Foreign vocabulary. English borrowing in Russian

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The meaning of foreign words in Russian

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing from year to year. But equivalent words also exist in Russian. The situation is aggravated by the media and policies pursued by Russian ministries and departments in this direction. More and more often from TV screens we hear newly introduced words from a predominantly Germanic group of languages, mainly English, such as “manager”, “campus”, “shopping”, “creativity”, “digger” and other similar words.

The Russian language is cluttered purposefully, and ordinary people forget that there are the same words in their native language. Therefore, the question “Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?” Comes to mind.

So where did the foreign words in Russian come from?

· From Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(Old Slavonic Church Slavism and Church Slavism)

Church Slavonic language for about ten centuries was the basis of religious and cultural communication of the Orthodox Slavs, but was very far from everyday life. The Church Slavonic language itself was close, but did not coincide, neither lexically nor grammatically with the national Slavic languages. However, its influence on the Russian language was great, and as Christianity became an everyday phenomenon, an integral part of Russian reality, the huge stratum of Church Slavism lost its conceptual foreignness (the names of the months are January, February, etc., heresy, idol, priest and others).

· From non-Slavic languages

Greekism. A significant trace was left by the Greeks, who came to the Old Russian language mainly through the Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium took an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavic) language begins.

Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages \u200b\u200bpenetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus was adjacent to such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Polovtsy, Berendey, Pechenegs and others.

Latinisms. By the 17th century, translations from Latin to Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words has begun in the Russian language. Many of these words continue to exist in our language today (the Bible, doctor, medicine, lily, rose, and others).

· Borrowings under Peter I. The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I.

The transformative activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of certain household items, new concepts in science and technology, in the maritime industry, in administration and in art had a huge impact on the language of that time.

It is known, however, that Peter himself reacted negatively to the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible” without abusing non-Russian words.

· Borrowings in the XVIII - XIX centuries

A great contribution to the study and streamlining of foreign borrowing was made by M.V. Lomonosov. He believed that the Russian language has lost stability and the language norm due to the "clogging" of a living spoken language by borrowing from a variety of languages.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, reached a high degree of development. The Old Book language culture was supplanted by the New European. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, deliberately uses Church Slavisms and Western European borrowings.

· Borrowings in the XX - XXI centuries

Linguist L. P. Krysin in his work “On the Russian Language of Our Days” analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the junction of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intensification of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers of foreign languages.

Now let's look at how these words are nevertheless formed, that is, how to form loan words in Russian spoken language.

The circle of new concepts and phenomena of Russian origin is limited. foreign borrowing vocabulary language

Therefore, borrowing an existing nomination with a borrowed concept and subject is considered more prestigious and effective. The following groups of foreign borrowings can be distinguished:

1. Direct borrowing. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and in the same meaning as in the original language.

These are words such as weekend - weekend; black - black; money is money.

2. Hybrids. These words are formed by joining the Russian suffix, prefix and ending to the foreign root. In this case, the meaning of a foreign word - source often changes somewhat, for example: ask (to ask - ask), buzz (busy - restless, fussy).

3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin used with the preservation of their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words such as menu, password, disk, virus, club, sarcophagus.

4. Half. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example: drive - drive (drive) "For a long time there was no such drive" - \u200b\u200bin the meaning of "fuse, energy."

5. Exotisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: chips, hot dog (hot-dog), cheeseburger (cheeseburger).

6. Foreign inclusions. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but stylistically differ from them and are fixed in a particular sphere of communication as an expressive means that gives speech a special expression. For example: o "kay (OK); wow (Wow!).

7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second-hand - a store selling used clothing; video salon - a room for watching movies.

8. Jargonisms. Words that appear as a result of distortion of any sounds, for example: crazy - crazy.

Thus, neologisms can be formed according to the models available in the language, borrowed from other languages, and will appear as a result of the development of new meanings for already known words.

I would like to understand with you the story of Mikhail Zoshchenko “Monkey language”.

Difficult this russian tongue, expensive citizens! Trouble which difficult.

the main cause in tom, what foreign words in dumb before hell. Well, to take french speech. Everything oK and understandably. Keskes mercy komsi -- everything, pay your attention, purely french natural clear the words.

BUT go on, sunshine now from russian phrase - trouble. All speech sprinkled words from foreign foggy value.

From of this difficult speech broken breath and flutter nerves.

I here on the other day i heard conversation. On meeting it was. Neighbors my talked.

Highly smart and intelligent conversation was but i, man without higher education understood theirs conversation from labor and clapped ears.

Began a business from nothing.

My neighbour, not old still man, from a beard bent down to his the neighbor left and politely asked:

-- BUT what, comrade this is meeting plenary will be ali as?

-- Plenary -- carelessly answered neighbour.

-- Ooh you, -- surprised first, -- such and such i and i look what is that? how as if it and plenary.

-- Yes already be are dead -- strictly answered second. -- Today strong plenary and quorum such stole up-- only hold on.

-- Yes well? -- asked neighbour. -- Is it really and quorum picked up?

-- By golly -- said second.

-- AND what same it, quorum this?

