December 7, 1988 day. Spitak earthquake and the question of Karabakh: how it was. Love and sex
International Civil Aviation Day
The day of civil aviation is considered December 7 - the day of the founding of the International Civil Aviation Association (ICAO). It began to be widely celebrated since 1994 - this year marks the half-century since the signing of the International Convention on Civil Aviation. However, at that time the holiday was considered unofficial, and only two years later, in 1996, the UN General Assembly, at the request of the ICAO leadership, assigned this day to the aviators and on paper corresponding to the resolution. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe holiday, in addition to honoring all representatives of the profession, is to draw public attention to the success of the industry, its achievements and safety.
USA, Anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, combined Japanese forces, consisting of aircraft carriers and submarines, attacked the American air and naval base at Pearl Harbor, located on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. The attack was completely unexpected for the Americans, since by that time they were not participating in the Second World War. The attack killed nearly 2,500 people. The event received a huge response - the American population, before which did not support the possibility of joining the war, demanded revenge for the dead. The then US President Franklin Roosevelt declared war on Japan, Congress supported the resolution, and hostilities on the Pacific front began officially.
Ukraine, Local Government Day
This professional holiday has been officially celebrated in Ukraine since 2000. Nevertheless, it is celebrated from the moment of signing the law "On Local Councils of People's Deputies of the Ukrainian SSR and Local Self-Government" of December 7, 1990. Since then, all employees of city councils, as well as rural, village, district and regional administrations celebrate this day as "their own." In 2000, then-President Leonid Kuchma decided to fix the date as an official holiday, motivating his decision with "the great importance of local self-government for the development of democracy, public relations and the strengthening of democracy."
December 7th in the folk calendar
Catherine Sannitsa, St. Katerina or Katerina the Lady
One of the favorite holidays of youth in the old days - on this day there were always noisy festivities, sleigh rides. Unmarried girls were especially waiting for Katerina - on this day it was possible to meet the groom, a lot of love signs were connected with him, and fortunetelling was always carried out in the evenings. The holiday for the girls began even before dawn - they went out on the road with millet porridge and called on their fate. If in response a rooster cry was heard, then this was considered a good sign of luck. In the evening, going to bed, put a loaf of bread under the pillow and mentally called the narrowed one. If in the morning a piece turned out to be broken in half, then a quick and happy marriage is just around the corner. Guys prepared special beloved girls for their beloved girls, richly decorated and painted with sleds - with ribbons, wreaths, flowers.
The weather was also observed on this day - the bright sun foreshadowed a frosty winter
Historical events December 7
Niagara Falls - an incredible miracle of nature, the most powerful waterfall in terms of water volume in North America. The first person to introduce the inhabitants of Europe, albeit on paper, was the French Catholic priest Louis Anpen. At that time, Enpen traveled around the New World in the company of a compatriot, a famous researcher La Salle, and it was his notes that were the first known document describing the beauty of Niagara Falls.
On this day in 1877 there was a world sound revolution - the American inventor Thomas Edison demonstrated a device for recording and reproducing sounds. The apparatus, made by him in collaboration with Charles Cro, was called a phonograph and used special cylinders for recording. The very first public demonstration of the device, during which Edison lost the children's song recorded on the cylinder “Mary had a lamb”, was a stunning success and brought the inventor instant glory.
Now we can’t imagine life without microwave ovens - they help to warm up or cook food so quickly and easily that no housewife will think of abandoning them. However, few people know that the possibility of exposure to microwaves on food was discovered relatively recently - in 1945. The pioneer was the American engineer Percy Spencer, who worked at Raytheon with equipment for radars. During one of the experiments, he found that the chocolate in his pocket melted. Spencer developed the theme and on December 7, 1945 received a patent for the production of the world's first microwave oven.
On this day, the launch of the Apollo 17 American spacecraft was launched, which was the last spacecraft to land on the moon. Its crew consisted of three astronauts, who, 40 years after the launch, remain the last people to set foot on the lunar surface. In total, during the Apollo program, 6 landings were made to the moon, and so far these are the only cases of a person being on another planet. Initially, three more flights were planned, but they were canceled due to lack of budget, and the Apollo program in 1975 was closed forever.
The catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 points lasted only 30 seconds, but it entailed terrible destruction. The city of Spitak was completely wiped off the face of the earth, and about 300 settlements were affected, and this is almost half of the territory of Armenia. As a result of the crash, about 25,000 people died. The Spitak earthquake is considered one of the most destructive in the history of mankind. On December 7, Armenia annually celebrates it as a day of remembrance for the dead.
December 7th were born:
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598 - 1680), Italian sculptor and architect.
Bernini's works can be considered the standard of the Baroque style - they are emphasized theatrical, emotional, filled with incompatible, at first glance, details. The master was born in Naples, but at the age of 7 he moved to Rome. His first full-fledged sculpture, made at the age of sixteen, so impressed those around that the cardinal himself made Giovanni his personal sculptor. Bernini had a long and fruitful career ahead of him, and in the end his most ambitious creation was the dome of St. Peter's Church in Rome. The fact that Bernini’s legacy is not forgotten is evidenced by the fact that, before switching to the euro, his portrait adorned a banknote of 50,000 Italian liras.
Anna Maria Tussauds (1761 - 1850) - sculptor, founder of the famous wax museum.
Different sources disagree about when the nee Marie Grossholtz was born (according to some reports, this happened on December 1 or even 12). After the death of her father, Marie moved with her mother to Bern, where she worked for Dr. Philip Curtius. The doctor made models from wax, later switched to portraits - this had a huge impact on the future Madame Tussauds. Curtius transferred her skills to her, and young Marie, who had a remarkable talent, created in her time the figures of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire and even portraits of the royal family. In 1835, the first official exhibition of Madame Tussauds' figures was organized - in that same house on Baker Street, where the world-famous museum bearing her name still stands.
Tom waits (1949), American singer, composer, actor.
Winner of two Grammy awards and an Academy Award nominee, Tom Waits, perhaps owns one of the most recognizable voices in modern music. His special manner of singing, bordering on recitative, and theatrical performances with elements of vaudeville won many fans around the world. Waits has also successfully acted in films, in his filmography you can find such tapes as "Cotton Club", "Mysterious Train", "Coffee and Cigarettes", and "The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus." In 2011, the performer was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and is also one of the hundred greatest singers of all time according to the authoritative music magazine Rolling Stone.
Sergey Vladimirovich Mazaev (1959), Soviet and Russian actor and musician.
The singer, actor and producer, Sergei Mazaev was born on December 7, 1959 in Moscow. He graduated from the clarinet music school and the economics department of Moscow State University. In 1989, he became a soloist of the Moral Codex group, in which he is best known for his work. Quite actively acting in films, for example, Mazaev can be seen in such films as “The meeting place cannot be changed”, “Radio Day”, “Inhabited Island: The first film”. Now the performer is mainly focused on the production activities in his own recording and publishing company Mazay Communications.
Name day on December 7th:
Augusta, Alexander, Alexey, Gregory, Eugene, Evgraf, Catherine, Hermogenes, Ivan, Cornelius, Mark, Mastridia, Mercury, Mitrofan, Mikhail, Porfiry, Procopius, Simon, Filofeya, Filumen, Christopher
Latitude: 55.75, Longitude: 37.62 Time Zone: Europe / Moscow (UTC + 03: 00) Calculation of the moon phase on 12/01/1988 (12:00) To calculate the moon phase for your city, register or log in.
Moon characteristics on December 7, 1988
On the date 07.12.1988 in 12:00 The moon is in phase "Waning moon". it 28 lunar day in the lunar calendar. Moon in the zodiac sign. Scorpio ♏. Light percentage The moon is 4%. Sunrise The moon at 07:00 and sunset at 14:07.
Chronology of the lunar days
- 27 lunar day from 05:35 12/06/1988 to 07:00 12/07/1988
- 28 lunar day from 07:00 12/07/1988 until the next day
The influence of the moon December 7, 1988
Moon in the zodiac sign Scorpio (+)
Moon in sign Scorpio. The time has come to make the most responsible decisions. Improved mental activity, increased ability to concentrate on the essence of the problem and a high level of self-criticism make it possible to separate the truly important from the superficial and insignificant.
You can safely take on new beginnings, develop business plans for new projects and assume all sorts of obligations that turn out to be feasible.
28 lunar day (+)
December 7, 1988 at 12:00 - 28 lunar day. A favorable day for any “earthly” business: from acquiring a new car to repairing an apartment. Perhaps the appearance of some (not particularly important) problems associated with poor health. It is useful to listen to the advice of partners - this will benefit and help to avoid trouble.
