Communion and participle. Communion and participle: definition, spelling, rules

In Russian, speech constructions can be enriched in participial and adverbial turns. This article discusses the features and rules of using each type of turnover, provides examples of their competent use in speech.

Communion and participle in Russian - these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.

Participial, like solitary communion, denotes a sign by action, answers questions Which one? What? What is doing? What did you do? and in the sentence refers to the defined word. The syntactic role is a stand-alone or non-stand-alone definition.
Participatory sentences examples: Sitting by the window the boy put down the book and looked at his mother (the boy (what? what was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the cottage, we put in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the cottage).
Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions What doing What have you done? and in the sentence refers to the verb-predicate. Performs the syntactic role of a separate circumstance.
Examples of using the participle turnover: Doing exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (what?) while doing the exercise). Making dinner, Katya decided to relax a bit (decided to relax (what did you do?) Having prepared dinner).

Note! In the formation of the participle turnover, the main word of the design can be only the participle, and the participle turnover - only the participle.

Separation of participles

In a sentence, isolation (comma-separated) of the participial turnover in a sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

Before the word being defined, the participle turnover is not isolated.
Examples: Dima raised fallen from the hanger a hat. Student redrawn given in the textbook scheme.
After the word being defined, the participial revolution is highlighted with commas on both sides.
Examples: Janitor, sweeping leaves all morningleft for lunch. Picture, art Nouveauhung over the sofa.

Also, the participle turnover is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses a circumstantial meaning.

Examples: Transferred to another groupThey have not yet met. Surviving for a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (called (why? what was he doing?) worried about a friend).

Separation of participles

For participles, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participles are always highlighted with commas, regardless of its position in relation to the verb-predicate.

Sacraments and verbal adjectives

From the same verb can be formed as forms communions so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it’s easy to distinguish between them: from the verb to burn using the suffix - box - the sacrament is formed burning, and with the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If the participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, nenn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Ex participles denote the temporary sign of the subject associated with his participation (active or passive) in action, and adjectives indicate a permanent feature of the subject (for example, ‘resulting from the implementation of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:

She was raised in strict rules. (=She was brought up in strict rules) - participle;

She was raised, educated (=She was educated, educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n - (- nn-), -en - (- enn) - is an verb adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from the verb CB and / or has dependent words, cf .:

mowed meadows (adjective ),

not mowed slanting meadows (communion, because there is a dependent word ),

sloping meadows (communion, because NE ).

3. Since the passive participles of the present tense can only be in the transitive verbs of the NSW, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are derived from the verb CB or the intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb is wet in the meaning ‘let water’ intransitive),

? invincible army (adjective, because the verb to defeat NE).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and participles.

Participles

1. Of options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, laced - spitted the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial language.

2. Prefixes with a suffix -Well- of type fade, get wet, dry keep this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, stuck, drenched, blinded.

Prefixed verbs of this type, as a rule, lose the suffix in the form of participle, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with a suffix ( stuck out) or parallel forms: with suffix and without suffix ( wilted - wilted, withered - withered, withered - withered, comprehended - comprehended, bogged down - withered, wilted - withered and some others).

3. When using return participles with the suffix on one should take into account the possibility of two values \u200b\u200bcoinciding — passive and returnable, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: a combination of “animals that go to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. Of optionstaking - taking, meeting - meeting, buying - buying etc. first (with suffix-in ) is normative for the literary language, the second (with the suffixlice ) has a colloquial nature. Forms onlice stored in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given the word, be strong; They don’t cry through their hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, locked - dead, prostrated - prosters, erased - deleted (the second form in each pair is conversational). But onlywithdrawing (not “getting out”),sweeping (not “swept out”)having gained (not "found"),taking (not “taken”)making a mistake (without "making a mistake")carrying (not "carried"), etc.

In pairs sticking out - popping out (cf. run out sticking out tongue), putting - putting (cf. hand on heart), agape - agape (cf. listen open mouth), holding together - holding together (cf. reluctantly agree), breaking - breaking (cf. rush headlong), lowering - later (cf. work through the sleeves), etc., the second forms are outdated and persist only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed also outdated in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, reversing, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, parting, seeing, hearing etc.

3. Stylistically painted (for a folk old-fashioned speech) are participle forms on -uchi : vigilantly, hotly, strollingly, riding, pitying, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs are used forms playfully (cf. do playfully), sneak (cf. slink), happily (cf. live happily ever after), skillfully (cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial

A large number of errors are allowed in the use of participial turns. We will analyze this with a concrete example. Take the sentence:

The lying book on the table is read.

Its disadvantage is the incorrect word order: a definable nounbookit turned out to be in the middle of the sacrament turnover. According to the rules, the determined noun must be located either before the entire turnover, or after it. Wed: 1)The book lying on the table is read;2) The book lying on the table is read. Another example: "The student who writes the presentation without a single mistake will be highly appreciated ". Is it possible to say so? Will the combinations created on this model be correct: “athlete who manages to run a hundred-meter race in ten seconds », « captive trying to escape ? No, because the participles have only two forms of time - present and past, but they have no future time. Therefore, from verbs of the perfect form(write, manage, try)communion on-shynot formed. In these cases, the participle turnover is replaced by the subordinate definitive sentence:the student who will write; an athlete who manages to run; a captive who will try to escape. Is it possible to say so: "Everyone who wishes to address the meeting will receive the word ? No, because from verbs in the form of conditional mood (with a particlewould)participles are not formed. In these cases, the participle turnover is also replaced by the subordinate definitive sentence:Everyone who wishes ...

« Fruits of the new crop, departing from the south, arrive already in the industrial centers of the country ". Perhaps reading this sentence aloud will make you feel awkward. And really: doesn’t it turn out that the fruits "send themselves" to the north? The fact is that the suffixonin verb forms has not only a return value (cf .:Students goincamping trip)but also the passive meaning when the subject is under the influence of someone (cf .:Responses to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).In order to avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the sacrament ononcommunion onmy(passive participle of the present tense), i.e. instead of the design “Fruits,departing ... "write:Fruits,being sent ...Instead of "Girl,brought upsculptinggrandmother ... "-Girl,brought upgrandmother ...

The use of participle helps eliminate sentence ambiguities. For example:Students had practiceinone of the shops of the plant, which was recently reorganized(Was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The sacrament turnover introduces the necessary clarity: 1)... in one of the shops of the plant, recently reorganized;2) ... in one of the shops of a recently reorganized factory.

The stylistic feature of the participles and participles is that they give the statement a book character.BUT.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:carriage jumping over the bridge; servant throwing a room;we talk:which rides, which sweeps ... "The above argument by Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of the sacraments,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language of expressions and phrases, the better for the skilled writer. The written language is animated every minute by the expressions that are born in the conversation, but should not renounce what they have acquired over the centuries. ”

Participial turnover

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from the story of A.P. Chekhov: " Approaching this station, my hat flew off".

Its meaning is understandable, but the proposal was built unsuccessfully: the rule of using the participle turnover was violated.

The participial revolution usually moves freely within the sentence: it can stand at its beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the class, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students by entering the classroom. As the examples show, the action expressed by the participle (by entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it refers to two active objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - the passenger (he drove up to the station) and the hat (it flew off), and the passenger’s action does not apply to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this proposal if you rearrange the adverbial turnover: “The hat, approaching the station, flew off from the passenger”.

Compare in the student essay: " Living and revolving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed habits and attitudes inherent in this society"(It turned out that in an aristocratic society" habits and views "lived and revolved").

It is possible to use the participle turnover in an impersonal sentence with an indefinite form of the verb, for example: Crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor the traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., a subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by an indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: " Approaching the forest, I felt cold": There is no infinitive in it, which might include the sacrament involved.

The participle turnover, as well as the participle one, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity, conciseness. Compare the two sentences: After I completed my homework, I went for a walk. - Having completed my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to see that the second sentence, more concise in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

The participles and the participles are very expressive, so they are widely used in the language of fiction. For example: Fogs, swirling and wriggling, crawled there along the wrinkles of neighboring rocks (M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran through the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun (V. G. Korolenko).

Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Indicates the sign of an object that proceeds in time, as an action that produces an object, or as an action to which it is exposed by another object ( summoner - summoned).

Communion combines signs of the verb and adjective. Like shape the verb participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

transient and persistent action

control

compatibility with adverb.

how adjective, participle:

indicates a sign of an item

varies by gender, numbers and cases

in declension, has the same case ending system as the adjective

in the sentence acts as definition and predicate.

Communion - non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verb and adverbs. Signs the verb:

control

adverbial

There is no passive voice in the participles. Like adverbs, the participles do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

Most often, the participles are adjacent to verb predicate and are circumstance. In this case, they cannot be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. They may indicate an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the participle is minor predicate and substitution of the conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less often, the participle is adjacent to nominal predicateexpressed in a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May apply to other members of the proposal:

supplement (keeping quiet)

communion definition (asleep leaning on an elbow)

circumstance-gerunion (after drinking without frowning)

The use of the participle is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( after doing homework, the girl went for a walk).

Communion education. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones only from transitive. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles real and passive are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfect verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only a perfect form. Thus, only perfect participles from the past tense can be formed from intransitive verbs of the perfect form, for example: jumping, standing etc.

Present and present participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-) - for real participles and suffixes -em, -im- - for the sacraments of the suffering.

Past and present participles real and passive are formed from the base of an indefinite form (or past tense) through suffixes -your- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -en-, -t- -for communion sufferers.

The stylistic nature of the sacraments.

Communion is the most important means of designating the attributes of objects in the form of an agreed definition. Communion not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its attribute in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of the participles is most clearly manifested when used as definitions : He saw her sore, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and soothing his face (L. T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give particular expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window with a wet stream - it seemed that the sky was burned with a dawn of smokestone (Ahm.).

Communions that have metaphorical meaning usually become language paths: flashy contradictions, unfading glory.

The sphere of wide imaginative use of adjective participles is publicistic style. Here the participles appear in the expressive function, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

The aesthetic assessment of the sacraments is imprinted by the writers' negative attitude towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yushch. The writer either completely abandons the dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others in which there are no "hissing" suffixes.

In common parlance, the participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: “Unbreakable dishes” instead of unbreakable.

Replacing the passive participle with the real one formed from the reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of meaning as a result of changing shades of collateral values: Parcels departing for Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the general return is layered on the passionate sacrament).

As a violation of the literary norm, the formation of verb forms is perceived, but from intransitive verbs: proceed - proceed, proceed - received.

Communion in modern Russian stylistic coloringfall into two diametrically opposite groups:

book forms with suffixes -a, -i, -v: breathing knowing saying

colloquially colloquial with suffixes having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of participles in lice, lice was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays, they are used as a stylistic tool for expressing vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all the participles in-yours-yours are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral participles: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral are those few adverbs of irrevocable verbs that cannot be formed without-shi: grown, leggings, prosters, kindled.

The participles, sharply distinguished by their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of artists of the word, which highly value the common verbs on -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such germs into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

The participles, figuratively depicting the action, often play the role of tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which it is impossible to form participles: ride, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

Tatyana Efremova, Vitaliy Kostomarov

Communion combines signs of the verb and adjective. Like shape the verb participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

transient and persistent action
pledge
time
control
compatibility with adverb.

how adjective, participle:

indicates a sign of an item
varies by gender, numbers and cases
in declension, has the same case ending system as the adjective
in the sentence acts as definition and predicate.

Communion - non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verb and adverbs. Signs the verb:

control
adverbial

There is no passive voice in the participles. Like adverbs, the participles do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

May apply to other members of the proposal:

supplement (keeping quiet)
communion definition (asleep leaning on an elbow)
circumstance-gerunion (after drinking without frowning)

The use of the participle is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( after doing homework, the girl went for a walk).

Communion education.Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones only from transitive. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles real and passive are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfect verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only a perfect form. Thus, only perfect participles from the past tense can be formed from intransitive verbs of the perfect form, for example: jumping, standing etc.

Past and present participles real and passive are formed from the base of an indefinite form (or past tense) through suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -en-, -t- -for communion sufferers.

The stylistic nature of the sacraments.

Communions that have metaphorical meaning usually become language paths: flashy contradictions, unfading glory.

In common parlance, the participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: “Unbreakable dishes” instead of unbreakable.

As a violation of the literary norm, the formation of verb forms is perceived, but from intransitive verbs: proceed - proceed, proceed - received.

Communion in modern Russian stylistic coloringfall into two diametrically opposite groups:

book forms with suffixes -a, -i, -v: breathing knowing saying
colloquially colloquial with suffixes having said, having come.

The participles, figuratively depicting the action, often play the role of tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which it is impossible to form participles: ride, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Communion and participle are nothing but special forms of the verb. This article describes in detail the grammatical and syntactic features, methods of education, the characteristic features of the participles and participles. For better assimilation of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and participle in Russian - These are two special forms of the verb, which differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Sacraments indicate signs of action and answer questions Which one? Which the? What is doing? What did you do? What did you do?The participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What doing What have you done?

Regarding the use and spelling of the participles and gerunds rules with examples are given in the table.

	Communion				Participle
	rules			Examples	rules		Examples
Grammatical signs	The unchanging part of speech, has grammatical signs of an adverb and a verb				Variable part of speech, has signs of an adjective and a verb
	sign of adverb: immutability	signs of the verb: Transient; · Recoverability	having decided to a meeting playing with kids, reading a book having noticedannouncement		adjective signs: · The presence of a complete and short form;	signs of the verb: Transient; · Recoverability	decided to a meeting; playing with children, advise readable book, announcement seen passersby
How is formed	-and I(NSV); -in / -you / -shi (CB)		drawing, mining, lying,having done, answering, breaking		From verbs using suffixes: -usch - / - box - / - asch - / - box - (real participles of HB); - your - / - w- (real participles of PV); - - - - - - (passive participles of HB); -nn - / - enn - / - t-(passive participles of PV).		drawing, mined, lying, made, answering, broken
Syntax Signs	The sentence refers to the verb. The syntactic role is circumstance.		AnsweringHe returned to his place. A girl walked down the street smiling.		The sentence refers to a noun or personal pronoun and is consistent with them by gender, number, and case. A syntactic role is the definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.		Arrived birds eagerly pecked grains(definition). The bread was baked just yesterday (part of the ICU).

Note! The participles in the Russian language vary by gender, numbers and cases. The participles do not change and have no endings.

Features of participial and participial turnovers

Participial and participial revolutions - these are syntactic constructions that differ by their common meaning and function in a sentence:

Participial turnover - this is participle with dependent words. In the sentence, as well as a single adverbial participle, they play the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.
Examples: A man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over an obstacle, the puppy ran to the owner.
Participial - Communion with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it stands before a defined word) or a separate (if it stands after a defined word) definition.
Examples: Come to visit girlfriend brought delicious cakes. Vitya needed to go out to the street, crossing the central square.