-- Yes nothing, -- answered neighbour, several confused. -- Stole up and everything here.

-- Tell me on mercy -- from chagrin shook head first neighbour. -- FROM why would this is it, but?

Second neighbour spread hands and strictly looked on interlocutor later added from soft smile:

-- Here you, comrade i suppose not approve of these plenary meetings ... BUT to me somehow they are nearer. Everything somehow you know whether comes out in them minimally by substance of the day ... Although i, straight i will say last thing time am related pretty permanently to by this meetings. So, you know whether industry of empty in unladen.

-- Not always this is, -- objected first. -- If a, of course, look from points view. Enter so to tell, on point of view and otteda from points view then yes, industry specifically.

-- Specifically actually, -- strictly corrected second.

-- Perhaps, -- agreed the interlocutor. -- it i also i admit. Specifically actually. Although as when...

-- Always, -- short snapped second. --Always, respected comrade Special, if a after speeches subsection brewed minimally. Discussions and scream then not you get it ...

On rostrum ascended man and waved by hand. Everything fell silent. Only neighbors my, several heated a dispute not right away shut up. First neighbour no way not could make peace from by what subsection brewed minimally. His it seemed what subsection brewed several otherwise.

On neighbors my blinked. Neighbors reaped shoulders and shut up. Later first neighbour again bent down to the second and quiet asked:

-- it who well there such come out?

-- It? Yes this is presidium come out. Highly acute man. AND speaker the first one. Forever keenly he speaks by substance of the day.

Speaker proster hand forward and started speech.

AND when it uttered arrogant the words from foreign foggy value neighbors my harshly nodding heads. Moreover second neighbour strictly glanced on the first wanting show what it everything same was is right in only what finished dispute.

Difficult, comrades talk in Russian!

And so, this short ironic tale of Michael sharply ridicules social flaws. Namely - idle talk, bureaucracy and ignorance. It concerns the problems of the story and the clogging of the Russian language with foreign words.

The characters of the story pour their speech "with foreign words, with a hazy meaning." The narrator, who is being narrated in the first person, listens to them, "flapping his ears." He is delighted and confident that the art of speaking in incomprehensible words is a sign of "smart, intelligent conversation." Such is the irony of the author - he shows the funny under the guise of serious.

Moreover, the "intellectuals" themselves are complete ignoramuses. They do not understand the words with which they say: “... such a quorum has crept up - just hold on. Yah? “- the neighbor asked with chagrin.“ Could a quorum also be picked up? ... Why would he, huh? ” Under the guise of a “smart” conversation, people carry such nonsense that they’re fit to tear their tummies: “the subsection will brew minimally ...”.

But no one is ready to admit their ignorance. Their contrasting speech, expertly conveyed by the author of the story, makes the reader sincerely laugh.

Who are these people? That's right, they are just monkeys. Mikhail Zoshchenko directly expressed his opinion about them in the title of the story - “monkey language”.

We examined the problems associated with the borrowing of words from foreign languages, which is especially significant in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about a powerful influx of borrowings that can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can self-clean, get rid of unnecessary. In general, foreign language terminology is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, whose role in the Russian language is very significant. I believe that in the schools of our city it is necessary to carry out work to educate schoolchildren in the culture of handling foreign words, a good linguistic taste. A good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of language means, both alien and your own.

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Original Russian words

Originally called Russian words that appeared in the Russian language since its inception. So an ancient person called objects and phenomena that he encountered and came into contact with. These include words that have remained in the language from ancestral languages, as well as those that have already formed in the actual Russian language.

Stone, earth, sky, mother, son, day, sun, etc.

Over time, the lexical stock increased. People moved, lived in isolation, and communicated with neighboring peoples. In this communication, they increased their vocabulary by borrowing some names and concepts from others. So in the vocabulary of the Russian language borrowed words begin to appear.

Traditionally Russian words are usually divided into 4 main groups, or stratum, which includes vocabulary of different time periods:

The oldest, having Indo-European roots and common to all languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European family (examples are household items, names of animals and phenomena: wolf, goat, cat, sheep; moon, water; sew oven).
Words from the common Slavic language common to all Slavic tribes (examples are the names of products, actions, animals and birds, etc.: door, table, spoon; live, walk, breathe, grow; horse, bear, swan, fish).
From about the 7th-10th centuries, an East Slavic group of words appeared, which is common for East Slavic (Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Russian) peoples (examples are words denoting signs of objects, actions, units of account, etc.: stupid, wise, white; one, two, three, seven, ten; wind, thunder, thunderstorm, rain).
Words of the Russian language, which were formed after the division into 3 branches of East Slavic peoples, from about the XIV century (examples are the names of dishes of folk cuisine, professions, etc.: flat cake, uproot, carter, rook, chicken)

All these words, despite the similarity today with the words of other peoples, are native Russian. And acquired words from other languages \u200b\u200bare considered borrowed.

It is important to note that if a word was formed from a foreign language word using a suffix or prefix, it is considered to be actually Russian; only the original, primary word will be borrowed.

For example:

the highway is a foreign word, and the highway is actually Russian, since it was formed according to the type of Russian words using the suffix method (also: station - station, balcony - balcony, etc.).

