Enter quotes. Quote using APA style
The quotes are able to decorate the text, confirming or revealing the idea expressed by the author more widely, therefore, probably, they are willingly used in journalism and in scientific works. But sometimes introducing citations into the text can be difficult in terms of punctuation.
In this article we will try to recall the rules for formatting quotes with different ways of including them in the text. Recall which punctuation to use in this case, as well as ways to highlight some words in the quoted passage.
What is a quote: example
A quote is a verbatim reproduction of what has been said, while it is inextricably linked in meaning to the text where this passage is included.
Old age is, first of all, the experience accumulated during life. As the great Faina Ranevskaya once said: “Memories are the wealth of old age.”
The combination of several passages from different places of the work in one quote is not allowed. They should be made out as different quotes. A mandatory requirement is the presence of an indication of its source.
If the place you cite does not start from the beginning of the original sentence, then the ellipsis is placed in the quote. In place of all the missing words in the passage, this sign is also put.
“... A smart person knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise person never gets into it,” Ranevskaya emphasized. 
As indicated by the author or source of the quoted passage
We will not talk about how the bibliographic footnote is drawn up in this article, but we will discuss the ways in which the author or source of the cited is indicated. Good manners require you to do this every time you use someone else’s thought.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (David Dunning).
Please note that the dot after the quote is not put in this option, it is put only after the link! By the way, if the first word in brackets indicating the source is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).
If the design of citations in the text requires the author’s name or source to be put on a different line, they are already written without brackets and other punctuation marks. And after the quote itself, a period or any necessary sign is put.
Incompetent people have a tendency to unambiguous and categorical conclusions.
David dunning
The same rule applies to epigraphs. 
Related videos
Highlights inside quotes
If the passage cited as a quotation contains authorial selections, they are stored in the same form as in the original source. The design of citations does not require special emphasis that these marks belong to the author. In cases where the citing person wants to highlight something, he must make a corresponding footnote. To do this, indicate in brackets: “italics mine” or “emphasized by me” - and put the initials.
A. Startsev spoke of the writer O. Henry: “Endowed by nature with a rare gift to see the fun ..., he came across a tragic in life ... but in most cases, preferred to remain silent about this (italics mine - II). ”
“The literary tradition that united their names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - II) is significant. After all, Ostrovsky was initially perceived as a direct successor to Gogol’s business ... " 
The ways quotes are introduced into context
Quotations can be introduced into the sentence as a direct speech. In these cases, the punctuation marks in Russian are put in the same way as when highlighting direct speech.
I. Zakharov emphasizes: “Ranevskaya rendered cruel determinations to others, resembling court decisions. But she didn’t spare herself either. ”
In cases where the quote should be separated by the words of the author, it looks like this:
“His Majesty remains absolutely sure,” A.S. Pushkin A.Kh. Benckendorf - that you will use your excellent abilities to transmit to the posterity the glories of our Fatherland ... "
If the quote is an addendum, or if it is included in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, then no signs are placed except quotation marks, and the quote itself begins with a small letter, even if it was written in capital with a capital:
At one time, the philosopher J. Locke said that "there is nothing in the intellect, which would not be in the feeling." 
Punctuation marks at the end of the quote.
Separately, you need to consider the design of the quote on the letter in situations where it is necessary to determine the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after quotation marks.
- If the quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, a question or exclamation mark, then they are placed in front of quotation marks:
Katherine Hepburn exclaimed: “By obeying all the rules, you deprive yourself of many pleasures!”
- And in a situation when there are no signs in front of quotation marks, a period is put at the end of the sentence, but only after them:
Ranevskaya lamented: "85 years with diabetes - not sugar."
- If the quote is part of the subordinate clause, then the dot after the quotation marks should be put, even if they already have either an exclamation point, a question mark, or an ellipsis:
Marlene Dietrich rightly believed that "tenderness is a better proof of love than the most passionate oaths ...". 
Lowercase or uppercase letter at the beginning of the quote?
If the quote is placed after the colon, then you need to pay attention to what letter it began in the original source. If with a lowercase letter, then the quote is written with a small one, only an ellipsis is placed before the text:
Describing A.S. Pushkin, I.A. Goncharov emphasized: "... in the gestures that accompanied his speech was the restraint of a secular, well-mannered person."
If the cited passage begins with a capital letter, then the design of quotations occurs in the same way as in direct speech - with a capital letter after the colon.
V. Lakshin wrote about A.N. Ostrovsky: “A lot continues to sound in these plays with lively fun and pain, responding in our soul.”
Some more nuances of notation quotes
And how to designate a quote if you want to give only one word or phrase? In such cases, the quoted word is enclosed in quotation marks and is entered in the sentence with a small letter:
V. Lakshin emphasized that the faces in Ostrovsky's comedies are historically accurate and "ethnographically vivid."
In situations where the original source of the quote is not freely available (there is no translation into Russian or this is a rare edition), then when quoting, you should indicate: “cit. by". 
Is it possible to change something in the quoted passage
Making quotes requires not only compliance with the rules of punctuation, but also the correct attitude to the quoted text. On the part of the author of the article in which these passages are given, only a few deviations from their initial state are allowed:
- the use of modern spelling and punctuation, if the manner of writing and the arrangement of characters is not a sign of the individual style of the author;
- restoration of abbreviated words, but with the obligatory conclusion of the appended part in square brackets, for example, sv-in - sv [ost] in;
- the design of quotations also allows the passage of individual words in them, with the designation of the place of omission by ellipsis, if this does not distort the general meaning of the passage;
- when you turn on individual phrases or words, you can change their case so as not to violate the syntactic structure of the phrase in which they are included.
If the author needs to further express his attitude to the quoted passage or some of his words, he usually puts after them a question mark or exclamation point enclosed in parentheses. 