Waning Crescent (+)
The moon is in phase Waning moon. The fourth lunar phase is the last phase of the lunar month. The period of the fourth quarter, which ends with a new moon. For this period, leisureliness, softness, a certain lethargy are characteristic. This time is rather passive.
Strength and energy are rapidly declining at this time. As a result of this, it is recommended to complete affairs in the fourth lunar phase, as well as to manage current ones. Fresh thoughts and ideas should be pushed to the beginning of the next lunar month. The best time to take stock.
In the fourth lunar phase, the total activity decreases. During this period, it is advisable to reduce physical and mental stress. It is recommended to avoid conflicts, both in business affairs and in personal relationships. Typically increasing the likelihood of quarrels and partings.
People in this period are extremely sensitive, impressionable, to a large extent prone to resentment. This condition is reflected in the business sector. Therefore, in the business sphere, it is desirable to suspend significant meetings until the next phase of the lunar month.
The influence of the day of the week (+)
Day of the week wednesday, this day is patronized by Mercury, the messenger of the gods. On Wednesday, luck awaits primarily people of mental labor. You can redo a bunch of things that you postponed for later. The environment is generally good for any kind of work. It is especially easy to make calculations, work with a computer with a lot of information.
The environment is favorable for concluding agreements, unions, for communication between people. She is good for creating backlogs - during this day you can do a lot in order to maximize the release of the second half of the week.
In the late 80s, I taught Russian literature at the Pushkin school in Yerevan, and on the morning of December 7, 1988, as usual, went to classes.
At 11:41 I taught a lesson about Pushkin’s lyrics in one of the eighth grades. Suddenly, a low and frightening hum was heard, the girls screeched, and the desks seemed to move oddly. I looked out the window and saw how two ten-story residential buildings swayed toward each other.
It seemed that they would fall like dominoes. But they straightened up.
It was a Spitak earthquake.
At that moment, we did not yet know that it would be one of the most destructive earthquakes in the history of Armenia and one of the most severe in the 20th century. According to official data (which in such cases in the USSR was not very trusted) 25 thousand people died.
We did not immediately learn about the magnitude of the earthquake. For several hours, the radio did not even report that there was an earthquake. We did not know where it was.
As usual, rumors circulated around Yerevan. It was said that the head of the Communist Party of the Republic, Suren Harutyunyan, flew by helicopter towards Leninakan and Spitak, that acquaintances in these cities did not answer the phone, that the nuclear station was turned off, fearing repeated shocks ...
Most rumors turned out to be true.
Program "Time"
Soviet authorities usually concealed information about natural disasters. During the years of the existence of the USSR, for example, we knew almost nothing about the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake. But then the element literally wiped the whole city off the face of the earth, and the number of deaths is estimated at 60-110 thousand people. It is also unknown how many people died in Tashkent in 1966.
Spitak earthquake on December 7, 1988
Normal living conditions of the population were violated in about 40% of the republic. In the disaster zone there were 965 thousand people living in Leninakan, Spitak, Kirovakan, Stepanavan and in 365 rural settlements. About 25 thousand people died under the rubble of buildings and structures, 550 thousand people were injured. Almost 17 thousand people were provided with medical care, of which about 12 thousand people were hospitalized. Great damage was done to the economic potential of the republic. 170 industrial enterprises ceased to function. The total amount of losses at enterprises of the Union-republican subordination alone amounted to about 1.9 billion rubles in the scale of prices in 1988. Agriculture suffered enormous damage. Of the 36 rural areas of the republic, 17 were affected, and 8 rural areas, which were in the zone of 8-point impact, suffered especially great damage. The social sphere has suffered. 61 thousand dwelling houses, more than 200 schools, about 120 kindergartens and nurseries, 160 health facilities, 28% of the objects of trade, public catering and services were damaged or destroyed. 514 thousand people were left homeless. ( According to EMERCOM of Russia)
We, the residents of Armenia, had no hope for adequate coverage of the Spitak earthquake by the allied media - for almost a year they had either hushed up the rallies and demonstrations in Armenia related to the Karabakh movement, or covered them with such bias that it caused only irritation.
But on the evening of December 7, the Vremya program was almost entirely devoted to the earthquake. They showed terrible destruction, crying people, confusion and chaos reigning in Leninakan and Spitak ... And they showed Mikhail Gorbachev, who decided to interrupt his official visit to the United States and urged the whole world to help the victims.
