, to some extent comparable, for example, with Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, Marburg and many other cities in Germany. The city was busy with practical matters: he fought, handicraft, traded, prayed, modestly entertained as much as possible. With regard to philosophy, pietists, distinguished by their particular piety, gained significant influence in the religious life of Koenigsberg from the beginning of the 18th century, inspired in 1725 the decree of the king in accordance with which the follower of the main philosopher of the German enlightenment Christian Wolf (1679- 1754) Christian Gabriel Fischer, professor of natural philosophy, which in a certain sense meant the suspension of the Enlightenment in Koenigsberg and the rule of the religious principle of organizing a spiritual life no. Originating in such an atmosphere of a philosophical genius of this magnitude seems almost unbelievable. However, this has happened. Apparently full of limitations, the practical German life of a respectable burgher formed some qualities of the soul that could contribute to thoughts that overcome limitations. Perhaps on the contrary.

Kant's Paradoxes

Many famous people lived in Koenigsberg, among them those whom we call "great." Among the great scientists, it is enough to recall the physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) or the mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943). However, only physicists or physiologists can call Koenigsberg the city of Helmholtz, and mathematicians can call the city of Hilbert. The “City of Kant” sounds equally acceptable to most people who know at least something about the spiritual culture of mankind, and not only because it has turned a provincial culturally city into one of the centers of European culture, but also because Kant is like no one else of the great people of Koenigsberg was associated with this land. Here he was born, lived his whole life, died and is buried.

Kant's life was held in strict limits. Kant spent his whole life in Koenigsberg and its environs. Paris and St. Petersburg, London and even Berlin existed for him only in the stories of friends and acquaintances, books, thoughts and imagination. The scientist, who repeatedly and successfully taught the course of physical geography at the university, was practically nowhere except his hometown. Kant's thought knew no bounds. He built his philosophy not for the inhabitants of East Prussia, not for the Germans, not even for all people in the world, but for all rational beings. The limitations of real life in space and the absolute infinity of the life of thought  - such is Kant's first paradox. One of the most universal philosophical systems in the history of mankind was created by a man who did not seek to see this world with his own eyes.

Another Kant's paradox is related to the way in which this person, whose main life experience was mainly limited to a university audience, sitting at a table and reading books, who did not seek to expand his real life experience, managed to give us outstanding examples of worldly wisdom. " Do not accept the good deeds you can do without  ... "- said by a man who deeply penetrated our lives. One thing remains for us - to admit that deep, consistent, honest thinking breeds, deepens and expands our experience. Thinking is life. Reading Kant, one can understand how he managed to to develop our thinking that it allowed us to penetrate deeply into our lives, using only pure reason.

True, Kant himself held a peculiar view about great people: “The fact that great people only from afar create an impression of brilliance and that the sovereign always loses a lot in the eyes of his valet is explained by the fact that not a single person is great.” (Kant I. Soch. in 6 volumes - M .: Thought, 1963-1966, T. 2. P. 198. - Further links to this publication will be given in parentheses in the text with the volume and page numbers, for example, this link would look like this : (2, 198).)