Borrowed words

Borrowed words in the Russian language can be modified in accordance with the rules and laws of the Russian language. So, for example, their morphology, meaning or pronunciation can change.

Parliament in Russian is a masculine word, and in German, from which it was borrowed - a middle one;

The painter is the name of the working specialty, the person involved in painting, and in German, from where he was borrowed - the painter.

Thus, in order to know the lexical meaning of a word, you need to know from which language it is borrowed.

There are many dictionaries that explain the meaning of loan words. Do not confuse them with dictionaries-translators, which indicate the translation of a foreign word.

The first dictionary of foreign words was written at the beginning of the XVIII century. It was handwritten and explained the meaning, as well as where the word came from in Russian.

Reasons for borrowing

All borrowed words appear in our language for various reasons, conditionally they can be called internal and external.

Domestic

The tendency to replace with one word the phrase ( governor - a teacher of children invited to the family; aphorism - a short saying);
consolidation of borrowed words that have a specific morphological structure, thus, borrowing is facilitated ( basketball, football handball etc.);
the influence of fashion and foreign trends. Fashion for words that, over time, take root and become part of the language ( bowling, charisma, accelerate etc.).

Borrowing of any concept or thing, and with it the word denoting it. With the development of technology, science, art, such words are becoming more and more (broker, voucher, display, etc.);
borrowing words that indicate a certain type of objects, and very often many of these words have Russian corresponding words, but borrowed ones are more accustomed to and are used (borrowed - assembly, constant - constant value, present - gift, etc.).

Signs of loan words

There are certain signs by which we can immediately “identify” a borrowed word:

initial letters A and E (aura, era);
the presence in the word of the letter F (torch, philosopher);
combination of vowels (nuance, voyage);
double consonants (accompaniment, appetite);
the immutability of the word (hummingbird, flamingo, etc.).

Summaries of lessons in grade 6

Note:

The theme is designed for 2 lessons; on the first we study in more detail native Russian words, on the second - borrowed. The lessons are compiled according to the textbook of L. M. Rybchenkova.

Lesson 1

The words are native Russian and borrowed.

familiarity with the classification of vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of origin;
development of vocabulary skills;

Lesson Type:

Combined.

Organizing time.

The teacher reads a fragment of a fairy tale in Ukrainian and asks students to translate it.

Conversation on:

- How did you guess what was at stake?

- What words sound similar in Russian and Ukrainian?

- What is the reason for this?

(We conclude that Russian and Ukrainian are related languages, which means that they came from the same language).

Heuristic conversation with an exit on the topic of the lesson:

- Where do the words in the language come from?

- Can we assume what groups all the words of the Russian language are divided into in terms of their origin and how many of these groups will be?

Searching for information in a textbook (§17), a story based on the diagram of exercise. 126 about native Russian and loanwords.

Lesson topic recording, goal setting, work planning.

- So, native Russian words arose in Russian or were inherited from ancestral languages. What kind of ancestral languages \u200b\u200bare we talking about? And which of these ancestors is the oldest?

Work in groups: to tell about the pedigree of the Russian language, using materials of exercise. 128 ("tree" of the Indo-European family of languages).

The class is combined into 2 groups, which are given cards with the inscriptions “Russian language”, “Belarusian language”, “Ukrainian language”, “Old Russian language”, “Pan-Slavic language”, “Indo-European language”, “Indo-European language”.

One group builds its pedigree story from the pre-Indo-European language, the second - from the Russian language to the ancestors. A creative approach is welcomed, groups not only tell, but also represent languages \u200b\u200b(by attaching cards, “hero-languages” line up in the course of the story in a chain-pedigree). In conclusion, all students write down the names of languages \u200b\u200b- the ancestors of the Russian language, arranging them "by age": from the oldest to the next.

(As a result, a record should appear: Pra-Indo-European, Indo-European, Pan-Slavic, Old Russian, Russian).

Vocabulary work (You can attract heroes who played the role of ancestral languages):

- What words in Russian are the most ancient? (Those that came from the pre-Indo-European language). Pupils read words from exercise. 129, conclude on which thematic groups these words belong.

- What words are Slavic in origin? Reading aloud words from ex. 130, recording the names of thematic groups and words (with spelling explanation).

Common Slavonic words make up about a quarter of all the words that we now use in everyday speech!

- Fill in the table. 131.

Conclusion about the similarity of words and the kinship of languages; these words are from the Old Russian language, which was a common ancestor for the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Work with dictionaries:

- acquaintance with litters that indicate the origin of the word (ex. 127, Etymological Dictionary);

- acquaintance with litters that indicate which language the given word came from (dictionary of foreign words).

Work with the textbook: finding the answer to the question of what are the words that appeared already in the Russian language itself, and at what time this process began. The students read the theoretical material on page 71 and answer that the actual Russian words began to be formed in Russian from the XIV century, that is, after the division of the Old Russian language into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

Analysis of homework: 132 (divide the words into two groups - the more “older” and the more “young”; use the “Advisor Tips”).