Immediately after the "Time" program, students began to call me, who wanted to somehow help the victims, to do something, in a word, to be useful.
I did not want to take them to the disaster area where they were torn. Of course, 14-15-year-olds can help adults clean up the rubble formed after the fall of buildings, but they could not bring much benefit. In addition, taking them there meant endangering their lives - and I couldn’t do that.
Meanwhile, victims began to be brought to Yerevan hospitals. And I decided that it would be better to form groups of high school students who went to hospitals to help nurses and nurses.
The injured were brought by helicopter. Among them were many people with severe leg fractures. I remember a woman telling how she went to the small balcony of the Khrushchev’s five-story building to hang up her underwear. When the earthquake hit, the balcony came off the fallen building. This woman was "lucky" - falling with the balcony from the fifth floor, she escaped with a lacerated wound to the leg - from heel to knee. She did not know anything about the daughter-in-law who remained at home.
Pictures in memory
I remember another woman - a red-haired beauty, who had almost no skin on her stomach, because during an earthquake she climbed out of the window of her apartment to escape and crawled along a rickety, ready to collapse wall.
Remembering those days, every time I come across the same problem: I can’t talk coherently about the first weeks after the earthquake.
They remained in my memory with pictures - the construction debris hills that were housing the other day, coffins stacked in stacks on a football field in Spitak, unidentified bodies that were brought to the foot of the Lenin monument in Leninakan, textbooks littered with stone fragments, foreign planes in airport, multi-colored lifeguard jackets ...
And I also remember tanks and armored personnel carriers on the streets of Yerevan - two weeks before the earthquake in the capital of Armenia, a state of emergency and curfew were declared.
The events of 1988 took place against the backdrop of the growing Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. Just a few days before the earthquake, residents of Azerbaijani villages in the north-west of Armenia left their homes and moved to Azerbaijan. Is it possible to say that they were lucky because, in this way, they escaped another tragedy - a devastating earthquake? I would not use the word "lucky" in this context.
Image caption An earthquake occurred when children were in schoolsThey did not leave of their own free will. Their departure can be called deportation, it is possible - an exchange of people between the conflicting republics, or it is possible mutual ethnic cleansing - at the same time, thousands of Armenians left Azerbaijan.
But in Armenia in 1988, the Karabakh conflict was felt not so much as a confrontation with Azerbaijan, but as a struggle with Moscow, a center that stubbornly does not want to listen to the demands of the Armenians and, having satisfied the request of the regional council of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, transfer Karabakh to Armenia.
And so when Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Leninakan three days after the earthquake to get acquainted with the situation, the lost residents of the city who were left home did not speak to him so much about how their city and the whole republic would be restored, but about Karabakh.
Gorbachev was not ready to talk about Karabakh. He could not restrain himself, became furious, talked about “black shirts”, “unshaven bearded men”, “adventurers” and “demagogues” ... And he failed his mission - in any case, in the eyes of the people of Armenia.
They reacted differently to the Prime Minister of the USSR Nikolai Ryzhkov, who headed the headquarters for eliminating the consequences of the earthquake.
Headquarters meetings were broadcast live. After listening to the report of the next minister or a leader of a smaller scale, cheerfully operating with interest, Ryzhkov suddenly asked: “what does this give ordinary people? What will the Leninakans and Spitak people get?”
The speaker was usually lost, not knowing what to answer. Ryzhkov’s remarks made him feel that he really worries about every family. Against this background, the leaders of Armenia looked like bureaucrats, taking care more of their reputation than of the real state of affairs.
Committee "Karabakh"
This, of course, was not so. But the confusion of the authorities was obvious. People did not trust the leaders of the Communist Party. Neither Moscow, nor local, Armenian. Although the communists had the entire state machine at their disposal, the residents of Yerevan preferred to turn to other leaders - informal.
Image caption The bodies of those killed in the earthquake were demolished at the Lenin monument in Leninakan.They were then 11 people who made up the Karabakh committee.
Within a few days, the house of the Writers' Union, where the headquarters for assistance to the victims, founded by the Karabakh committee, became a real center of power in the republic.
It didn’t last long. The Communist Party could not tolerate competition, and members of the Karabakh committee were soon arrested on charges of "organizing riots" and "inciting ethnic hatred."