Not only punctuation marks in Russian should serve to transmit quotes
For a writer who writes a scientific or literary work, a quote is a convincing and economical device that allows the facts to be presented to the reader, generalized and, of course, confirmed by a reference to authoritative sources.
In unscientific texts, quotation is often a means of emotional impact. But we must not forget that the passage quoted must be conveyed accurately. After all, even in the definition of “quote”, it is emphasized that this is a verbatim passage of an excerpt from a text. And from this it follows that not only the text itself, but also the punctuation marks that the author has, as well as the marks that he has, should be reproduced without distortion.
And this can equally be attributed to both official documents and emotional extracts from fiction. Just remembering this, you can fully understand what a quote is. An example of respect for the cited material is, first of all, respect for the author who wrote the lines quoted by you.
8.1.1. Quote Source
It should be the quoted edition (work), and not the publication (work) of another author, where the quoted text is given as an excerpt (for the exclusion, see 8.1.2).
For several (many) editions of a cited work, it is recommended to choose a textologically authoritative publication (e.g., academician sobr. Soch.) If the purpose of the text is not to cite another publication (disassembled, criticized, etc.).
Papr., When quoting “Holstomer” by L.P. Tolstoy, it is better to choose the non-anniversary Full as a source. Sobr. Op. the writer, and the miniature edition of the novel later published (M .: Book, 1979), in which E. G. Babaev, who prepared it, made 21 justified clarifications in comparison with the text in the volume Poln. Sobr. op., correcting errors that have crept into his text, sometimes gross (“young man” instead of “boy”, “bad horses” instead of “quiet horses”, “long” instead of “home”, “shut up” instead of “laughed”).
8.1.2. Quote by quote
It is generally prohibited. It is permissible as an exception in cases where:
1) the source is unavailable or difficult to find;
2) the published archival document is cited, and reproduction of the text according to the archival source may unlawfully give the citation the nature of archival search;
3) the cited text became known by recording the words of the author in the memoirs of another person.
8.1.3. Basic conditions for semantic accuracy of citation
1. Quoting a logically finished fragment of the text, i.e. with completeness, which would guarantee the invariance of the meaning in the source and the citation (without arbitrary breakage of the quoted text, without pulling words and phrases from the context of the source, when both lead to a change in meaning or connotation of meaning source).
2. To reject, for the sake of saving space, quotations of words that are not needed for citation purposes only when this does not affect its meaning.
8.1.4. Methods for verifying semantic accuracy of citation
In order to prevent distortion of the thoughts of the cited author, it is desirable:
1. Checking the citation with the source, also read the text preceding it and (or) following it, and by meaning, compare the wide fragment of the text in which the citation is included with the citation itself. E.g.
Text with a quote:
The outstanding Soviet director G. A. Tovstonogov makes a very categorical statement: "As soon as the theater begins to listen to words, the modern theater ends."
A fragment of the source from which the quote was extracted:
Words in a modern theater should not be listened to, but entered into our consciousness through action. As soon as the theater begins to listen to words - the modern theater ends. We do not have the right in the theater to listen separately to words and to watch actions separately. We must hear and see at the same time.
It is clear that Tovstonogov’s thought is misrepresented, that the quote is only an incomplete part of the thought formulated by the director, and its essence becomes clear only in context. Having pulled out a phrase from him, the citing writer attributed to Tovstonogov something that was not in his text, although the literal accuracy of the quotation was observed.
For example, the author of the editing manual, to illustrate the words of V. A. Karpinsky that the Lenin editor “was limited to the minimum necessary amendments,” cited as an example part of the text from the article by V. A. Karpinsky “Peasant Congress” before and after Lenin’s amendments, where only a “not” particle is really inserted twice.
Meanwhile, the text quoted was followed by the text of Karpinsky, which Lenin crossed out, replacing it with his own, and which was three times larger than the quoted text with two supposedly minor corrections, which actually changed the meaning to the exact opposite. So Lenin’s revision in the article by Karpinsky does not illustrate the minimality of corrections, but quite the contrary, their large volume. An example was chosen by the citing unsuccessfully, and so that it was imperceptible, he cut off the citation. The editor could notice this only by comparing the quote with a wide fragment of the source, having read there not only the cited text, but also the text following it.
2. Compare the subject of thought in the source with the subject of thought, to which the author refers the citation, quoting it, so as to prevent discrepancies between them, at least discounting the citation. E.g.
Text with a quote:
Scientists believe that correctly orienting eye movement with such a long and intense reading, as proofreading, is far from an easy task. Fortunately, reading skills can be significantly improved even in adults, impeccably literate people. Goethe was not far from the truth when he jokingly complained in an interview with Eckerman: “These kind people have no idea how much time and labor it takes to learn how to read. I spent eighty years on it and yet I still can’t say that I have reached my goal. ”
Here, the author of the cited text, Goethe’s statement about the ability to read as the ability to comprehend the author’s intention was used as evidence that to improve techn. reading skills are never too late. The subject of thought in the source and the citing diverge, and, therefore, the quote is inappropriate.
3. Check about what time the quote says and whether it is legitimate to relate what was said in it to another time, as the citing person does.
4. Compare the meaning of the quote with the conclusions that the citing author draws from it to check whether these conclusions really follow from the quote. Pap .:
Text with a quote:
The information explosion, of which we are witnesses, foresightedly foresaw in 1844 the young Engels. “Science,” he wrote, “moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited from previous generations.” In accordance with this formula, the volume of printed scientific and technical information doubles every 10-15 years.
The conclusion drawn after it by the quoted author does not follow from Engels’s quoted phrase. Firstly, from the fact that the amount of information doubles, it does not at all follow that the mass of knowledge is increasing in the same proportion. Secondly, about the period for which the volume of scientific and technical. information doubles, Engels has no speech at all. From the phrase of Engels it follows only that science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge it has inherited, and nothing more. The mass of knowledge is increasing - science is advancing in proportion to this. The author’s conclusions do not follow from the citation, and, therefore, either the citation is inappropriate or the conclusions need to be clarified.