Lesson summary reflection (What language was the great-great-grandfather of Russian? And what languages \u200b\u200bare the brothers of the Russian language? What other Slavic languages \u200b\u200bdo you know? What facts that were discussed today in the lesson became new for you? What were you most interested in? What did you want to know more ? Etc.)

Lesson 2

Borrowed words.

Further study of the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of origin, the study of borrowed words, their characteristics, reasons for borrowing words from other languages;
development of vocabulary skills; development of spelling and spelling skills;
fostering a love of the Russian language and respect for other languages.

Cognitive: information retrieval, information structuring, utterance construction, activity reflection;
Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
Communicative: planning cooperation; ability to express a thought;
Personal: self-determination, meaning-making, moral assessment.

Lesson Type:

Combined.

Equipment:

Multimedia projector.

Organizing time.
Spelling workout (p. 74):
native Russian ... Russian words, loanwords (n, nn), general ... Slavic, r ... Romanian, r ... manian languages.
Updating of supporting knowledge: to explain the meaning of recorded phrases, which topic unites them.
Work with video material: lesson "Borrowed words" of the Information lesson.
a) viewing the material 0-1.15min;

Examples of borrowed words:

b) a heuristic conversation with an exit on the topic of the lesson:

- What is the reason for the appearance of borrowed words in the language?

- Can we determine by the “appearance” of a word whether it is borrowed or not?

- Is borrowing words good or bad?

c) Formulation of the topic of the lesson, motivation. Lesson topic recording, goal setting, work planning.

d) View the video tutorial 1.40-2.53; record of examples; error correction in a video lesson (Dutch).

d) View the video tutorial 2.54-3.37; work with a dictionary of foreign words, oral answers of students; writing words alphabetically; self test.

f) Watching video tutorial 3.45-4.30, writing a sentence with the word chauffeur, error correction in the video tutorial (suspension).

Word history "chauffeur":
Work with the textbook:
a) reading exercise 136, the answer to the question of how the words in each pair differ and what unites them: Students conclude that pairs of native Russian and borrowed words are synonyms.

b) Task: replace the original Russian word-synonym for the word chauffeur. (driver) Give your examples of such pairs of words (verbally).

c) Conversation on:

- Do you think that language makes richer the presence of such pairs of synonyms?

- how do you understand the statement of V. G. Belinsky?

“All nations change words and occupy them from each other”

- why do such exchanges occur, with what are borrowings related?

Watching the video tutorial 4.38-5.50;

distribution of words into thematic groups (orally);

self-examination, discussion of the results (word the museum it is difficult to attribute to any group, the words of household appliances can be attributed to everyday life, and to technology, etc.).

Fizminutka.
Spelling work: Exercise 139, write down the words by inserting the missing letters (explanatory letter with the interpretation of the meanings of unfamiliar words).
Is it possible to see a borrowed word among other words, do the borrowed words have any signs? Familiarization with the rubric “This is interesting” (signs of borrowed words).
Sometimes borrowed words can be recognized by signs. For example, French words have an accent on the last syllable ( meter, Cough, Dispenser, Blinds); English - combinations of j, ing, men ( jeans, rally, bowling, businessman); German - combinations of HT, pcs ( fine plug).
Almost all words starting with a, f, e, are foreign-language ( lampshade, watermelon, agent, ellipse, lantern) Words with combinations ke, ge, he, pu, mu, vu, bu ( skittles, hectare, ditch, muesli), with the connection of two or more vowels in the root ( poe t, nyua ns, dye e), with double consonants in the root ( butkk hordes, andpp etit thennn but), as well as immutable nouns and adjectives ( coat, Colour bordeaux).

Watching the video tutorial 6.53-8.19;

the answer to the question of the benefits or dangers of borrowing, matching pairs of words (with a record), self-examination.

8.20-9.05: Listening to sentences, finding borrowed words, self-test. We pay attention to the pronunciation of borrowed words.

9.10-9.31: replacing borrowed words with Russian synonyms (where possible), compiling and recording sentences; self test.

9.32-9.50: conclusion about the use of borrowed words and the need for their reasonable use, so as not to clutter up their native language.

Summing up the lesson, reflection.

Homework: §18;

Exercise 143 orally: pronounce the borrowed words correctly, remember their normative pronunciation.

Exercise 141 in writing: using the material in the paragraph, prove that all the words listed are foreign in origin. Write down the words and underline their foreign signs. For what words can you indicate the source language?

The Russian language is rich and powerful, and this very “wealth” is constantly growing. And often new words come from other languages. Today we will tell you about the most frequently used words of English origin in Russian. You will find that you already know more than a hundred words in English, without even having to study them on purpose.

Borrowings from Misty Albion penetrated our language much later than French and German words. The beginning of this process was laid in the 16th century. The indicated period was characterized by successful trade between countries. Borrowed words in Russian from English appeared along with new concepts and goods, as well as scientific works.

The next active period of the penetration of English into our language began in the time of Peter. During this period, borrowings that came to us from the British Isles concerned trade, domestic relations, as well as scientific activities.

In imperial Russia, the prestige of the English language was held at a high level due to the significant role of Great Britain on the world stage. The following stages of borrowing relate to the 20th years of the twentieth century. It was a period of formation of an independent Russian state.