The Communist Party itself remained in power for months. In the summer of 1990, the Armenian national movement came to power, which grew out of the Karabakh movement led by the Karabakh committee. A few more months passed, and the Soviet Union finally collapsed.
But for ordinary people - residents of Leninakan (now Gyumri), Spitak and Kirovakan (now Vanadzor), the collapse of the USSR was - and remains - a less significant event than the December 7, 1988 earthquake.
Perhaps they can be understood.
On December 7, 1988, a strong earthquake, one of the strongest in this country, occurred in Armenia, in the southwestern part of the former USSR. The earthquake had a magnitude of about 7 on the Richter scale. The impact of tremors manifested itself on the territory of the Republic of Armenia, which is located on the border of two tectonic plates - Anatolian, shifting to the south, and Eurasian, shifting to the north.
Dozens of cities and towns in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia fell into the earthquake zone. Armenia suffered the most. The city of Spitak was completely obliterated (population 16 thousand people), located in the immediate vicinity of the epicenter of the earthquake. The earthquake focus was located at a depth of 20 kilometers from the surface and six kilometers north-west of the city.
More than 80% of the housing stock was destroyed in Leninakan - the second largest city in Armenia with a population of about 250 thousand inhabitants. Half of the buildings were missing in Kirovakan. In total, 400 villages were affected, of which 58 were badly damaged. According to estimates, 25 thousand people died (from other sources - 50 thousand people), more than 17 thousand were injured, 514 (up to 530 according to other estimates) lost their homes. Along with Spitak and nearby villages, earthquakes damaged buildings in twenty-one cities and towns, 324 villages. The devastation worsened after a series of aftershocks followed, the strongest of which was 5.8R. About 2 million Armenian residents were left homeless and suffered from winter frosts.
The earthquake disabled about forty percent of the industrial potential of Armenia. Significant damage was caused to approximately nine million square meters of housing, of which 4.7 million square meters were simply destroyed or demolished as a result of the emergency condition. As a result of the earthquake, secondary schools with 210 thousand student places, kindergartens with 42 thousand places, 416 healthcare facilities, two theaters, 14 museums, 391 libraries, 42 cinemas, 349 clubs and houses of culture were destroyed or damaged. It was disabled 600 kilometers of roads, 10 kilometers of railways, completely or partially destroyed 230 industrial enterprises.
After the earthquake, in just one month, more than a hundred strong aftershocks were recorded in the Caucasus seismological service in the region of the epicenter. Four minutes after the main shock, a strong aftershock occurred, the vibrations from it superimposed on the seismic waves from the first and apparently intensified the damaging effect of the earthquake.
During the earthquake, a 37-kilometer rupture of the earth's surface occurred, with displacement amplitudes from 80 to 170 centimeters. It was formed on the site of a tectonic fault already existing here, once again confirming that strong earthquakes in this area occurred earlier. Strong earthquakes in Armenia occurred in 1679, 1827, 1840, 1926, 1931. However, despite all this, the territory of the Spitak earthquake at that time was not classified as potentially seismically dangerous.
The first plane of the USSR Ministry of Defense, together with military field surgeons and medicines, almost immediately as it became known about the earthquake flew from Vnukovo Airport from Moscow. In Yerevan, military doctors transferred to a helicopter and landed in Leninakan two hours later. They sat down late in the evening and in complete darkness. Not a single light below shone, and it seemed strange, where did the living city go, where are its houses, streets, squares, squares? But there was no electricity in the city, just as there was not a single whole house - instead of them there were mounds and red tufa, rubble, concrete, brick, glass and furniture leftovers. From all sides there were screams and groans. With rare flashlights, men climbed these mounds, shouting the names of their wives and children and looking for their lost relatives. Occasionally, in the darkness, the headlights of ambulances, which picked up the wounded, were visible.
The representative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Armenia, who arrived in Spitak in the very first hours of the tragedy,
He reported: “In three days, more than 1,700 people were recovered from under the ruins, and more than 2,000 people who were taken out of the ruins cannot be returned. There is no shortage of labor: volunteers are constantly arriving from all over the republic and country. But there is still not enough equipment, especially powerful cranes ... ”
A sad coincidence - in the minutes when the Spitak earthquake occurred in Ashgabat, which suffered from a devastating earthquake forty years earlier, an all-Union meeting of seismologists was held to coincide with the anniversary of the Ashgabat disaster when, according to the seismic station in Ashgabat, an earthquake in Armenia was reported. Right in the meeting room, the newly acquired seismograms were laid out. It became clear from them - this is a disaster and that the destruction is great, and now people are dying in Armenia under the rubble of buildings.