8.1.5. Conditions for literal citation
Quotation must be word for word, letter for letter, punctuation mark for punctuation mark to follow the source, with some exceptions - see below, 8.1.6-8.1.9.
8.1.6. Spelling and punctuation in quotes.
The text of the quote is usually given in accordance with the rules and standards of spelling and punctuation in force at the time of publication. E.g.
| In source: | In a quote: |
|---|---|
| western european | western European |
It is also permissible to correct obvious typos provided that the correction is specified in the note, but this is advisable only in cases where the citing person needs to comment on the error in the quote.
8.1.7. Quote abbreviations
Words arbitrarily abbreviated in the source are allowed, as well as words that are abbreviated in the quote, but not abbreviated in the main. the text, write expanded, enclosing the supplemented parts of words in straight or angle brackets and omitting the point as a reduction sign. E.g.
as]; because]; N. G. Chernyshevsky writes that he “... has adopted an opinion borrowed from the Fatherland notes” .. ”.
When quoting documents, strikethrough text is usually indicated by angle brackets, and brackets expanded by quoting abbreviated words are indicated by brackets.
When abbreviated words are easily understood by the reader, do not cause confusion when reading and do not violate the uniformity of abbreviations in the publication, it is not practical to deploy abbreviated words. It is undesirable to expand abbreviated words if the abbreviated spelling conveys a particular pronunciation to spelling of the name, first name and patronymic, etc.
8.1.8. Banknotes in quotes.
One or several words or even sentences can be omitted if the author’s thought is not distorted and if the reader is notified of the bill by ellipsis in place of omitted words and ellipsis in angle brackets in place of omitted sentences. See 8.5.
8.1.9. Quoting single words and phrases
With such a quotation, ellipsis is permissible not to put, because the reader is already clear that words are omitted before and after the quoted words. E.g.
Pechorin said that he "in vain struggle" already "exhausted the heat of his soul and the constancy of his will" ... (Eichenbaum B. M. About prose. M., 1969. S. 285).
However, the omission of a word within the quoted phrase is indicated by an ellipsis.
8.1.10. Change in the case of words in a citation against the source
Such a deviation from the original source is possible in cases where individual words and phrases are quoted. E.g.
8.1.11. Sign Supplement
In a poetic quote, typed as prose inside the DOS. text in a selection with it, a single or double slash or a single or double vertical ruler is introduced in the places where one poetic line ends and another begins to indicate poetic lines.
The punctuation mark before such a character and the uppercase letter at the beginning of the line after the character are saved. E.g.
... Thanks to his involvement in art, the act of poetic creativity ... ("With a dumb triumph on his face // I open the verge of verse ...").
8.1.12. Highlight in quote
When highlighted in a quote:
1. It is advisable to keep the source selection form. If on the tech. For reasons this is impossible, it is allowed to replace such a form with another one, similar in strength, with a reservation once in a note. E.g.
“... There is a true Belinsky in the art of criticizing Kramskoy,” wrote V.V. Stasov (in the source - bold).
2. Highlighting the words of those quoting must be marked or specified in a footnote. For example, a note from the first quote from one source:
* Everywhere in non-specified cases, italics in quotes are ours. - A. M.
3. Allocation of words belonging to the author of the citation is not required to be specified, except in cases where in quotations from one source there are only a few authors. secretions and many quotations. Then it’s better, more economical to tag the author. the selection, and the selection of the citing one should be specified in the note or apply different forms of selection, specifying only the form of selection of words by the citing. It is preferable, if possible, to have a different form of discharge by the author and the citation, indicating this in a note. E.g. Quote (italics are the author of the quote, bold is ours).
If the publication can be read and not sequentially, it is more expedient to place all the reservations on the selections not in the note, but at the end of the preface, or on the back of the tit. l., after the list of abbreviations, i.e., in a place that the reader probably will not miss.
8.1.13. Highlight quotes
It is desirable to single out multi-line and especially multi-paragraph quotes, because the reader often loses orientation and spends time figuring out whether the quote is already over or not.
Quotation form: a) retraction, if the quote does not exceed the page; b) retraction with a vertical ruler in it, if the quote entirely occupies the page; c) a font in a smaller size (for example, petit or borges with a case) in those cases as in paragraph "b"; d) typing in a font of another headset in the same cases as in paragraph "b".
8.2. Quotation marks
8.2.1. Quotation marks
Dialed in the same way as DOS. the text, the quotes inside it are enclosed in quotation marks to show the boundaries of each - the beginning and the end.
8.2.2. Quotations not quoted
These are quotes graphically delimited from the DOS. text:
1.
Highlighted in a font or non-font method (font of a different size, pattern, style; retraction; printed with other than the main text, paint) or if the context makes it clear to the reader that there is a quote in front of him. For example: Pushkin wrote to his wife: Something my children and
are my books?
2. Taken from poetic works while maintaining the division into poetic lines and typed into a narrower than the main. text, format or font reduced in comparison with the font pin size. E.g.
Recall the Pushkin lines:
The tale is a lie, but a hint in it!
Good fellows a lesson.
3. Epigraph quotes, if they are not accompanied by any non-quotation text.
8.2.3. Place quotes
Quotation marks delimiting a quote are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quote and the number of paragraphs in it.
8.2.4. Quotation mark
1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same pattern as those used in the main. text as main.
2. If inside the quote there are words (phrases, phrases), which in turn are enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotation marks closing and opening the quotation (the outer quotation marks are usually Christmas trees, the inner quotation marks are “”).
If by tech. For reasons it is not possible to set quotation marks of another pattern, quotation marks of one pattern nearby are not repeated. For example, it is wrong: “My gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. It’s better, however, to highlight quotes in some way by removing the outer quotation marks, for example, typing quotes with an indent and indent.