Examples of Anglicisms

Borrowed words in Russian that came to us from Britain began to replenish our vocabulary especially after 1925. These are the “stand” and “combine”, “tanker” and “container”, “television” and “trolley”, etc.

Strengthening interaction with Western Europe at the end of the 20th century. led to the fact that during this period numerous borrowed words appeared in Russian from English. Examples are found in all fields of activity. There is nothing surprising in this, because English is the language of the world Internet, the largest radio and television companies, as well as many magazines and newspapers.

Borrowed words in Russian from English, examples from areas:

socio-political - “businessman”, “management”, “dealer”;
computer technology - “laptop”, “hacker”, “monitor”.

Currently, there is a large list of wardrobe items whose names came to us from abroad. So, borrowed words in Russian from English are “grinders” and “body”, “cardigan” and “top”. You can find “foreigners” in the cultural sphere - “promotion”, “remix”, “show business”, etc.

Language features of loan words

Among the phonetic features of loan words, the following can be distinguished:

Unlike the original Russian, never starting with sound but (which would contradict the phonetic laws of the Russian language), borrowed words have an initial a: profile, abbot, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.
The initial e distinguishes mainly from Greek and Latinisms (Russian words never begin with this sound): era, era, ethics, exam, execution, effect, floor.
The letter f also indicates a non-Russian source of sound f and the corresponding graphic sign was used only to indicate it in borrowed words: forum, fact, lantern, film, sofa, scam, aphorism, broadcast, profile etc.
A special phonetic sign of Turkic origin is the harmony of identical vowels: ataman, caravan, pencil, sundress, drum, chest, mosque.
The combination of two or more vowels in a word was unacceptable according to the laws of Russian phonetics, so borrowed words are easily distinguished by this feature: poet, theater, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.

Among the morphological signs of borrowed words, the most characteristic is their immutability. So, some foreign nouns do not change in cases, do not have correlative singular and plural forms: coat, radio, movie, metro, cocoa, beige, mini, maxi, shutters and etc.

English words in Russian: food

Business and Law

outsourcing - outsourcing - transfer of part of non-core operations to a third-party organization specializing in this field
bestseller - bestseller - a good-selling book
business - business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation, business
businessman - businessman - businessman
billing - billing - from bill - account, ticket, account management system
broker - broker, dates back to the old French "wine merchant"
default - default - default, non-compliance with the rules
dealer - dealer - dealer from deal - close deals
distributor - distributor - a wholesale agent reselling ("distributing") goods through its own network of customers
dollar - dollar - monetary unit USA
insider - insider (inside \u003d inside) - a person who has access to confidential information
leasing - leasing (lease \u003d rent, lease)
copywriter - copywriter - an advertising specialist who creates ideas, concepts and texts for all types of advertising.
marketing - marketing (market \u003d market)
manager - manager (manage \u003d manage, manage), from lat. manus - hand
management - management
merchandiser - merchandiser
merchandising - merchandising, merchandise - goods, English borrowed from French, literally: merchandising
naming - development of names for goods, services and organizations (naming \u003d naming)
pR - PR (abbr. public relation) - public relations
price list - pricelist - price list
promotion - promotion - literally: promotion, "promotion"
promoter - promoter - a person engaged in the promotion of something, they also write: promoter, promoter
press release - press-release - presentation of informational announcements by the company about itself to the press
stagflation - stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
startup - startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
office - office
offshore - offshore (off-shore \u003d off-coast, i.e. outside the jurisdiction of the country to which the coast belongs)
penny, pence - penny, pence - british coin
realtor - realtor - from realty - real estate
franchiser - franchiser
franchising - franchising - borrowed English from French. franchise - franchise
holding - holding - one of the types of business structures

Borrowed words in Russian

By the nature and volume of borrowings in the Russian language, you can track the path of the historical development of the language, that is, the path of international travel, communication and scientific development, and, as a result, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Observing the transition of words and phrases from any foreign language into the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language, both literary and dialects.

Borrowing and foreign words

Distinguish between borrowing and foreign words.

Borrowings (words, less often syntactic and phraseological phrases) are adapted in the Russian language, undergo the necessary semantic and phonetic change. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowings from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign language origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.

In the history of the language periods of preferential borrowing were replaced:

from Germanic languages \u200b\u200band Latin (pre-Slavic period);
from Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200b(the period of colonization by the Slavs of Northern and North-Eastern Russia);
from the Greek, and then the Old / Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization, further book influence);
from the Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
from English (- beginning of the XXI century).

Borrowing history

Borrowings in Old Russian

Many foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the distant past are so learned by them that their origin is detected only with the help of an etymological analysis. Such, for example, are some borrowings from the Turkic languages, the so-called Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages \u200b\u200bpenetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus was adjacent to such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Polovtsy, Berendey, Pechenegs and others. Approximately to the VIII-XII centuries, such Old Russian borrowings from Turkic languages \u200b\u200binclude boyar, marquee, hero, pearls, koumiss, gang, cart, horde. It is worth noting that historians of the Russian language often disagree on the origin of certain borrowings. So, in some linguistic dictionaries, the word horse recognized as Turkism, while other experts attribute this word to the native Russian.

A significant trace was left by the Greeks, who came to the Old Russian language mainly through the Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium took an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavic) language begins. The Greeks of the period X-XVII centuries include words from the region religion: anathema, angel, bishop, demon, icon, monk, monastery, lamp, sexton; scientific terms: maths, philosophy, story, grammar; household terms: lime, sugar, bench, notebook, lamp; names plants and animals: buffalo, beans, beet and others. Later borrowings relate mainly to the region. art and science: trochee, comedy, mantle, verse, logics, analogy and others. Many Greek words, which received international status, fell into the Russian language through Western European languages.

By the 17th century, translations from Latin to Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words has begun in the Russian language. Many of these words continue to exist in our language today ( bible, doctor, medicine, lily, the Rose and others).

Borrowings under Peter I

The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I. The transformative activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of certain household items, new concepts in science and technology, in the marine industry, in administration, in art, etc., had a tremendous influence on the language of that time. Russian language such borrowed foreign words as algebra, optics, globe, apoplexy, varnish, compass, cruiser, port, body, army, deserter, cavalry, office, act, rent, rate and many others.

Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly during the Petrine times in connection with the development of navigation. These include ballast, buer, spirit level, shipyard, harbor, drift, maneuver, pilot, sailor, rhea, steering wheel, flag, fleet, navigator and so on.

At the same time, terms from the field of maritime affairs were also borrowed from English: barge, bot, brig, whaleboat, midshipman, schooner, boat and others.

It is known, however, that Peter himself reacted negatively to the dominance of foreign words and demanded from his contemporaries to write “as intelligently as possible”, without abusing non-Russian words. So, for example, in his message to Ambassador Rudakovsky, Peter wrote:

“In your reports you use zealously many Polish and other foreign words and terms for which it is impossible to figure out the case: for the sake of you, from now on, write your own messages to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms”

Borrowings in the XVIII-XIX centuries

A great contribution to the study and streamlining of foreign borrowing was made by M.V. Lomonosov, who in his work “A Reader on the History of Russian Linguistics” set forth his observations on Greek words in Russian in general, and in the field of the formation of scientific terms in particular.

“... Avoiding foreign borrowing, Lomonosov at the same time sought to promote the convergence of Russian science with Western European, using, on the one hand, international scientific terminology, composed mainly of Greek-Latin roots, and on the other hand, forming new Russian terms or rethinking existing words "

Lomonosov believed that the Russian language has lost stability and the language norm due to the "clogging" of a living spoken language by borrowing from a wide variety of languages. This prompted Lomonosov to create a “Preface on the Benefits of Church Books,” in which he manages to lay the foundations of the Russian language appropriate to the time.

Active political and social relations with France in the XVIII-XIX centuries facilitate the penetration of a large number of borrowings from the French language into the Russian language. French becomes the official language of the court aristocratic circles, the language of secular noble salons. Borrowings of this time - names of household items, clothes, food: the Bureau, boudoir, stained glass window, couch; boot, veil, wardrobe, vest, coat, bouillon, the vinaigrette, jelly, marmalade; words from the field of art: actor, entrepreneur, poster, ballet, juggler, producer; terms from the military field: battalion, garrison, pistol, squadron; socio-political terms: bourgeois, declassed, demoralization, the department and others.

Italian and Spanish borrowings are mainly related to the field of art: aria, allegro, bravo, cello, short story, piano, recitative, tenor (Italian) or guitar, mantilla, castanets, serenade (Spanish), as well as with everyday concepts: currency, villa; vermicelli, pasta (Italian).

By the end of the XVIII century. the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, has reached a high degree of development. The Old Book language culture was supplanted by the New European. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, deliberately uses Church Slavisms and Western European borrowings.

Borrowings in the XX-XXI centuries

Leonid Petrovich Krysin in his work “On the Russian Language of Our Days” analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the junction of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the intensification of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers of foreign languages. Thus, first in the professional, and then in other areas, there appeared terms related to computer technology (for example, a computer, display, file, interface, a printer and others); economic and financial terms (e.g. barter, broker, voucher, dealer and others); sports names ( windsurfing, skateboard, arm wrestling, kickboxing); in less specialized areas of human activity ( image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show).

Many of these words have already been fully assimilated in the Russian language.

Word formation through borrowing

In addition to borrowing foreign vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign-language word-building elements to create the actual Russian words. Among these borrowings, there are separate references

prefixes but-, anti-, archi-, pan- and others from the Greek language ( apolitical, antimiry, archiplutes, pan-Slavism); de, counter-, trance-, ultra- from Latin ( degeneration, counterattack, transoblast, far right);
suffixes: -ism, -PC, -isirov (t) er from Western European languages: collectivism, essayist, militarize, boyfriend.

At the same time, these word-formation elements are often used in Russian together with the word-formation model, which is characteristic of foreign words or the elements of this model ((French) conductor, intern and (Russian) a boyfriend with a French suffix). This shows the pattern of introducing foreign language borrowings into the Russian language and their active likening of the borrowed language.

Thus, the formation of foreign-language structural elements as independent morphemes in the Russian language takes place, in other words, the process of morphemeisation takes place. It is clear that this is a long-term, gradual process, involving a number of stages and stages of the acquisition by a foreign-language structural element of morphemic properties in the Russian language.

Quotes

The aphorism of the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky:

Academician A.A. Shakhmatov:

Notes

Literature

Shcherba L.V. Selected works on the Russian language, Aspect Press, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.
Sobolevsky A.I. History of the Russian literary language. Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic culture 2006. ISBN 5-95510-128-4.
Filkova P. D. On the assimilation of Church Slavism by the lexical system of the Russian literary language // Questions of historical lexicology of East Slavic languages. - M., 1974.
Explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. Linguistic changes at the end of the twentieth century, Astrel, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.
Krysin L.P. Russian word, one's own and another's, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.
Brandt R.F. Lectures on the history of the Russian language 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.
Demyanov V.G. Foreign vocabulary in the history of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries. Problems of morphological adaptation Science, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.
Assumption B. A. Historical and Philological Essays, Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic Culture, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.
Lotte D.S. Questions of borrowing and streamlining foreign terms and term elements. - M., 1982.
Vinogradov V.V., Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1938.
Semenova M. Yu. Dictionary of Anglicisms. - Rostov n / a, 2003.

References

Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words, 2007, Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Compiled by L.P. Krysin
The formation of Russian vocabulary. Mastering borrowed words in Russian
Horse and horse. Turkisms in Russian. Interview I. G. Dobrodomova Radio "Freedom"
L. Bozhenko. Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian

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FOREIGN WORDS IN MODERN SPEECH: PROS AND CONS

Dolgorukov Alexander Igorevich

3rd year student, Department of ISE, Perm State Technical University, Russia, Yoshkar-Ola

Email: djinka08@ mail. ru

Bogdanov Anton Igorevich

supervisor, Ph.D. f. Sciences, Art. prep .. PSTU, RF, Yoshkar-Ola

Nowadays, very often one can hear in a conversation of people some foreign words. This fact is especially clearly seen in the communication of youth. At the same time, many probably have the question: is it possible to say the same word, only in Russian? In most cases, this question can be answered in the affirmative. Then it becomes interesting, why use other words, because there are relatives that have long been used in Russian? It turns out that the topic is very relevant for modern society and it is necessary to determine precisely whether such borrowings bring benefit to our language, or if it can be harmful.

The purpose of this work is to study the arguments for and against the words borrowed from other languages \u200b\u200bin our modern speech.

Among the objectives of our study, we distinguish the following: processing various sources of information on this problem, familiarizing ourselves with the history of the occurrence of borrowings in the modern language, and analyzing the findings of the study.

According to many researchers, the lexicon of our language has made a long development path. Our vocabulary consists not only of the old Russian words, but also words that appeared as a result of borrowing from other languages. All nations live among others and in most cases have some kind of connection with them: for example, trade, industrial and economic. As a result, the mutual influence of peoples on each other. Moreover, the influence is stronger, the more stable and longer the connection. Foreign words replenished our language along the entire path of its historical development. But some borrowings were made in ancient times, while others - relatively recently. And what is the current situation, our research will help us.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the contacting peoples have a mutual influence, since they are the main means of contact, the means by which international relations are carried out. The main form of linguistic influence of one nation on another is the borrowing of new words from other nations. Borrowing enriches any language, makes it more stable and usually does not infringe on its independence, since the main vocabulary of the language, the grammatical structure of the language, is preserved, and the internal laws of language development are not infringed.

In the course of their history, Russians have had various ties with other peoples around the world. The result of these connections was a large number of foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages.

In linguistics, a borrowed word is understood to mean a word that came into the Russian language from another source, even if by morphemes this word does not differ at all from the original Russian words.

The process of borrowing new words is a quite adequate phenomenon, and in certain historical periods even inevitable and necessary for the development of the people as a whole. In principle, learning a foreign vocabulary enriches the vocabulary of the current language. You can recall the great role that Greek and Latin languages \u200b\u200bplayed in Europe, the Old Slavonic language in the Slavic world, and Arabic in the Muslim East. The borrowing of words from non-native languages \u200b\u200bwas carried out, is and will continue at all times, regardless of the language of the people. If you count the borrowed words, you can get very interesting results. For example, borrowings from Germans fluctuate around tens of thousands of words, and in the English vocabulary they make up more than half.

Thus, the borrowing of words from a foreign language into the mother tongue is understandable, since the development of a people cannot occur without this borrowing. In addition, in the world, perhaps, there is not a single language in which there would be no borrowings at all. The reasons that contribute to the arrival of foreign words in the current language, we will consider in the following subtitle.

The reasons for borrowing are divided into two groups: extra-lingual and intralingual.

The main reason for external borrowing is the close political, trade, economic, industrial and cultural ties between representatives and native speakers. The most common form of influence attributable to such relationships is the borrowing of a word along with the borrowing of its definition or subject. For example, with the advent in our lives of such inventions as a car, conveyor, radio, cinema, television, laser, and many others, their names, which were not originally originally Russian, also entered the Russian language.

