Verb participle adverbial adverb. Separation of the participial and participle sentences Theory The participle turnover is a participle with a dependent word or words, i.e. with words to which you can ask a question from the participle

TASK 17: Proposals with participial and participial turnovers.

Task 17 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is devoted to proposals with separate members of the proposal (definitions, circumstances, applications, etc.). The largest number of errors is associated with the placement of signs when using participles (ON) and decriminal (DO) turns. In order to avoid mistakes, you should follow the algorithm.

ALGORITHM.

1. Find all the sacraments and participles.

2. Find the words on which the sacraments and participles depend.

3. Determine the speed limits (using questions).

4. Think about whether there are homogeneous turns in the sentence (that is, those that depend on one word).

What is useful to remember about the PARTICIPANTS.

WHAT? WHAT DOES, DOES, DOES?

2. Communion denote action tag. The child is PLAYING - he is PLAYING; PLAYER - PLAYER; READ a book - it READ, etc.

3. In the sentence, the participle depends on the NUMBER (or other parts of speech as a noun; for example, on the pronoun).

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Actual present participles: ASH, BOX; USCH, YUSCH. THINKING, ADHESIVE, SEARCHING.

Valid past participles: VS, W. Thought, gluing, seeking.

Passive participles of the present tense: THEM; EM / OM. Readable, persecuted.

Passive past participles: UNN, NN, T. CONSTRUCTED, READED, COATED.

What is useful to know about DEVRP.

1. Answer the following questions: WHAT DOING, DOING? AS?

2. The participles denote incremental action. The man walked, looking around; the scientist read the manuscript, carefully studying the author’s notes, etc.

3. In the sentence, the participle depends on the VERB.

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Imperfections of imperfect form: AND I. BUSINESS, WORKING, HEARING, SCREAMING, HOLD.

The perfect participle: V, LICE, SHI. Having done, having seen, gone down, made up your mind, baked, dried, locked.

Such suffixes are rare, but also found: UCHI, UCHI. LOOKING, LEARNING, PLAYING.

What is useful to know about RPM.

1. A turnover is a participle / participle + dependent words.

2. It will be easier to determine the boundaries of the turnover if you ask questions from the main word in the turnover (from the sacrament or participle) to the words around it.

3. The ad-participle revolution (or single ad-participle) in assignments from the USE is highlighted by ALWAYS signs.

4. The participial turnover in the tasks from the USE is marked with signs when it stands AFTER a DEFINED (main) word.

Old STURMAN, MOVING many storms in his long century, was not confused in an unfamiliar situation.

If the sacrament turnover is BEFORE the DEFINED word, then we do not put signs.

NOT CONSTRAINTS in this situation, OSTAP deviated to the right.

Let's look at a few examples from task 17.

1. The young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from the summer sky (4) outlining the space above the horizon.

1. Having taken off, outlining - germs.

2. Taking off HOW? unexpectedly high. Taking off over what? over the plain. Suddenly soaring high above the plain - paralysis. BEFORE always separate, therefore, in place of the numbers 1 and 3 we put commas.

3. Having outlined WHAT? space. What space? over the horizon. Outlining the space above the horizon is also a participial revolution. We put a sign in the number 4.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb DISAPPEARED. Where it stands in relation to revolutions is not important for us. BEFORE they are isolated.

Answer: 134.

2. Having gone through more than a dozen miles (1) and (2) feeling very tired (3) I lay down in the shadow of a thick wind (4) lonely standing on the shore of a steppe pond.

1. Having walked and felt - germs.

2. Having passed WHAT? not one dozen miles. This is a participial turnover.

3. Feeling WHAT? very tired. This is also a participial circulation.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb APPLIANCE. Hence, the revolutions are homogeneous. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 1 and 2, because if homogeneous are connected by union, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In figure 3, the sign is needed, because in the sentence DO should be highlighted with signs.