The reasons for the tragedy were predetermined in advance - not taking into account the high seismic hazard of the area where the cities of Spitak, Gyumri and Kirovakan are located. The houses here were built with the expectation of a much lower intensity of seismic impacts. And just as it has already happened almost everywhere - the extremely low quality of buildings built without an accurate assessment of the ground conditions for construction sites.
The real story is the calendar numbers 07.12.
- Astrological zodiac of people born 7/12/88 # # Sagittarius (from November 23 to December 22).
- 1988 Chinese calendar ›Yellow Earth Dragon.
- Element of the symbol of the zodiac Sagittarius, happy birthday 7.12.88g. \u003d ››› Fire.
- A suitable planet of people who were born on the day of this day of the week is Jupiter.
- According to the calendar, the month of December is 31 days.
- The longitude of the day December 7 is 7 hours 16 minutes (longitude of daylight hours is indicated - according to the average European latitude of Moscow, Minsk, Kiev.).
- Holy, Orthodox Easter was on April 10th.
- According to the calendar, the season is winter.
- According to the modern calendar ›››› Leap year.
- Suitable for horoscope colors for people born on the day. December 7, 1988 # ›Green Brown, Denim Blue and Saturated Reddish Orange.
- Trees matching the combination of the horoscope sign Sagittarius and the eastern calendar for 1988 ›› Rosewood, Hinin tree and Poplar.
- Stones are protective talismans for people who were born today - Actinolit, Sodumen.
- Especially the best numbers for people who were born on the day of December 7, 88 ~ Nine.
- Strongly better days of the week for people born daily December 7, 1988 Thursday.
- The true qualities of the soul, the horoscope sign of Sagittarius born in this number are ›flirty and mocking.
What kind of men were they born on the day of December 7th.
This strong, cheerful man born December 7, 1988, is endowed with the ability to remain frank and talkative even in the most awkward situations. He will not joke with treason. Although these people should be aware that good intentions are not always understood correctly. He easily finds a common language with people, from Sagittarius you won’t get a stab in the back. Full of hope to find the very, one and only woman.
Man by december 7, 1988 calendar birth, has no tendency to a long relationship. He has strange hobbies and quirks.
What kind of women were they born today, December 7, 1988, the eastern year according to the calendar of animals.
People feel the powerful energy coming from this woman on 07-12-1988. Her excessive activity can lead to the fact that she does not calculate her strength, but she quickly recovers. She will still act in accordance with her convictions, and will not show weakness, even if inside she cries and licks her wounds. Good-natured, has a gentle character and is always ready to laugh. He makes good money, but her money does not linger.
Female December 7, 1988 year of birthmay fall in love not because of, but contrary to. He studies religion, has a rich spiritual world. It works better in a team than in solitude. A woman born on December 7, 1988, can become the owner of a travel agency or become an advertising agent, sales representative. If I would be a completely different girl! And there is no guarantee that you would like it more. It is worth knowing her better, and these aspects of her nature will be revealed to you, because when her feelings are touched, she becomes very shy. In fact, the children will be more of a friend than a mother, so the father will have to take up most of the educational process.
Under the sign of the horoscope Sagittarius, famous people were born:
artist Toulouse-Lautrec, Horace, Friedrich Engels, scientist Enrico Fermi, writer Mark Twain, singer Frank Sinatra, Kurt Waldheim, writer Heinrich Heine, Nostradamus, Emperor Nero, scientist Gustave Eiffel, politician Willy Brandt, composer Ludwig van Beethoven, composer , politician Winston Churchill, Walt Disney, actor Kirk Douglas, Max Linder, John Milton, Hector Berlioz, Lope de Vega, Nikolai Karamzin, writer Stefan Zweig, politician Joseph Stalin, Franco, Alberto Moravia, Maria Stewart, politician Charles De Gaulle, Marshal Zhukov, Lunacharsky, Plekhano Kropotkin, Dale Carnegie, the composer Strauss, Garibaldi.
Calendar for the month of December 1988 with days of the week |
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| Mon | Tue | Wed | Th | Fri | Sat | Sun |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |