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  • The revolutionaries of 1905. At the same time, three extremely important documents were published. Political Parties in the Revolution

The revolutionaries of 1905. At the same time, three extremely important documents were published. Political Parties in the Revolution

The reason for the first Russian revolution (1905-1907) was the aggravation of the domestic political situation. Social tension was provoked by survivals of serfdom, the preservation of landlord tenure, the absence of freedoms, the agrarian overpopulation of the center, the national question, the rapid growth of capitalism, the unresolved peasant and labor issues. Defeat in and the economic crisis of 1900-1908 exacerbated the situation.

In 1904, liberals proposed introducing a constitution in Russia, limiting autocracy by convening a popular representation. made a public statement of disagreement with the introduction of the constitution. The impetus for the start of revolutionary events was the strike of workers at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg. The strikers put forward economic and political demands.

On January 9, 1905, a peaceful procession was appointed to the Winter Palace with the aim of filing a petition addressed to the Tsar, which contained the demands for democratic change in Russia. This date is associated with the first stage of the revolution. The demonstrators, led by priest G. Gapon, were met by troops, fire was fired at participants in the peaceful procession. Cavalry participated in the dispersal of the procession. As a result, about 1 thousand people were killed and about 2 thousand were injured. This day is called. The senseless and cruel reprisal strengthened the revolutionary mood in the country.

In April 1905, the 3rd congress of the left wing of the RSDLP was held in London. Questions were being solved about the nature of the revolution, armed insurrection, the Provisional Government, and attitude to the peasantry.

The right wing — the Mensheviks gathered at a separate conference — defined the revolution by its character and driving forces as bourgeois. The task was set to transfer power into the hands of the bourgeoisie and create a parliamentary republic.

The strike (the general strike of textile workers) in Ivano-Frankivsk, which began on May 12, 1905, lasted more than two months and gathered 70 thousand participants. Both economic and political demands were put forward; The Council of Authorized Deputies was created.

The requirements of the workers were partially satisfied. On October 6, 1905, a strike began in Moscow on the Kazan Railway, which became all-Russian on October 15. Demands of democratic freedoms, an eight-hour working day, were put forward.

On October 17, Nikolai the 2nd signed, which proclaimed political freedoms and promised the freedom of elections to the State Duma. Thus began the second stage of the revolution - the period of the highest rise.

In June, an uprising began on the battleship of the Black Sea flotilla “Prince Potemkin-Tauride”. It took place under the slogan “Down with the autocracy!”. However, this uprising was not supported by the crews of other squadron ships. "Potemkin" was forced to go into the waters of Romania and surrender there.

In July 1905, at the direction of Nicholas II, a legislative-advisory body, the State Duma, was established and an election regulation was developed. Workers, women, military personnel, students and youth did not receive the right to vote.

On November 11-16, there was an uprising of sailors in Sevastopol and on the cruiser Ochakov, led by Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt. The uprising was crushed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted or exiled to hard labor and settlements.

Under the influence of the Socialist Revolutionaries and liberals, in August 1905, the All-Russian Peasant Union was organized, advocating peaceful methods of struggle. However, by autumn, the union members announced their accession to the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. Peasants demanded the division of landowner land.

On December 7, 1905, the Moscow City Council called for a political strike, which grew into an uprising led by. The government deployed troops from St. Petersburg. The fighting went on barricades, the last centers of resistance were suppressed in the Krasnaya Presnya district on December 19. The organizers and participants in the uprising were arrested and convicted. The same fate befell rebellions in other regions of Russia.

The reasons for the recession of the revolution (the third stage) were the brutal suppression of the uprising in Moscow and the people's belief that the Duma was able to solve its problems.

In April 1906, the first elections to the Duma were held, as a result of which two parties entered into it: constitutional democrats and socialist revolutionaries, who advocated the transfer of land from landowners to peasants and the state. This Duma did not suit the king, and in July 1906 it ceased to exist.

In the summer of the same year, the uprising of the sailors in Sveaborg and Kronstadt was suppressed. On November 9, 1906, with the participation of the Prime Minister, a decree was created to abolish redemption payments for land.

In February 1907, the second Duma elections were held. Subsequently, its candidates, according to the tsar, turned out to be even more “revolutionary” than the previous ones, and he not only dissolved the Duma, but also created an electoral law that reduces the number of deputies from among workers and peasants, thereby making a coup that put an end to the revolution.

The reasons for the defeat of the revolution include the lack of unity of purpose between the actions of workers and peasants in organizational moments, the lack of a single political leader in the revolution, and the lack of army assistance to the people.

The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 it is defined as bourgeois-democratic, since the tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the abolition of landlord tenure, the abolition of the estate system, and the establishment of a democratic republic.

  The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 set the task of limiting the power of the autocracy, improving the position of the working class, and resolving the issue of land relations. The revolution was attended by the broad masses of the people in the center of Russia and on its outskirts: peasants, workers, intellectuals, representatives of national communities. The revolution did not achieve a global goal, but seriously shook the king’s power

The reasons for the first Russian revolution of 1905

  • The plight of workers: 12-14 hours a day, lack of housing, arbitrariness of employers, etc.
  • Unresolved agrarian issue: communal land tenure, decrease in average allotment per family due to increased birth rate, levies from the state
  • Lack of civil liberties
  • Defeat in
  • The desire for autonomy of national suburbs
  • Incitement of revolutionary parties
  • The incompetent domestic policy of the authorities

The beginning of the first Russian revolution is considered to be the shooting on January 9, 1905 by the troops of a demonstration of workers going to the tsar with a petition

In December 1904, the leadership of the St. Petersburg Putilov factory unfairly fired four workers, which led to a strike first of the entire factory, and then the workers of the whole of St. Petersburg. 625 enterprises stopped, 125,000 people did not go to work. The workers compiled a petition to Tsar Nicholas II, which, in addition to economic, contained political demands: civil liberties. universal suffrage, an 8-hour working day ... January 9, 1905 from all over Petersburg columns of workers rushed to the Winter Palace, but were stopped by troops. Killed about 200 people. 800 were injured.

The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. Briefly

  • 1904, January 3-5 - a congress of the Union of Liberation, a liberal organization of the intelligentsia, demanding constitutional freedoms, was held in St. Petersburg
  • 1904, November 6–9 - the Zemsky Congress was held in St. Petersburg: a gathering of representatives of all classes of Russia, who demanded from the tsar a constitution, freedoms and parliament
  • 1905, January 12-14 - unrest of workers in Riga and Warsaw demanding an investigation into the actions of the authorities on January 9
  • 1905, January - the beginning of mass protests of workers and peasants throughout Russia, Ukraine, Georgia
  • 1905, January 29 - Nicholas II created a commission to investigate the events of Bloody Sunday
  • February 4, 1905 - the Moscow governor-general, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, was killed by the Social Revolutionary Kalyaev

The beginning of mass terror against officials: from February 1905 to May 1906, eight were killed: eight governor-generals, governors and city governors, five vice-governors and advisers of provincial boards, twenty-one police officers, county governors and police officers, eight gendarme officers, four generals, seven officers

  • February 6, 1905 - the beginning of a bloody confrontation between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Baku, Kutaisi, Erivani and other settlements of Transcaucasia

The Russian Word newspaper on February 10 reported: “Baku, 9, II. - Government and private institutions are closed due to the Armenian-Tatar massacre. Murders and robberies are committed openly. The corpses are uncleaned. In the afternoon, the warring parties reconciled. Calmness restored ”

  • 1905, February 18 - the decree of the tsar on the possibility of involving people's representatives in the development of laws and the decree giving the right to petition
  • 1905, February 20 - in view of the failure of their actions, the commission investigating the events of January 9 was dissolved
  • 1905, February 25 - defeat of Russian troops near Mukden in the Russo-Japanese War
  • 1905, February - throughout Russia, the arson of noble estates by peasants, peasant riots demanding the redistribution of land at the expense of landlords, sporadic strikes on the railroads, attacks by the mob on students, gymnasium students. the intelligentsia

Reasons for peasant uprisings

-   The tsar’s policy of actively stimulating the export of bread (bread export at any cost even in poor conditions), which caused hunger in the villages of 1891-1892 and a general crisis in agriculture
-   Low motivation of peasants to increase labor productivity
-   Lack of private ownership of land (the peasant community could take the land from the peasant by the so-called land redistribution)
- Lack of clear laws on land inheritance, distribution of income from it
-   Unresolved tax issue (mutual responsibility)
-   Passport dependency on community decision
-   Low land

  • 1905, April 17 - the law of tolerance. Legislative restrictions on Old Believers and sectarians have been lifted. From now on, the Lamaists were forbidden to officially be called idolaters and pagans, and they were allowed to abandon Orthodoxy in other faiths.
  • 1905, April 18 - strike, riots in Lodz, Warsaw
  • 1905, April 22-26 - The first congress of the representative of the zemstvos in Moscow
  • 1905, May 12 - strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk
  • 1905, May 15 - the first council of workers' deputies was formed in Ivanovo
  • 1905, May 15 - Russian squadron destroyed in the Tsushima Strait
  • 1905, June 14 - rebellion of the battleship "Potemkin"
  • 1905, June - a new wave of unrest in the villages
  • 1905, August 6 - “The provision on the establishment of a deliberative duma”
  • 1905, August 23 - A peace treaty between Russia and Japan is signed in Portsmouth
  • 1905, August 27 - Universities granted wide autonomy
  • 1905, September 19 - strike of printing workers in Moscow
  • 1905, October 8 - the beginning of the general strike, which grew into a general political strike. In Russia, more than one and a half million people took part in the strike
  • 1905, October 13 - the St. Petersburg Union of Workers' Deputies was established, the requirement of an 8-hour working day
  • 1905, October 17 - Tsar’s manifesto on granting civil liberties to the people. His first paragraph read: “To grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil liberty on the basis of the actual inviolability of the individual, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions.”  Transition from autocracy to constitutional monarchy
  • 1905, October 18 - the killing of revolutionary Nikolai Bauman by monarchists
  • 1905, October 18 - the beginning of numerous Jewish pogroms, until October 29 there were 690
  • 1905, October 20 - Bauman’s funeral by a crowd of thousands
  • 1905, October 21 - amnesty of political prisoners
  • 1905, November 3 - the king’s manifesto on the reduction of redemption payments for land by peasants
  • 1905, November 8 - creation of the monarchist organization "Union of the Russian people"
  • 1905, November 11 - the uprising of the Black Sea Fleet sailors under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt
  • 1905, November 22 - formation of the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies
  • December 3, 1905 - arrest of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, general strike of St. Petersburg workers
  • 1905, December 7 - the beginning of the armed uprising in Moscow

On the evening of December 7, the first clashes of strikers with the army and police took place - in Leontievsky Lane, on Tverskaya, near the Stone Bridge, in the area of \u200b\u200bSolyanka and Strastnaya Square. The same evening, the first issue of Izvestia came out, stating that the Moscow Soviet had decided to “declare a general strike in Moscow in order to transfer it to an armed uprising” ... On December 18, the uprising was crushed. The number of deaths in battles and as a result of executions following the suppression of resistance was about 5 thousand

  • 1905, December - the beginning of the pacification of Poland, the Baltic states, the Caucasus, Siberia, Ukraine
  • 1906, March 4 - permission to organize political and trade unions
  • 1906, March 26 - beginning of elections to the First State Duma
  • 1906, April 27 - the first meeting of the First State Duma
  • 1906, May 5 - The Duma calls on the tsar to demand the introduction of a truly constitutional order: abolition of the death penalty, guarantees of civil liberties, etc.
  • 1906, July 8 - Stolypin became chairman of the government
  • 1906, July 9 - The First State Duma dissolved
  • 1906, August 19 - the establishment of military courts
  • 1906, November 9 - agrarian reform, a decree allowing peasants to leave the peasant community with land
  • 1906, November - the working day is reduced to 10 hours
      m1907, February 20 - opening of the first meeting of the second State Duma
  • 1907, June 3 - dissolution of the second State Duma and the Statute of the elections, contrary to the manifest on October 17

The electoral law was amended so that the circle of voters narrowed significantly, and voters with high property qualifications gained a significant advantage in elections to most parliamentary seats

The results of the first Russian 1905-1907

  • The proletariat felt its strength and capabilities
  • The autocracy for the first time was shaken and forced to make concessions to the people
  • Russia first tasted the fruits of democracy and parliamentarism
  • Political parties and trade unions formed
  • The situation of the peasantry and proletarians has improved
  • The people received some democratic freedoms

Russian revolution of 1905-1907 one of the late bourgeois revolutions. 250 years separated it from the English revolution of the 17th century, more than a century from the French Revolution, for more than half a century from the European revolutions of 1848-1849. The first Russian bourgeois revolution was different from its predecessors in European countries. This was due, first of all, to the fact that the level of economic development of Russia by the beginning of the 20th century, the severity of class contradictions, the degree of political maturity of the proletariat were much higher than in the West on the eve of the first bourgeois revolutions.

The immediate causes of the revolution were the economic crisis of 1900-1903. and Russian-Japanese war. 1905 began with a large strike of workers at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The reason for the revolution was the events of January 9, when the priest Gapon, connected simultaneously with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the secret police, organized a procession of workers to the Winter Palace to present the petition to the king. It stated the requirements to improve working conditions, introduce political freedoms, convene a Constituent Assembly, etc.

About 140 thousand people, including old people, women, children, festively dressed, came out on Sunday morning with icons and portraits of the king. With hope and faith in the sovereign, they moved to the Winter Palace. They were met by rifle volleys. As a result, about 1,200 people were killed and over 5,000 were injured. The senseless and cruel reprisal stirred up the country.

After January 9 (Bloody Sunday), protest strikes took place in many cities.  In St. Petersburg, workers began to build barricades. Strikes, demonstrations, clashes with troops swept across the country.

The alignment of political forces

The main issue in any revolution is the issue of power. In relation to him, various socio-political forces of Russia united in three camps. The first camp was made up of supporters of the autocracy: landowners, top officials of state bodies, the army, the police, and part of the big bourgeoisie. They advocated the creation of a legislative body under the emperor.

The second camp is liberal. It included representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, the petty urban bourgeoisie, employees, and part of the peasants. They proposed peaceful democratic methods of struggle and advocated a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage and legislative parliament.

In the third camp - revolutionary democratic - included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, etc. Their interests were expressed by the Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries and some other political forces. They advocated the demolition of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic.

Revolution on the rise

From January to March 1905, about 1 million people participated in strikes. In the spring and summer, revolutionary events escalated. During a two-month strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies was created in Russia, which became the organ of revolutionary power in the city.


On August 6, in the conditions of the development of the revolution, the tsar issued a manifesto on the establishment of a legislative body - the State Duma. According to the electoral law, the majority of the population (women, workers, military personnel, students, etc.) was deprived of voting rights. Therefore, supporters of the liberal and democratic camp were in favor of a boycott of this Duma.


In October 1905, about 2 million people participated in the All-Russian political strike (workers, office workers, doctors, students, etc.). The main slogans of the strike were the demands of an 8-hour working day, democratic freedoms, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly.

Manifesto October 17, 1905

Frightened by the further development of the revolution, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on the abolition of the unlimited monarchy in Russia. The emperor recognized the need to "give the population the unshakable foundations of civil liberty": the inviolability of the individual, freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly and unions, representative government - legislative State Duma. Significantly expanded the circle of voters.

With the upsurge of the revolution of 1905, the Manifesto was a concession to the autocracy, but it did not bring the desired reassurance.

The formation of new political parties

During the revolution, the "old" political parties (RSDLP and Socialist-Revolutionaries) were strengthened. At the same time, new parties arose. In October 1905, the first legal political party of Russia, the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadet Party), was created. At its head was the famous historian P. Milyukov. It included representatives of the middle commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Shortly after the Manifesto of Nicholas II, the Union of October 17, or the Octobrists, was created, a political party led by Moscow industrialist A. Guchkov. It included representatives of large landowners, the industrial-financial and commercial bourgeoisie. Both of these parties stood for the speedy end to the revolution, for political freedoms within the framework of the October 17 Manifesto and the creation of a constitutional-monarchical regime in Russia.

Performances in the army and navy

In the summer and autumn of 1905, mass demonstrations took place in the army and navy. In June, an uprising broke out on the battleship Potemkin. The sailors hoped that other ships of the Black Sea Fleet would join them. But their hopes were not realized.

"Potemkin" went to the shores of Romania and surrendered to local authorities.

In October - December, there were about 200 appearances of soldiers in various cities, including Kharkov, Kiev, Tashkent, and Warsaw. At the end of October, a riot of sailors broke out in Kronstadt, but was crushed. In November, the sailors of the cruiser Ochakov revolted in Sevastopol. The ship was shot from serfs and sunk.

December armed rebellion

It was the pinnacle of the events of 1905. About 6 thousand armed workers participated in it. In Moscow, up to 1000 barricades were erected. The tactics of the barricade struggle of working squads combined with the actions of small combat units. The government managed to transfer troops to St. Petersburg from Moscow, and the uprising began to weaken. The most stubbornly resisted Presnya - a working area near Prokhorovskaya manufactory. On December 19, the uprising in Moscow was crushed. Many of its members were shot. With the help of troops, the government was able to suppress the armed demonstrations of workers in other work centers in Russia (Sormovo, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov, Chita).

National liberation movement

Revolution of 1905-1907 caused the rise of the national movement. Demonstrations and rallies demanding equality of nations, providing national regions with "internal self-government" were held in Poland and Finland. They were supplemented by demands for the right to receive education in their native language and the right to develop national culture, voiced in the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine and the Caucasus.

During the revolution, tsarism was forced to allow newspapers and magazines to be printed in the languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of Russia, as well as to teach in schools in their native language. National parties of a socialist orientation emerged and were active - the Polish Party of Socialists, the Belarusian Socialist Community, the Jewish Bund, the Ukrainian Spilka, the socialists of Georgia, etc.

In general, the national movement on the outskirts merged with the revolutionary struggle against tsarism.

I and II State Duma

In April 1906, the State Duma solemnly opened in the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg.This was the first legislative assembly of people's representatives in the history of Russia. Among the deputies, representatives of the bourgeoisie and the peasantry prevailed. The Duma put forward a project to create a nationwide land fund, including through part of the landlords' lands. This did not like Nicholas II. At his direction, without having worked even for three months, the First State Duma was dissolved.

The Second State Duma began its work in late February 1907.Deputies to it were elected by the old election law. She was even more naughty. Then, dozens of deputies were arrested on trumped-up charges by the secret police for an anti-state conspiracy. June 3, the II State Duma was dispersed. The government introduced a new electoral law. Since it was adopted without the approval of the Duma, this event went down in history as the “June 3 coup d'etat," which signified the end of the revolution.

The results of the revolution

The revolution not only significantly changed the life of the country, but also influenced the change in the political system of Russia. A parliament was introduced in the country, consisting of two chambers: the upper - the State Council and the lower - the State Duma. But the constitutional monarchy of the Western type was not created.

Tsarism was forced to come to terms with the existence of various political parties and the “Russian parliament” - the State Duma. The bourgeoisie was involved in economic policy.

During the revolution, the masses gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. Workers gained the right to create trade unions and savings banks, to participate in strikes. The working day was streamlined and shortened.

Peasants were equated with other classes in civil rights; since 1907, redemption payments for land received by them in reform in 1861 were canceled. However, the agrarian question was not resolved in the main thing: the peasants still suffered from low land.

IT'S INTERESTING TO KNOW

On the eve of Bloody Sunday, the capital's garrison was strengthened by troops called up from Pskov and Revel (Tallinn). An additional 30 thousand soldiers were brought into Petersburg. The commanders convinced the soldiers that on January 9 the workers wanted to destroy the Winter Palace and kill the king. When the workers from the outskirts moved to the Winter Palace, the police and soldiers blocked their way.

At the Narva Gate, on the Petersburg side and Palace Square, troops fired shots at the columns of workers with volleys. Following this, the workers were attacked by cavalry, which chopped them with sabers and trampled horses.

The government report, which was published on January 12, indicated that 96 were killed and 333 injured during the events of January 9.

References:
V.S. Koshelev, I.V. Orzhekhovsky, V.I.Sinitsa / World History of the New Time XIX - early XX century., 1998.

The revolution of 1905-1907

The character of the first Russian revolution is bourgeois-democratic. According to the composition of the participants, it was nationwide.

The goals of the revolution:

    The overthrow of the autocracy

    Establishment of a Democratic Republic

    The introduction of democratic freedoms

    Liquidation of landowner tenure and land allotment to peasants

    Reduced working hours to 8 hours

    Recognition of workers' rights to strikes and the creation of trade unions

Stages of the Revolution of 1905-1907

    The contradiction between the needs of the socio-economic development of the country and the remnants of serfdom

    The contradiction between modern industry and semi-serf agricultural

    The contradiction between the economic opportunities of the bourgeoisie and its political role in society

    Socio-political crisis in the country

    Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

    the reasons for the revolution: 1. The economic crisis. 2. Low authority of Nicholas2 and his entourage. 3. Work issue (low salary, big working day, union ban, etc.). 4. The peasant question (the agrarian question is the best land from the landowners, redemption payments). 5. Political issue (lawlessness, a ban on the creation of political parties or organizations, even supporting the king). 6. The national question (35% of Russians, poor attitude towards Jews). 7. Defeat in the Russian - Japanese war (self-confidence, inept command, war at sea). The war was due to the imperialist aspirations of Russia and Japan for spheres of influence. The first defeat of the Russian fleet. Events: 1. January 9 - October 1905 - the growth of the revolution: - "Bloody Sunday." Workers went to the Winter Palace, carried a petition, and horse-drawn troops were already pulled to the palace, workers were shot. 1200 killed, 5000 injured. - the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" (the uprising of the army is the worst indicator). If the army goes over to the side of the people, then power will be overthrown. The officers were brutally killed, the sailors joined the people, the conclusion is that something needs to be changed. 2. October 1905 - the summer of 1906 - the peak of revolution. All-Russian October political strike. December armed uprising in Moscow. October 17, 1905– Nicholas 2 signed a manifesto - the creation of a parliament. 1906 - elections to the state. Duma, not universal (women did not vote), multi-stage, unjust. 3. Autumn 1906 - June 3, 1907 - the silence of the revolution. The work of the first and second state. Thoughts The meaning of the revolution: 1) the main result of the revolution was the appearance of a legislative representative body of power - the parliament; 2) the economic requirements of the workers were satisfied; 3) redemption payments for the reform of 1861 were canceled; 4) freedom of the press, assembly; 5) the formation of a multi-party system in Russia ("Union October 17", cadets, progressives, Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, RSDLP); 6) the government began to develop agrarian reform (Stolypin reforms).

I stage January-September 1905

Reaction of the supreme power; Promises and half measures:

August 6, 1905 Decree of Nicholas II on the establishment of the State Duma, legislative body under the tsar ("Bulygin Duma" on behalf of the Minister of the Interior)

January 9, 1905-shooting of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg (140 thousand crowd led by the priest Gapon. Gapon offered to go with the petition to the Winter Palace; 1,200 were killed,\u003e 2,000 wounded)

May-June 1905 the strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk and the emergence of the first Soviets of workers ’commissioners — the creation of labor militia, fighting squads (the summer — the emergence of the All-Russian Peasant Union — was under the influence of the Socialist Revolutionaries)

June 1905- uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"

May-June 1905 Congresses of Zemstvo Representatives and the All-Russian Peasant Congress - a demand for constitutional reforms

II stage of the revolution October-December 1905 (the highest rise of the revolution) - the center of events moves to Moscow

Formation of political parties: Cadets, Octobrists; Black Hundred organizations

Revolutionary events:

    The all-Russian political strike (September-October 1905) covered 2 mil. People A purely working struggle — the strike — was taken up by other sections of the population.

    Formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities (November-December 1905)

    December 1905 - armed uprising in Moscow (at the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the Moscow Council announced the beginning of a new political strike)

    Uprising in the Navy, about 90 appearances (the largest in Sevastopol on the cruiser "Ochakov" under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt) - October - November 1905

Actions of the supreme power on October 17, 1905 - the tsarist manifesto “On the improvement of public order” under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte; the publication of a new law on elections to the 1 State Duma (December 11, 1905); suppression of insurrection by troops (December 15-18, 1905)

Stage III The decline of the revolution January 1906 - June 1907

Revolutionary performances:

    Mass peasant unrest - June 1906

    The uprising of the soldiers and sailors of the Baltic Fleet (Sveaborg, Kronstadt, Revel - July 1906)

    Attempt on P.A. Stolypin (08/12/1906)

Parliamentary struggle:

    Elections to the 1 State Duma (March 26 and April 20, 1906) were convened by law of the State Duma for 5 years, had the right to discuss bills, the budget, and make inquiries to ministers appointed by the king; out of control of the Duma - military affairs and foreign policy; meetings are irregular (the duration of the Duma sessions and breaks between them was determined by the tsar)

    Beginning of work of the 1st State Duma (04/27/1906) Chairman Muromtsev (cadet)

    Duma address to the emperor demanding the introduction of constitutional rule (05/05/1906)

    Vyborg Uprising of 128 deputies in protest against the dissolution of 1 State Duma (07/10/1906)

    Activity 2 State. Duma (02.20.1907) chairman Golovin (cadet)

    The dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and the enactment of the new election law (06/03/1907) - the Third Monarchy - a coup d'etat6 the tsar did not have the right to dissolve the Duma on his own, but did so

The actions of the supreme authority:

    Transformation of the Council of State into the Supreme Chamber of Parliament (02.26.1906)

    Edition of the “Basic Laws of the Russian Federation” defining the powers of the State Council and the State Duma (04.23.1906)

    Publication of the “Provisional Rules” authorizing the creation of trade unions (03/04/1906)

    Creation of military field courts (08.19.1906)

    The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform. Publication of a royal decree granting the peasant the right to leave the community with his allotment of land (11/11/1906)

The results of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907

The beginning of the Movement of Russia to the constitutional monarchy and the rule of law

Creation of a State Duma; The reform of the Council of State is the transformation of the Supreme Chamber of Parliament; approval of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire"

Proclamation of freedom of speech. Permission to create trade unions. Partial Political Amnesty

Stolypin reforms (the essence is to solve the agrarian issue without affecting the land of the landowners, decree 1905- on the abolition of redemption payments, October 1906 - the capitation and mutual responsibility were abolished, the power of the zemstvo chiefs and district authorities was limited, the rights of peasants in zemstvo elections were increased, freedom of movement was expanded ; November 9, 1906 - the peasants were given the right to free exit from the community; individual plots of land could be reduced to cuts. Resettlement of peasants in the free lands of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A peasant bank has been set up, selling part of the specific and state lands to the peasants, buying up landowner holdings for resale to the peasants, and issuing loans for the purchase of cr. lands. Bottom line: the reform lasted approx. 7 years. 35% (3.4 mil.) Expressed a desire to leave the community, 26% (2.5 mil.) Came out, moved to the Urals for approx. 3.3 mil.) Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants

The first revolution of 1905-1907 took place in connection with a number of factors that manifested themselves in various areas of Russian society of that time. it didn’t take shape instantly, but was gradually pumped up due to unresolved problems accumulated from the middle of the 19th century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalism moved to the highest stage of its development - imperialism, which was accompanied by an exacerbation of all the contradictions in society both domestically and internationally.

The working day lasted fourteen hours!

The reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907 lie in the fact that in the country, in different segments of the population, a large number of people have appeared who are dissatisfied with their life. It is worth noting the disenfranchised position in the first place of the working class, which became the driving force in 1917. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of representatives of the proletariat in Russia reached fourteen million people (of which ten-year staff workers). And these fourteen million industrialists were forced to work 14 hours a day (with a working day officially established since 1897 at 11 and a half hours).

Link without investigation and trial

The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) became possible also because at the same time the working class was significantly limited in rights to protect its own interests. In the Russian Empire, secret regulations existed at the level of the Ministry of the Interior, which allowed the representatives of the proletariat to be exiled without investigation and trial for participating in protests. For the same actions, you could go to jail for a period of 60 to 240 days.

They worked for pennies

Russian revolution of 1905-1907 It became possible due to the brutal exploitation of the working class by the owners of production facilities. For example, in the processing of minerals from each ruble, workers received less than a third (32 kopecks), and in the processing of metals and the food industry even less - 22 and 4 kopecks, respectively. In those days they spent even less on the “social network” - 0.6% of the expenses of entrepreneurs. In part, this may have been due to the fact that the country's industry more than half belonged to foreign investors. As the analysis of securities of that time (shares of railways, enterprises, banks) showed, many of them had distribution addresses in the USA and Europe, as well as inscriptions not only in Russian, but also in English, German and French. The revolution of 1905-1907, the goals of which, at first glance, do not reveal obvious foreign influence, is based on the fact that there were not enough industrialists and representatives of the ruling elite who would be interested in increasing the well-being of the Russian people.

The “popularity” of Russian investments was then partly due to the fact that during the monetary reforms of 1897, the ruble of the Russian Empire was tied to gold. A stream of foreign money went into the country, which had the “reverse side of the coin” had a cash withdrawal in the form of interest also in gold. So, in the years 1887-1913, almost 1800 million rubles in gold were invested in the Russian Empire from Western countries, and about 2300 million gold rubles were also withdrawn as income.

Bread was consumed almost three times less than overseas

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) was based on the fact that the standard of living of the population was significantly lower than in European countries. For example, subjects of the Russian Empire at that time consumed bread at about 3.45 centners per year per capita, in the USA this figure was close to a ton, in Denmark - about 900 centners, in France - more than half a ton, in Germany - 4.32 centners . Moreover, it was in our country that large grain harvests were collected, a significant part of which was exported, which created the prerequisites for the receipt of funds in the treasury, on the one hand, and the "malnutrition" of the people on the other.

Life in the countryside before the Russian Revolution began (1905-1907) was also difficult. At that time, peasants had to pay significant taxes and excise taxes, the area of \u200b\u200bpeasant allotments tended to decrease, many worked on leased plots, giving half of the crop or most of the income received. The landlords, on the contrary, enlarged their possessions (up to 300 peasant households per square footage per landowner) and over-exploited the farmers dependent on them. Unlike the workers, the peasantry, which accounted for up to 70% of the population of the Russian Empire, took part to a lesser extent in the historical process called “Revolution 1905-1907,” the reasons for which the results of the farmers were not very encouraging. Moreover, on the eve of even a year, many farmers were monarchists and believed in a "good king-priest."

The king did not want change

The revolution in Russia (1905-1907) is largely related to the policies pursued by Nikolai the Second, who decided to choose the path of his father, and further strengthen the autocracy, instead of trying to liberalize Russian society, as his grandfather, Alexander II, wanted to do. The latter, however, was killed on the day when he wanted to announce the first semblance of the Russian constitution. During his accession to the throne at the age of 26, Nicholas II pointed out that democratic changes are meaningless ideas, so the tsar is not going to take into account such opinions that were already formed in a certain part of the educated society of that time, which did not add to the autocracy's popularity.

Unsuccessful military campaign of Nicholas II

The Russo-Japanese War, which took place in 1904-1905, did not add it either. Japan unleashed it, but many in the Russian Empire also longed for some kind of military campaign to strengthen the authority of the authorities. The first Russian revolution (1905-1907) began during the war (revolutionary actions took place for the first time in January 1905, while the war ended in August of that year), which were, in general, unsuccessful. Russia did not have fortresses fortified, army and navy supplies were poorly organized, soldiers and officers died senselessly, and the surrender of Port Arthur fortress, the events of Tsushima and Mukden influenced more than negatively the image of the autocrat and his entourage.

Periodization of the revolution

Historians know the following stages of the revolution of 1905-1907:

  • The first is in January-March 1905.
  • The second, lasting from April to August 1905.
  • The third, lasting from the fall of 1905 to March 1906.

At the first stage, the main events developed after Bloody Sunday, when about one hundred and forty thousand proletarians came with religious symbols and a petition about the needs of the working class to the Winter Palace, where some of them were shot by Cossacks and government troops. In addition to economic requirements, the petition also included proposals to establish a national representation in the form of a Constituent Assembly, introduce freedom of speech, religion, equality of all before the law, reduce the length of the working day, separate the church from the state, state education, etc.

The bourgeoisie supported the idea of \u200b\u200bconstituent assemblies

The working masses were led by priest Georgy Gapon, who headed the Assembly of Workers of St. Petersburg several years earlier, which was designed to weaken the influence of revolutionary ideas on the proletariat. He also made a petition. Nicholas II during the procession in the capital was not. At the first stage, about 810,000 people participated in the unrest, the workers were supported by students, zemstvos, and employees. The revolution of 1905-1907, the goals of which were different for different groups of the population, for the first time attracted the middle and big bourgeoisie, which supported the idea of \u200b\u200ba constituent assembly. The tsar, in response to indignation, wrote an order for the Minister of Internal Affairs, Bulygin A., demanding that he prepare a draft legislative body (Duma).

The development of the revolutionary process: the second stage

How did the revolution of 1905-1907 develop further? The second stage can be briefly described as follows: in April-August 1905, about 0.7 million people took part in the strikes, including a strike of textile workers from May 12 to July 26 (in Ivanovo-Voznesensk). In the same period, in every fifth county of the European part of the Russian Empire, peasant uprisings took place. Under pressure from these events, in August 1905, the authorities issued documents regarding the election of the Duma, but with a very small number of voters. Elections to this body were boycotted by all layers of protest movements, so the Duma was never created.

What results did the revolution of 1905-1907 bring at this stage? The goals that the peasantry pursued during all the revolutionary events of the early twentieth century were partially achieved in August 1905, when the farmers were able to gain access to the state lands. But only by purchasing them through the so-called Peasant Bank, which few could afford.

The third period brought civil liberties

The third stage, which was the revolution in Russia (1905-1907), was the longest. It began in September 1905 and ended in March 1906. Here the most significant event was the All-Russian political strike, which was attended by about two million people across the country. The demands were all the same - an eight-hour working day, the convening of democratic freedoms. The government structures intended to suppress the speech by force of arms (General Trepov’s order “not to spare spare bullets and not to shoot blanks to disperse the crowd”), but on October 17 of that same year, Nicholas II issued a decree that gave significant civil liberties. It included freedom of association, assembly, speech, and personal integrity. After the adoption of this decree, trade unions and councils of workers' deputies began to arise, unions of the "Russian people" and "October 17" were founded, and agricultural

The main events of the revolution (1905-1907) include two convocations of the State Duma. These were attempts to transform in Russia from autocratic to parliamentary monarchy. The First Duma worked from April 1906 to July of the same year and was abolished by the emperor, as it actively fought against the current government, was distinguished by the initiation of radical laws (the Socialist-Revolutionaries proposed the nationalization of natural wealth and the abolition of private land ownership, etc.).

Duma invented nothing

The events of the revolution (1905-1907) in terms of the work of legislative bodies were not particularly successful. So, the Second State Duma, which worked in 1907 from February to June, presented many proposals for resolving the agrarian question from different parties, considered the food issue, the provisions on the abolition of military field courts and military conscription, and opposed the “illegal actions” of the police, than great "angry" the current government. The Second Duma included about 500 deputies, among whom 38% had higher education, home education - 8 percent, secondary education - about 20%, lower - 32 percent. Illiterate in the Duma was one percent, which is not surprising, since almost 170 deputies were immigrants from the illiterate peasantry. But there were also 6 plant directors in the Duma, lawyers — about thirty, and even one poet.

Why did the revolution end in 1907?

Together with the dissolution, the revolution of 1905-1907 ended. Briefly, the activity of this body can be described as insufficiently productive, since the Duma again fought more with other authorities. In total, she passed 20 legislative acts, of which only three received the force of law, including two projects on helping people affected by crop failures.

The results of the first Russian revolution

What did the revolution of 1905-1907 bring to the inhabitants of the Russian Empire? The goals of the majority of the protesting classes of society during this historical event were not achieved, therefore it is believed that the revolutionary process was defeated. Certain results in the form of the establishment of a legislative body, representing a number of estates, the provision of certain civil liberties, of course, were. But the state system did not undergo any special changes, the land issue was not completely resolved, the working conditions of the working class remained difficult, so the prerequisites for the further development of revolutionary processes remained.

The results of the revolution included the formation of three main “camps” of political parties (governmental, liberal-bourgeois and democratic), which will still appear on the political arena of Russia in 1917.