3. If quotation marks contain “third stage” quotes, that is, quotation marks inside quotation marks contain, in turn, quotation marks, quotation marks of the second pattern, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter.
M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love of music and develops the concept of the opera before him:“ Listen, do you like music? I love terribly ... If I composed an opera, then, you know, I would have taken the plot from Faust. I really love this topic. ""
8.3. Cited paragraphs
8.3.1. Intracitial paragraphs
Saved as in the source, except when the quotes include only a small part of the text of both paragraphs (eg, the last phrase of one and the initial phrase of the other).
8.3.2. Quotations beginning with indentation
1. Quotes from two or more paragraphs.
2. Quotes whose significance they want to emphasize.
3. Quotations starting with the main paragraph text.
8.4. Uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of the quote.
8.4.1. Uppercase Quotes
These are quotes:
1. Standing after a colon in the middle of the phrase, if in the source, they began with a capital letter (the text is quoted from the beginning of the sentence). E.g.
2. Beginning a phrase and going after the point ending the previous sentence text, even if the first words of the quoted sentence are omitted. E.g.
3. Beginning with a proper name, even if the initial words of the quoted sentence are omitted in the quote and it comes after the colon. E.g.
8.4.2. Quotations starting with a lowercase letter
These are quotes:
1. With the first words omitted, the initial sentences in the middle of the phras. text (both after the colon and without it), starting with a common noun. E.g.
2. Without omitted the first words of the initial sentence, but phrases included in the syntax text in its middle or end, not after the colon, with the first word not a proper name. E.g.
8.5. Ellipsis as a blank text mark in quote.
8.5.1. Replacing with dots for other punctuation marks
The ellipsis replaces such punctuation before the omitted text in the quote, such as a comma, colon, semicolon, dash. It is not permissible to replace one of the ellipsis with any of these signs or to combine the ellipsis with any of them. E.g.
8.5.2. Combination of ellipsis with other punctuation marks
An ellipsis can be combined with such punctuation marks as a period, a semicolon, an exclamation point and a question mark, an ellipsis, in the following cases:
1. The semicolon is put after the ellipsis, when the text contains a list of quotes, not in quotation marks, but in any font or non-font way, with words omitted at the end of each or with initial words omitted (the ellipsis and the semicolon of the author’s text are combined, in which quotes are included). E.g.
Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated, if the definition in meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: He leaves the back rooms already completely upset ...; I come to the evening tired, hungry.
Count Ilya Andreevich ... at the end of January with Natasha and Sonya came to Moscow ... Razmetnov came with Demka Ushakov.
2. A dot, an exclamation point or a question mark, an ellipsis are put in front of an ellipsis with a beat from it, when one sentence of the quote is given in full (it ends with one of the characters listed at the beginning of the paragraph), and the initial words of the next sentence of the quote are omitted. This allows the reader to get an accurate idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of the quoted text. E.g.
8.5.3. Ellipsis at the beginning and at the end of paragraphs of a multi-paragraph quotation
If words are omitted at the end of a paragraph of a multi-paragraph quotation, such a paragraph ends with an ellipsis, and if at the beginning of the next paragraph words are omitted (the first word), then it begins with an ellipsis. The structure of the text of the quotation does not change: it is divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source. E.g.
The first paragraph of the quote with the words omitted at the end ...
... The second paragraph of the quote with the initial word or initial words omitted.
8.5.4. Ellipsis in angle brackets
Such an ellipsis, replacing text from one or more sentences, omitted when quoting:
1. It is combined with a period if the previous sentence of the citation is given in full, and with an ellipsis if words are omitted at the end of the previous sentence of the quote or at the beginning of the subsequent sentence. E.g.
Full quote offer.<…> Full quote offer.
Sentence quotation with words omitted at the end (last word) ...<…> ... Quote sentence with omitted initial words (first word).
2. It is allocated in an independent paragraph if it replaces the paragraph between the paragraphs of the quoted text. E.g.
<…>
3. It is placed at the beginning and (or) end of the paragraph of the cited text, if sentences are omitted at the beginning and (or) end of this paragraph. E.g.
The first paragraph of the quoted text.
<...> The second paragraph of the quoted text with the initial and final sentences omitted.<...>
The third paragraph of the quoted text.
8.5.5. Merging and Separate Dot Spelling with Text
It follows the following rules:
1. The ellipsis at the beginning of a phrase is written together with the next word. E.g.
We left the hut. ... the weather cleared up ...
2. The ellipsis in the middle and the end of a phrase is written together with the previous word. E.g.
We went out ... Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up ...
In both cases (paragraphs 1 and 2), if the ellipsis is printed in a typewritten original with a space before or after the text, you should mark it with the proof mark “destroy the space”.
Quote.<…> Quote…<…> Quote.
8.6. Quotation notes
8.6.1. Meaning and remarks of the citing
For their design, see 29.3.6.
8.6.2. Notes on the allocation in the quote
Type Indications Italic mine; My discharge; Highlighted by me; Emphasized by me make out in the same way as semantic explanations and comments of the citing (see 29.3.6). E.g.
“... I was led by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself ...” (italics ours. - M. Sh.).
8.6.3. Decoding of pronouns, abbreviations
Such notes are usually enclosed in brackets and placed behind the word (phrase) to which they refer, without indicating the initials of the name and surname of the citing person, since the notes belong to the reader in meaning and in parentheses. E.g.
"... There is no doubt that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language ..."
8.6.4. Question or exclamation mark as a note.
It is put after the word or phrase quotation to which it refers, in parentheses without verbal marks in cases where the citation needs to raise doubts, ironically indicate an error, express delight from any place in the quote. The question mark is usually negative, the exclamation mark is positive. E.g.
“The study in the corner of the hall belongs to Repin (?),” We read there.
8.7. Punctuation in a phrase ending with a quote.
8.7.1. A colon after the words quoted before the quote
It is set if the citation’s words introduce the citation into the text, they warn the reader about it. E.g.
Not set:
1. If inside the quote or after it comes the words of the citing, introducing the quote into the text. In this case, the text before the quote is separated by a dot. E.g.
2. If the quote appears as an addition to the text before it or as part of the subordinate clause that begins before it. E.g.
S. I. Vavilov demanded "... by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books."
S. I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary "... by all means to save mankind from reading bad, unnecessary books."
8.7.2. The dot after quotation marks
It is put:
1. If the closing quotation marks do not have an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark; in this case, the point can be moved beyond the link, if the latter immediately follows the quote. E.g.
A. N. Sokolov writes: "Misunderstanding is the lack of association."
“... unification” (p. 140).
2. If the closing quotation marks are followed by an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, but the quote is not an independent sentence (acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included; usually such quotes are part of the subordinate clause). E.g.
Gogol wrote about Manilov that "in his opinion he was a prominent man ...".
8.7.3. Missing punctuation marks after quotation marks
The punctuation mark is not set:
1. If closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark, and a quote enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, these are all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoted person). E.g.
Pechorin wrote: "I do not remember the morning more blue and fresh!"
Pechorin admitted: "I sometimes despise myself ..."
Pechorin asks: “And why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers?”
The same, if an independent sentence ends with a quote, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. E.g.
Pechorin reflects: “... why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I alarmed their calm ... "
2. If there is a question or exclamation mark in front of quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence, and after the whole phrase with the quote, a question or exclamation mark should be placed. E.g.
Lermontov exclaims in the introduction that this is an “old and pathetic joke!”
8.8. Punctuation in the phrase with a quote in the middle
8.8.1. Colon before quote
It is put or not set according to the same rules as in the phrase ending with a quote (see 8.7.1).
8.8.2. Comma after quotation marks enclosing quotation
It is set if, according to the context, the subsequent text should be separated by a comma, in particular:
1) the quote is part of the participle turnover, which ends with it, or the subordinate clause ending with the quote; e.g.
So, the ninth-graders, having read the phrase: "The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India," asked themselves ... (the quotation ends with the sacramentary turnover);
2) the quote is followed by the second part of the complex sentence, and the quote with the previous text is the first part; e.g.
Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is particularly concerned about the book in which he is looking for answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed a gross logical error (text by quote is the second sentence as part of a complex sentence);
3) the quote is part of the main sentence, and after it comes the subordinate clause, etc .; e.g.
8.8.3. Dash after quotation marks
It is put:
1. If, according to the conditions of the context, it is not supposed to separate the subsequent text with a comma (in particular, the subject is preceded in the text, and the predicate is in the text or in front of the quote is one homogeneous term, and after it is joined by a union and the other). E.g.
2. If an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark is placed at the end of the quote. E.g.
When the literary worker signed the answer to the reader’s question: “Are vitamins stored in fruit juices?” - he, apparently, was not concerned ...
3. If a dash is necessary according to the context (in particular, the text before the quote is the subject, expressed in the indefinite form of the verb, and the text after the quote is the predicate, appended with the word means or also expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. For example:
To say: “sensual representation is reality existing outside of us” means to return to humism ...
8.8.4. The place of punctuation after a poetic quote
If the quote is reproduced in accordance with the poetic lines of the source, the punctuation mark relating to the entire text with the quote is placed at the end of the last poetic line, and not before the words of the citing. E.g.
There are two motive fields; the first is the motive of separation:
We parted; charm for a moment
For a brief moment, my life was to me ... -
expresses romantic maximalism.
8.9. Punctuation in a phrase with words quoted inside a quote.
8.9.1. At the point of quotation break - comma, semicolon, colon, dash
In this case, as well as in the absence of punctuation marks at the place of the gap, the words of the citing are separated from the text of the quote on both sides of the comma and dash (, -). E.g.
| In source: | In the publication with a quote: |
|---|---|
| I became incapable of noble outbursts ... | “I,” confesses Pechorin, “became incapable of noble outbursts ...” |
... My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it again. M. Lermontov. Hero of our time | "... My heart turns to stone," Pechorin concludes hopelessly, "and nothing will warm it again." |
Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life; one more push, and the person goes crazy. D. Harms | “Too one-sided and strong interest unnecessarily increases the tension of human life,” D. Harms muses, “another impetus, and a person goes crazy.” |
The goal of all human life is one: immortality. D. Harms | “The goal of all human life is one,” writes D. Harms in his diary, “immortality.” |
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. D. Harms | “True interest,” says D. Harms, “is the main thing in our life.” |
8.9.2. At the point of breaking quotes - point
In this case, a comma and a dash (, -) are put before the words of the citing person, and after these words, a dot and a dash (. -), starting the second part with a capital letter.
8.9.3. At the place of the quotation rupture, a question or exclamation mark
In this case, a quotation mark or an exclamation mark and a dash (? -;! -) are left before the words of the citing person, and a dot and a dash (. -) are put after the citing words, starting the second part of the quote with a capital letter, or a comma and a dash (, -) , starting the second part of the quote with a lowercase letter, if the source text after the question (exclamation point) begins with a lowercase letter. E.g.
8.9.4. At the place of the break quote - ellipsis
In this case, the quotation mark is preceded by an ellipsis and a dash (... -), and after the quotation by a comma and a dash (, -), if the source text after the ellipsis begins with a lowercase letter, a dot and a dash (. -), if the source text after the ellipsis begins with a capital letter. E.g.
8.9.5. In the words of the citing two verbs, one refers to the first part of the quote, the other to the second
In this case, after the first part of the quote, put a comma and a dash (, -), a dot and a dash (. -), an ellipsis and a dash (...-), an exclamation (question mark) and a dash (? -;! -) depending from the context, and after the words of the citing - a colon and a dash (: -). E.g.
“Sometimes I despise myself ... is that why I despise others as well? ..” Pechorin asks and admits: “I became incapable of noble outbursts” (see the source text above).
8.10. Punctuation in a phrase starting with a quote.
8.10.1. Comma and dash after quote
Set if the source text quotes ends with a period. E.g.
8.10.2. Dash after quote.
They put it if the source quotation text ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark. E.g.
Quotation marks
Quotes are in quotes. If quote drawn up as direct speech, that is, it is accompanied by the words of the author bringing it, then the corresponding punctuation rules apply:
Belinsky wrote: "Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society."
“Twelve million people are illegal! .. Horror! ..” Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to serfs in the then Russia.
“Therefore, in order to understand the history of art and literature of one or another country,” G.V. Plekhanov, “we need to study the history of those changes that have occurred in the situation of its inhabitants.”
The speaker cited Gorky's words: “Every individual is the result of social grouping” - and this ended his speech.
If after the poetic quotes the text continues, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line: Tatyana’s husband, so beautifully and so completely from head to toe described by the poet with these two verses:
... and all above
And raised his nose and shoulders
The general who entered with her
Tatyana's husband introduces her to Onegin as his relative and friend (comma and dash appear before words tatyana's husbandwhich are repeated in order to associate the second part of the author’s words with the first part).
If quote consists of several paragraphs then quotes placed only at the beginning and at the end of the whole text: In the article "From the History of Russian Literature" A.M. Gorky wrote: “What is the strength of literature?
Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater visibility, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.
Being more readable and convincing than its philosophy because of its liveliness, literature is also the most widespread, convenient, simple and victorious way of propagating class trends. ”
Often, for a more clear indication of the boundaries quotesespecially if there are quotes, is used as an additional special printing method of allocation quotes (set to a smaller format, set to a different font size, and so on).
If, by quote, the author emphasizes individual words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), this is specified in a note enclosed in brackets, indicating the author's initials, which are preceded by a dot and a dash: (emphasized by us. - A. B.), (italics ours. - A. B.), (our detente. - A. B.). Such a note is placed or immediately after the appropriate place in quote, or at the end of a sentence either quotes in general, or in the form of a footnote (in the latter case, the note is placed without parentheses).
If the author or editor is pasted into quote your text explaining the sentence or individual words of the quote, then this text is placed in direct or new brackets: S.N. Schukin wrote in his memoirs about A.P. Chekhov: “To become a true writer,” he taught<Чехов>, - you must devote yourself exclusively to this matter. Amateurism here, as elsewhere, will not let you go far. "
Ellipsis with quotes.
If quote is not completely given, the pass is indicated by an ellipsis, which is set:
before quote (after opening quotes), not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that quote not from the beginning of the sentence: L.N. Tolstoy wrote: "... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the form of art, which is achieved only with great talent and great work";
In the middle quoteswhen a piece of text is missing inside it: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, A.A. Fadeev recalled: “It is not by chance that our Russian classics ... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
after quotes (before closing quotes), when the quoted sentence is not given to the end: Speaking in defense of the culture of spoken language, Chekhov wrote: "In essence, for an intelligent person speaking badly should be considered as indecent as not being able to read and write ...".
After quotesending with an ellipsis, a period is given if the quote is not an independent sentence: M.V. Lomonosov wrote that "the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language appear quite from books written in past centuries ...".
Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotes.
If quote syntactically connected with the author’s text, forming a subordinate clause, the first word of the quote is written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter: Speaking about the poetry of Pushkin, N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that "in his poems, live Russian speech first spoke to us, the real Russian world first appeared to us."
The first word is written with a lowercase letter quotes and in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, it has an ellipsis in front of it: DI. Pisarev pointed out: "... the beauty of the language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness, that is, exclusively in those qualities that accelerate and facilitate the transition of thought from the head of the writer to the head of the reader."
If quote is preceded by the author’s words, the first word in it is written with a capital letter and in the case when it is not from the beginning of the sentence, that is, in the quoted text this word is written with a lower case letter: "... Flexible, rich and with all its imperfections, the language of every nation is beautiful, the intellectual life of which has reached a high level of development," wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky.
quotes immediately following it, it is enclosed in brackets, and the dot after the quote is dropped and put after the closing bracket: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian social thought is enormous” (Lunacharsky).
The title of the work is separated from the surname of the author by a dot and is not quotes, the point separates the output: "We must be able to use words that most accurately and subtly express thoughts that excite the artist" (Fadeev A. A. Literature and life. M., 1939. S. 155).
The first word indicates the source quotes is written in this case with a lowercase letter, if it is not a proper name: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Lightning flashed between the distance and the right horizon, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky was bordered by blackness. A terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; large black rags hung on its edge; exactly the same rags, crushing each other, were piled on the right and left horizon ”(from the story“ Steppe ”by A.P. Chekhov). (see translation agency)
If an indication of the author or source quotes It’s not directly behind it, but placed lower, then a dot is placed after the quote.
How not to love your native Moscow?
Baratynsky
Usually, when composing texts for the web, quoting is not paid enough attention. Trying to correct this annoying misunderstanding, we will touch upon two questions: typographic design of quotes (in that part, where mistakes are most often made during layout) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We will also not touch upon questions of verifying the semantic accuracy of citation, the correct use of notes, abbreviations and additions - all those interested are waiting for the “Handbook of the publisher and author” A. E. Milchin and L. K. Cheltsova.
We hope that this entry will be conveniently used as a reference to frequently encountered questions in the design of citations.
Typographic quote design.
Quotes
Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quote is highlighted in color, font size, another font, italics, or the quote is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, quotation marks are not put. Also, quotes-epigraphs are not highlighted with quotes, if they are not accompanied by non-quoting text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quote, regardless of the size of the quote and the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same pattern as those used in the main text as the main ones - in the overwhelming majority of cases, these are the quotation marks “herringbone”.
If inside the quote there are words (phrases, phrases), which are in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different pattern than the quotation marks closing and opening the quote (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “”, then the inner ones are paws ““, and vice versa ) For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “Pupstroytrest has taken an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the rating of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”
If quotation marks contain “third stage” quotes, that is, quotes inside quotation marks contain, in turn, quotation marks, quotation marks of the second pattern, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love of music and develops the concept of the opera before him:“ Listen, do you like music? I love terribly ... If I composed an opera, then, you know, I would take a plot from Faust. I really love this topic. "" But in general, it is better to try to rebuild the design of the quote so that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation marks after the quote at the end of the sentence
If the sentence ends with a quote, then the dot is always put after closing quotation marks. The point is not set in the following cases.- If closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark, and a quote enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, these are all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoted person). In this case, the punctuation mark is placed inside quotation marks. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova:
Pechorin wrote: "I do not remember the morning more blue and fresh!"
Pechorin admitted: "I sometimes despise myself ..."
Pechorin asks: “And why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers?” - The same, if an independent sentence ends with a quote, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. For example: Pechorin reflects: “... why was fate destined to throw me into the circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I alarmed their calm ... "
- If there is a question or exclamation mark in front of quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence, and after the whole phrase with the quote, a question or exclamation mark should be placed. For example: Lermontov exclaims in the introduction that this is an “old and pathetic joke!”
Quote with words quoted inside
Despite the fact that the quotation’s speech is inside the quotation, quotation marks are still placed only once - at the beginning and at the end of the quote. Put a closing quotation mark before the words of the citing and again opening after them not necessary.If there are no punctuation marks at the place where the quote breaks, or the gap occurs at the place of the semicolon, semicolon, colon or dash, then the words of the citation are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be an inextricable space before the dash! )
| In source | In the text with a quote |
| I became incapable of noble outbursts ... | “I,” confesses Pechorin, “became incapable of noble outbursts ...” |
| ... My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it again. | "... My heart turns to stone," Pechorin concludes hopelessly, "and nothing will warm it again." |
| Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life; another push, and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest unnecessarily increases the tension of human life,” D. Harms muses, “another impetus, and a person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of all human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Harms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | “True interest,” says D. Harms, “is the main thing in our life.” |
| In source | In the text with a quote |
| Sometimes I despise myself ... Is that why I despise others as well? .. I became incapable of noble outbursts; I'm afraid to seem ridiculous to myself. | “I sometimes despise myself ... is that why I despise others as well? .. - Pechorin admits. “I became incapable of noble outbursts ...” |
| ... I'm sorry love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it again. | “... I'm sorry love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone ...” |
| This is some kind of inborn fear, an inexplicable premonition ... After all, there are people who are unaccountably afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice ... | “This is some kind of inborn fear, an inexplicable premonition ...” Pechorin seeks explanation. “After all, there are people who are unaccountably afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice ...” |
Making quotes in code
Many people forget that the HTML 4.01 standard already provides elements for the design of quotes typed inside the text, and either do not use them at all, or (even worse) put quotes inside the tags … or … . It was also cited to observe the use of the blockquote element to create indentation, which is also unacceptable from the point of view of observing the semantics of layout.So, two elements are used to highlight citations: block blockquote and inline q. In addition, the inline cite element is used to describe the source from which the quote was taken. Note that cite is used solely and is necessary to indicate a link to the source, the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite \u003d "...", indicating the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title \u003d "...", the contents of which will pop up as a hint when hover over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers do not yet handle these HTML elements very well. So, the cite \u003d "..." attribute is not rendered at all by any browsers. In order to get around this flaw, there is a Paul Davis script that displays in a separate layer a tooltip with a link specified in the cite attribute.
The second global flaw related to the output of inline quotes is connected (surprise, surprise!) With the Internet Explorer browser family. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotation marks when using the q element. Quotation marks must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes - a different picture. Okay, let's say Opera does not comply with the last requirement, and the quotation marks for the attached quotes are the same. But IE until the seventh version inclusive does not render them at all!
In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties of quotes, before, after, and content, which, cattle, completely bury the hopes of solving the problem using semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem is solved in several ways:
- using the proprietary CSS-property behavior (Paul Davis's solution) that runs JavaScript, placing quotes in IE, while the pattern of the enclosed quotes alternates;
- with the help of conditional comments, by simple execution of JavaScript when loading the page (the decision of Jesom Lemon from “Juicy Studio”), while the pattern of the enclosed quotes is constant;
- or nullifying quotation marks in CSS using the quotes property and manually placing quotation marks in the text, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate the W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni’s decision on the A List Apart website).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use the script of Jes Lemon slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, when JavaScript is disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our quote design
So, in order to adequately make up the text with quotes, you need to download the script “quotes.js”, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify a quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, enclosed quotes have one design regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement on CSS without involving additional classes), but we again strongly recommend that you avoid deep nesting quotes at the stage of writing text.
// Add to CSS file
// External Christmas tree quotes
q (quotes: "\\ 00ab" "\\ 00bb";)
// Nested foot quotes
q q (quotes: "\\ 201e" "\\ 201c";)
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated for the case of alternating quotation marks with deep nesting by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even and pointing the class with your hands directly when making the quote.
Now we easily and semantically make up the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” said Vladimir Pupkins in an interview with “Russia Today”, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called“ jumping out the door leading inside. ”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, - stated in an interview with Russia Today Vladimir Pupkins, - due not only to the choice of vendors of toothpaste, but also to the fact that Mark Twain called
.jump out the door leading inside
The most relish is that the title \u003d "..." attributes for nested tags are worked out correctly by browsers.
Writing an example for the correct sharing of nested blockquote, q, and cite elements is left to the reader as homework. :)
Update: Correction from besisland - of course, to set the picture of quotes in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes: q property is sufficient (quotes: "\\ 00ab" "\\ 00bb" "\\ 201e" "\\ 201c";)
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GOST R7.0.5 2008
NATIONAL STANDARD RUSSIAN FEDERATION
System of standards for information,
librarianship and publishing
Date of introduction - 2009–01–01
Citation;
· Borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;
· The need to refer to another publication, where the question is more fully stated;
P. 6.1.Subscriptive Bibliographic Reference - drawn up as a note, taken out of the text of the document down the page.
How to make notes
According to GOST 7.32-2001, notes are placed immediately after the text, picture or in the table to which they relate. If there is only one note, then a dash is placed after the word “Note” and the text of the note follows. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order in Arabic numerals without a period.
Note - _____
Notes
1 ________________
2 ________________
3 ________________
Notes can be issued as footnotes. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed in superscript Arabic numerals with a bracket. It is allowed to execute footnotes with asterisks “*” instead of numbers. More than three stars per page are not allowed. A footnote is placed at the end of the page with indentation, separated from the text by a short horizontal line to the left.
Rules for registration of references to literary sources
• Depending on which method of constructing the bibliographic list is selected, you should use one of two ways to designate links in the text.
When using a numbered list of references, the link in the text is made out as the number of the source in the list, enclosed in square brackets:.
• When using an unordered list of references, a link in the text is made out in the form of the author’s last name and, separated by a comma, the publication year, in square brackets: [Weber, 1918]. If the referenced work has more than two authors, then the name of only the first author is indicated in square brackets, and instead of the names of the others, “ and etc."- in the case of a Russian-language source, and" etal."- in the case of a literary source in English: [Almond et al., 1995],
. In the case when the list contains works by different authors with the same surnames, a surname with initials is given: [Petrov V., 2000]. If several works of the same author were published in one year, then lowercase letters corresponding to the order of the works in the bibliographic list are added to the link: [Bolotova, 2007b].
It is necessary to refer to literary sources in various situations: direct citation, presentation of original thoughts without citation, citation not according to the original source, listing authors who worked on a similar problem, bringing a picture, diagram, table from another literary source (for examples of links for different situations, see . in Example 2.1).
Direct quoting
• For direct citation, the text contains a phrase or part of a phrase from some other source. The quote must be enclosed in quotation marks. After the quotation, the text in square brackets indicates:
surname of the author, year of publication of the cited work and, separated by commas, the number of the page on which the cited text is placed in this source.
In the case of a numbered list of references: source number in the list of references and, separated by a comma, the number of the page on which the quoted text is placed in this source.
General citation rules
• The text of the quote is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, while preserving the features of the author's spelling.
• Quoting should be complete, without arbitrary reduction of the cited fragment and without distortion of meaning. The omission of secondary words that do not affect the meaning is indicated by ellipsis.
• If, quoting, it is necessary to highlight some words in it, important for Your histext then after of such a selection, it is necessary to indicate the initial letters of your name and surname: (italics mine - I.F.), (emphasized by me - I.F.), etc.
• Do not abuse quotes. The optimal number of citations in the text is no more than two per page.
Each the quote must be accompanied by a reference to the source from where it was borrowed.
Statement of original thoughts without citation
In case of retelling someone’s ideas, thoughts, concepts, but without direct quoting, it is also necessary to refer to the source in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are stated. Retelling / presentation of ideas, thoughts, concepts is not enclosed in brackets. After retelling / exposition in square brackets it is indicated:
In the case of an unordered list of references:surname of the author, year of publication of the work in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are presented.
source number in the list of references.
Non-citation
In the case when the source is unavailable, and there is another source available, in which the necessary quotation is given, then this quote can be quoted in Tex, referring to the available source. The quote is drawn up as in the case of direct citations, but after the quote in the text in square brackets it is indicated:
In the case of an unordered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Cit. by:”(Cited by), then the name of the author, the year of publication of the work that cites the quote, and separated by a comma, the page number on which the quoted text is placed in this source.
In the case of a numbered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Cit. by:”(Cited by), then the number of the source in the list of references by which the quote is given, and separated by a comma, the number of the page on which the quoted text is placed in this source.
In the case of an unordered list of references:the names of the authors and the year of publication of their works in which their ideas are presented, separated by a semicolon.
In the case of a numbered list of references:the numbers of their works in the list of references, separated by semicolons.
Bringing from another source a picture, diagram, table
In the case when the text contains figures, diagrams, tables from other literary sources, it is necessary to indicate where they were taken from. In this case, after indicating the name of the figure, diagram, table in square brackets are indicated:
In the case of an unordered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Drive unit. by:”(Given by), then the surname of the author, the year of publication of the work from which the figure, diagram, table is taken and, separated by a comma, the page number on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.
In the case of a numbered list of references:at the beginning they cite the words: " Drive unit. by:”(Given by), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the figure, diagram, table is taken and, separated by a comma, the number of the page on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.
Numbered |
Unnumbered |
|
Direct quoting |
[Ryabinin, 2008, S. 175] |
|
Statement of original thoughts without citation |
[Weber, 1918] |
|
Non-citation |
[Cit. by: 14, p. 236] |
[Cit. by: Andreeva, 2008, S. 236] |
[Kadyrbaev, 1993; Krivushin, Ryabinin, 1998; Damier, 2000; Shcherbakov, 2001] |
||
Bringing from another literary source a picture, diagram, table |
[Drive: 14, p. 236] |
[Drive: By Andreeva, 2005, p. 236] |
At each mentioning the names of the authors of the discussed works, their initials must be indicated. In this case, an inextricable space must be made between the initials and the surname, so that the initials and surname are always located on the same line. When referring to a work that has not yet been published in Russian, at the first mention in the text of the name of its author after a Russian-language transcription, its original spelling is indicated in brackets. For example: J. Levine
.
2. This section is compiled in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Bibliographic reference. General requirements and compilation rules. [Entered into force on 01.01.2009].