Another reason for this borrowing is to attach meaning to a special kind of objects or concepts that were previously called just one Russian (or borrowed before this new word) word using a foreign language. For example, for the designation that differs from the Russian variety, jam (in the form of a dense homogeneous mass), the English word "jam" was fixed. The need for a narrow meaning of things and definitions leads to the borrowing of most scientific and technical terms, for example, “relevant” - “essential”, “local” - “local”, “transformer” - “converter”, etc.

Another intralinguistic reason for borrowing, inherent in all languages, including Russian, is to replace a descriptive name consisting of several words with a single word. Because of this, the often borrowed word is preferred to the already existing descriptive turn of several words, if both of them serve to define the same concept, for example, “sniper” - instead of a well-aimed arrow, etc.

It so happens that the tendency to replace native descriptive phrases with borrowed words is opposed by another, only on the contrary, the inhibitory effect of the first. And it consists of the following: groups of names appear in the language that have the meaning of correlative concepts, and usually the names that make up these groups are similar in structure: either they all consist of one word (most often occurs), or consist of two words (white bread - brown bread, etc.). If the names forming a group consist of two words, then replacing one of the names with a borrowed word is very rare.

So, with the appearance of the “silent" movie with sound, the German word "film" appeared in our language. But it could not become part of the language due to the fact that there was already a formed group of names consisting of two words: “silent movie” - “sound movie”.

You can name another reason that contributes to the appearance of foreign words. If borrowed words are strengthened in our language that contribute to the appearance of a series, combined by the similarity of meaning and morphological structure, then borrowing a new word, similar to the words inherent in this series, becomes much easier. So, in the XIX century, the words gentleman and policeman were borrowed from the English language. Already at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries an athlete, record holder, and yachtsman were added here. As a result, a series of words appeared that had the meaning of a person and a common element - men. New borrowings began to join this small series, which today are already quite substantial and often used: bartender, businessman, showman, etc.

Among the reasons and conditions for borrowing, a certain role is given to the public assessment of a “foreign” word as more prestigious than a similar native lexical meaning: “presentation” instead of “presentation”, “exclusive” instead of “exclusive”, etc.

Thus, all the reasons for the appearance of borrowed words in the current language are divided into two categories, each of which is explained in the above text. These reasons once again confirm borrowing as a factor in the development of any language as a whole.

But what about the borrowed words (in relation to quantity) in the Russian language?

Foreign words in the vocabulary of the modern literary language can be quite numerous in the vocabulary, but still do not exceed 10% of the entire vocabulary. In the general system of language, only a small part is common vocabulary common to all styles; most of them have stylistically fixed use in speech and therefore are used in a narrow scope (terms, professionalisms, specific book words, etc.) /

There is no doubt that even with borrowing, our vocabulary still remains Indo-European-Slavic-Russian at the root. And this is an indicator of the preservation of the originality of the Russian language.

In fact, it is not so easy to distinguish between concepts. Borrowing can develop in two ways: oral and written (through books). With written borrowing, the word practically does not change; with oral borrowing, it often changes more.

Borrowing can be direct (from one language to another) and indirect (through intermediaries): “painter”, “fair” - from German through Polish.

It is definitely clear that in the general literary language, special foreign vocabulary does not lose its terminological character.

The normal borrowing process is a creative and active act. It involves a high degree of independence, a high degree of language development. The effectiveness and meaning of language contacts are not so much in the number of borrowings, but in those processes of creative excitement, creative activity and power that arise in the language’s own means as a result of these contacts.

Thus, with regard to the permissibility of a particular borrowing, it is necessary to take into account that it is not the borrowed words themselves that are bad, but their misuse, unnecessary use without the need and taking into account the genres and styles of speech to which these words relate.

After analyzing the various opinions of experts, we can summarize our work done.

It is worth emphasizing that I do not see anything critical in the presence in my native language of new words from other languages, they are borrowed as a result of communication between different peoples. In addition, borrowing is an indicator of the normal development of the language and its integration into international society /

In addition to the above, it is necessary to clearly understand and distinguish the meaning of the used foreign words, since in this case they can harm our speech and the language as a whole, being used in erroneous or inaccurate meanings. However, very often new foreign words that have come into the language make it possible to replace whole phrases with one new word, which cannot be evaluated negatively. If the incorrect meaning of words is used, the meaning of their appearance in the language as a whole is lost.

As a result of the study, it is necessary to say that borrowed words play a positive role in modern speech, if you use them in the correct meanings and do not use the "dominance" of your own speech by them. In our information society, the influence of different languages \u200b\u200bon each other is inevitable, therefore, this fact should be positively perceived, but not allow a foreign language to completely replace your native one.

I hope that in the current political situation, the Russian language will not perish under the influence of external factors, and will further develop without violating its identity.

List of references:

Drovnikova L.N. Priority and Alternative // \u200b\u200bRussian Speech. 1998. No. 5.
Morozova L.A. Reflections on new terms // Russian literature. 1993.No 1.