4. Standing - communion. STANDING HOW? lonely. WHERE TO WHERE? on the shore of the steppe pond. After the number 4 is the software. It depends on the word VETLA (the SADS OF WHAT? Standing ...). Because The software stands after the DEFINED word, put a comma (in the number 4).

3. You can only admire the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1) who created a completely unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed (4) in her muse.

1. The one who created and believed the sacrament.

2. CREATED WHAT? completely unique poetic world. This is the sacrament involved.

3. Believer HOW? holy. Believing WHAT? into his muse. This is also a sacrament.

4. The main word for both software is Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva WHAT? Created ... and believed .... Hence, the revolutions are homogeneous. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 2 and 3, because if homogeneous are connected by union, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the figure 1, the sign is needed, because the software is after the DEFINED word.

4. Around there was only a solemn sea (1) silvered by the moon (2) and (3) star-lit (4) sky.

1. Silver-plated, dotted - communion.

2. Pulverized WHAT? the moon. This is the sacrament involved. It depends on the noun SEA. What sea? silvered by the moon. The participial turnover is after the DEFINED word, and therefore we must highlight it with commas.

3. Dotted WHAT? the stars. This is the sacrament involved. It depends on the noun SKY. What is the sky? dotted with stars. The participle turnover is before the DEFINED word, and therefore we DO NOT mark it with commas.

4. Note that the union I. stands between the revolutions. Many will decide that it connects exactly two revolutions, and therefore they are homogeneous. But this is not so. These turns cannot be homogeneous, because they depend on different words. Union And connects the words SEA and SKY. That is why we consider these revolutions separately from each other. In the first case, we highlight the turnover with signs, and in the second case, we do not highlight the turnover with signs.

Quest 1 # 4286

Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate (1) Fenya (2) so frightened about two hours ago (3) and still from excitement (4) who did not dare to go to bed (5) was now scared again almost to tantrum.

Hearing - the participle. Hearing such a frantic knock at the gate is an ad-hoc turn. BEFORE are always isolated, therefore, a comma should be in place of the number 1.

Frightened is the sacrament. So scared two hours ago - the sacrament of turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The designated word is “Fenya.” The software is after it, which means that a comma should be in place of the number 2.

Unsolved - communion. Still from excitement, who did not dare to go to bed - participial circulation. It also refers to the designated word “Fenya” and stands after it. The software in this case is isolated, so a comma should be in place of the number 5.

Between the two softwares there is a union “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a creative connection, therefore, no comma is put in place of the number 3.

Answer: 125

Quest 2 # 4287

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Driving along a large Oryol road (1) young officials and other unemployed people can still notice a huge wooden house (2) completely abandoned (3) with a sunken roof and (4) tightly clogged (5) windows (6) pulled out to the very the road.

It is necessary to find all participles (participles), participles (participles) and identifiable words (those on which turns depend). For communion (PO), this is usually a noun. For participles (DO) - a verb.

Passers-by - the sacrament. Driving on a large Oryol road - participle turnover. The software is isolated when it stands after the defined word (s). Defined words are officials and people. The software is in front of them, so the comma is not put in place of the number 1.

Abandoned - Communion. Completely abandoned - participle turnover. The defined word is “home”. Software stands after the defined word, therefore it is isolated. Commas must be put in place of the numbers 2 and 3.

The sacrament is sacrament. Clogged up - sacramenty. The designated word is “windows”. It takes a position after the software, therefore it is not isolated, commas in place of the digits 4 and 5 are not needed.

Nominated is the sacrament. Pushed to the very road - software. The defined word is “home”, it stands in front of the software, so a comma should be in place of the number 6.

Answer: 236

Quest 3 # 4288

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Having completely gone broke (1) he went to Petersburg (2) to look for a place (3) and died in the hotel room (4) without waiting for any decision.

It is necessary to find all the participles (participles), participles (participles) and identifiable words (those on which turns depend). For communion (PO), this is usually a noun. For participles (DO) - a verb.

Having gone broke - germs. Completely ruined - participle turnover. DO is always isolated, so a comma should be in place of the number 1.

Without waiting, the participle. Without waiting for any decision - the participle turnover. The number 4 should be replaced by a comma.

Answer: 14

Quest 4 # 4289

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

If even one had made his notes all over the book (1) without missing a single sheet of it (2) and would have begun to read it (3) holding a pen (4) in his hands and putting a sheet of postal paper in front of him (5) and after reading a few pages, I would remember my whole life and all the incidents (6) that happened before his eyes.

Without missing - participle. Without missing a single sheet of it - the participle turnover. DO is always isolated. The numbers 1 and 2 must be followed by commas.

Having taken (having taken) - the participle. Holding up a pen - the sacramental participle. DO is always isolated. In place of the number 3 should be a comma.

Having put (putting) - the participle. Having laid a sheet of postal paper in front of him - BEFORE, he is always isolated. The number 5 should be replaced by a comma.

Between the two DOs there is a union “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a creative connection, therefore a comma is not put in place of the number 4.

What happened is communion. What happened before his eyes is the sacrament of turnover. The designated word is “incidents”. It stands before the software, in which case the software is isolated. In place of the number 6, a comma should stand.

Answer: 12356

Quest 5 # 4290

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Thus, having dressed (1), he rolled in his own carriage along infinitely wide streets (2) illuminated by scanty lighting from (3) windows that flickered in some places.

Dressing up is the sacrament. Thus, dressing is a participial turn. DO is always isolated. The number 1 should be replaced by a comma.

Illuminated is the sacrament. Illuminated by the lean lighting from flickering windows in some places - the sacrament of turnover. The defined word is “streets”. Software stands after the defined word, therefore it is isolated. In place of the number 2 should be a comma.

Flickering - Communion. In some places flashed - participial turnover. The designated word is “windows”. Software stands in front of him, therefore, does not stand apart. In place of numbers 3 and 4, commas are not needed.

Answer: 12

Quest 6 # 4291

Place all the punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Nekhlyudov dressed in a cleaned and (1) dress cooked in a chair (2) and went out into the dining room with a huge oak sideboard and an equally large sliding table (3) that had something solemn in its (4) widely spaced lion paws (5 ) carved legs.

Cooked is the sacrament. Prepared in a chair - sacramenty. The software is isolated if it stands after the defined word. The designated word is “dress”. The software stands in front of him. In place of the numbers 1 and 2, commas are not needed.

Those who have - communion. Having something solemn in their carved legs, widely spread in the form of lion paws, is a sacrament. The defined word is “table”. The software stands after the word being defined, therefore, it is isolated. In place of the number 3 should be a comma.

Separated - communion. Widely spaced in the form of lion paws - participial circulation. The defined word is “legs”. The software is before the defined word, therefore it is not isolated. In place of numbers 4 and 5, commas are not needed.

Graduates are a sacrament. Graduates of important homework - Communion. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is "all." The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of the numbers 1 and 2.

Those who talk are communion. Having talked with your doctor about the weather and about a small pimple - participial circulation. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is “everything.” The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of numbers 2 and 4.

Jumped up - communion. Jumping up on the nose - participial turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The designated word is “pimple”. The software stands after it, which means that commas should be in place of numbers 4 and 5.

Showing is a communion. Showing great talents - participle turnover. Software isolates when they stand after the defined word. The defined word is “everything.” The software stands after it, which means that a comma should be in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12456

In Russian, speech constructions can be enriched in participial and adverbial turns. This article discusses the features and rules of using each type of turnover, provides examples of their competent use in speech.

Communion and participle in Russian - these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.

Participial, like solitary communion, denotes a sign by action, answers questions Which one? What? What is doing? What did you do? and in the sentence refers to the defined word. The syntactic role is a stand-alone or non-stand-alone definition.
Participatory sentences examples: Sitting by the window the boy put down the book and looked at his mother (the boy (what? what was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the cottage, we put in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the cottage).
Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions What doing What have you done? and in the sentence refers to the verb-predicate. Performs the syntactic role of a separate circumstance.
Examples of using the participle turnover: Doing exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (what?) while doing the exercise). Making dinner, Katya decided to relax a bit (decided to relax (what did you do?) Having prepared dinner).

Note! In the formation of the participle turnover, the main word of the design can be only the participle, and the participle turnover - only the participle.

Separation of participles

In a sentence, isolation (comma-separated) of the participial turnover in a sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

Before the word being defined, the participle turnover is not isolated.
Examples: Dima raised fallen from the hanger a hat. Student redrawn given in the textbook scheme.
After the word being defined, the participial revolution is highlighted with commas on both sides.
Examples: Janitor, sweeping leaves all morningleft for lunch. Picture, art Nouveauhung over the sofa.

Also, the participle turnover is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses a circumstantial meaning.

Examples: Transferred to another groupThey have not yet met. Surviving for a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (called (why? what was he doing?) worried about a friend).

Separation of participles

For participles, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participles are always highlighted with commas, regardless of its position in relation to the verb-predicate.

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Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma was making tea for us asking about what happened.

The participle turnover is not separated by commas:

If included in a phraseological expression L (people listened to the guest hanging ears) ;
If the participle has passed into an adverb and it can be replaced by a synonymous adverb (They walked slowly (slowly)).
If the participle turnover includes the dependent word which the or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).

Communion is a participle with dependent words. Communion is a part of speech that combines the attributes of a verb and an adjective. It can be found at sketchy to the hint words: do-do (for actual participles), do-do (for passive).

If the participle is before the main word, it is not highlighted with commas in the text, if after it is highlighted:

Pending Baggage passengers crowded at the conveyor.

Passengers awaiting baggagecrowded at the conveyor.

Both the participle and the participial turnover in the whole sentence always fulfill the role of definition.

Communion answers the questions of what doing? or what by doing? Both solitary participle and the participle turnover are separated by commas on the letter, are circumstances.

Exceptions are cases when the participle goes into the category of adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered just like an adverb.

In Russian syntax participial is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.

Wolves avoid roads paved by man.

Sacrament standing after of the word being defined, always isolates itself.

But there are cases when this turnover is highlighted even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:

Through the sky driven by the windfled ragged, gloomy the clouds.

If the participle turnover is of circumstantial importance causes or concessions, even if it is before a definable noun, it is highlighted with commas, for example:

Scared crackling firecrackers, the puppy huddled under the bench.

Tired of exam excitement, the boy quickly fell asleep.

Participial turnover constitutes the very participle surrounded by dependent words.

Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.

This turnover is always highlighted in the sentence, except for some special cases, for example, if the participle turnover is a homogeneous circumstance along with the adverb and there is a union between them and:

He said lazily and slightly stretching the words.

In order to deal with turns, you need to remember what the sacrament and participle are.

Communion denotes a sign of an object, and participle is a sign of a verb.

Communion answers the question: which one? which one?, and the participle: what doing what doing?

Communion is a participle with dependent words.

Accordingly, the participle with dependent words is called the participle turnover.

The participial turnover in the sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.

Communion Examples: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.

Participle example: Girl, sitting by the firelooked attractive ;.

Sitting at the fire, this is the sacrament involved.

Since it is in the middle of a sentence, it should be distinguished by commas on both sides.

If the participle turnover is at the beginning of a sentence, then it is not necessary to highlight it with a comma.

If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.

For example: Girl wearing a red coat looked stunningly quot..

Looked stunning girl wearing a red coatquot ;.

Examples of participles: recognizing, reading, unlocking, reading.

The participle turnover is always highlighted with a comma.

Yes, from the point of view of parsing sentences, the participle always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which / which / which / which? is a sign).

For example:

child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (which?) accelerating

Whereas the adverbial sentence will act in the sentence in the syntactic role of the circumstances and answer the question how? Quot ;:

the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) accelerating \u003d circumstance of the mode of action
quietly playing in the garden, the child was ignored by adults

The participle turnover is a participle with dependent words and the participle turnover is an participle with dependent words!

Communion: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.

He listened to music coming from the receiver.

Parties involved: I looked at the rising sun without taking my eyes off.

The goose, having seen the children, flew away.

Communion is nothing more than participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, since it defines a noun. It is distinguished by commas if it stands after a definable noun.

The participle turnover is the participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.

The participle in Russian is called participle with a dependent word.

The participle turnover is highlighted with commas if it is in the sentence after the noun, the sign of which indicates. If it stands before a noun, then it does not stand out with commas.

The grandfather who came to us was very sick.

Grandfather who came to us went to rest.

We call adverbial participle a sign of a verb, and adverbial participle - adverbial participle in a compartment with a word dependent on it. In sentences, adverbial turnover is always highlighted with commas, no matter where it is.

Having described a circle, a paper airplane collapsed behind a log of wood.

Mother walked in the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..

The participle in the participle with the dependent words answers the questions: how? when? why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Curling over flowering willows, collecting golden pollen, bees flying out of the hive. In this sentence, the participial turnover is highlighted with commas. And the participle is communion with dependent words, that is, the verb + adjective. Communion answers the questions: what? which one? which one? what kind? what doing what did For example: flying, distraught.

Communion is a participle in conjunction with dependent words. Communion is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun before or after it. The participial circulation is highlighted with commas only if it stands after the definable noun, if it is before, then it is not highlighted with commas.

For example:

On the shore there was a boy waiting for the ship.

The participle turnover is the participle together with the dependent words. The participle in the sentence acts as a circumstance. Commas are always highlighted.

For example:

Masha went home, singing a song.

To remember the rules and practice in defining one from the other, there are many tests for both home use and online. I bring to your attention a few:

russian language test by Zakharyina

There may be esh questions

And on this portal you can read more about syntactic traps, in which cases adverbial turnover cannot be used completely and why.

Communion is a hybrid verb-adjective form, which in tradition is considered as a special verb form. The participles combine the attributes of the verb and the adjective, expressing the meaning of the procedural attribute of the subject. Verbal signs of participles: 1) the character of the verb control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2) the form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3) the sacrament has two collateral forms (in accordance with the two-collateral concept) - a valid and passive voice (for example: one who permits - a valid voice, permitted - a passive voice);
4) the sacrament has two temporary forms - the present (loving, beloved) and the past (loving) time.

All verbal signs in participles are constant, variable signs are signs of the adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (in passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence is a predicate or definition. The present participles are formed from the verb stem of the present tense with the suffixes -usch - / - yusch, -asch / -yasch - real participles, suffixes -em-, -om-, -im- - participles. Past participles are formed from the stem with the infinitive stem. At the same time, the suffixes -ws- are used to form real participles if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-hear-heard) or -ш- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: bring-ti-bring-shih). When past tense passions are formed, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for / and / (for example: hang-up - hanged out), -en if the stem ends in a consonant or / and /, moreover, in the latter case, / and / falls out (for example: shoot-up - shot-down, brought-ty - brought-up), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with the bases on u-, s-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: stitch - stitched, rinse - rinsed, stabbed - stabbed, rotated - rotated). The initial form of the participle, as well as the adjective, is the nominative singular of the masculine gender.

A common feature of the use of the participles is that they make up the affiliation of book speech. This is due to the history of the sacraments.

The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, in the presence of present participles: current, burning, which corresponds to fluid, hot adjectives, which are Old Russian participles by origin, and there is also a number of participles in front of a solid consonant under stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is ё (о): come, but come, fig. finest, but invented, flourished, but flourished. The connection of participles with the Old Slavonic language in the XVIII century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his "Russian grammar" on several categories of participles explains that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. So, he writes: “The real pledge of the time of the present sacrament ending in the present is made from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but they are not quite decent from ordinary Russians, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, champing. ”

The same thing is noted by him regarding the present passive participles “From Russian verbs, not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, marauded, very wild and unbearable to hearing”, and regarding past participles of the actual voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, ducked, ducked out, very nasty. ” At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the great relevance of the sacraments for high speech styles, indicating that they “rely more decently in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm or in vernacular.”

At present, more than two centuries after Lomonosov, restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs foreign to the Old Slavonic language have not been preserved. And the examples demonstrated by Lomonosov of unacceptable participles do not create the impression of insulting the linguistic instinct that he speaks with such categoricalness, and is quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including from neoplasms (vernalizing, vernalizing, vernizing). Passive participles of the present tense are the least common, but even in some types of verbs they are productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, guided, sought).

But at present, firstly, the participles are the property of the literary language (they are practically absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never occur in colloquial speech.

Apart from this are the short past participles of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and are used in dialects. On the contrary, for different styles of book language, full participles are one of the necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the compression of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses.

Similarly to participles, participles are traditionally considered as a special verb form that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a process attribute of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving the verb control, verb form, pledge properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or the participle and appearing in the sentence as a function of circumstances.

It is from two categories of participles - brief actual and past tenses - that the Russian participles developed and took shape. The point here is that the short participles in the Old Russian language could be used initially both as a nominal part of the predicate and as definitions. However, it is not difficult to understand that the participles were more closely related to the verb, and therefore their use as definitions was lost. There are conditions for the withering away of forms of indirect cases. Thus, in the Russian language there was only one form of the former short participles - the old one. pad. units h. m. and cf. kind in the present tense on ["a] (s), in the past - on [b], [b] (or after the fall of the reduced ones - a form equal to the net basis, or a form on [b], of the type after reading).

This participial form lost all those attributes that brought it closer to the adjective, and first of all lost the ability to reconcile with the subject in number and kind. It is precisely the fact that in the monuments of the Old Russian language facts of violation of the coordination of the participles with the subject begin to appear (for example, in the afterword to the Suzdal annals of 1377 you read corrective instead of corrective, i.e., a unit instead of an ancient plural), it is this and indicates the transformation of the former sacrament into gerimony - an unchanging verb form that takes on the role of a secondary predicate.

The species properties of adverbial participations get a morphological expression in the participle suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the base of the present using the suffix -a, -th, for example: ringing - link "-th, thinking - thought" -th. The perfect participle is formed from the infinitive base of the perfect type verbs using the suffixes -in, -lice, -shi, for example: send-send-in, bring-bring-shi, smile - smile-lice-sm. In modern Russian, the process of differentiation of adverbial suffixes depending on the verb form is not yet completed, therefore forms of adverbial forms of perfect form are possible, formed according to the model of adrenal participles of an imperfect type, i.e. from the foundation of the future simple time with the suffix -i (leave - leaving, bring - bringing, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:

1. In the rear-language (oven - bake, impossible: * baking);
2. Of the consonants alone (gn-ut, it is impossible: * rot);
3. Present on hissing, alternating at the base of the infinitive with whistling (write-ut - write, impossible: * write);
4. With the basis of the infinitive on - well - in verbs of the unproductive class (perish, impossible: * perish);

Like the sacrament, the participle is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech. The participle, denoting an additional action characterizing another action, is primarily used in order to move one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this regard, a verb with the related participle is opposed to two verbs. So: Standing at the window, reading a letter indicates that the main one was standing, while reading details this state by indicating the occupation that accompanies it, while Standing at the window and reading the letter represents both verbs with equal rights and independence. The use of the participle makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing by the window, reading a letter, where it reads in the foreground, and standing by an addendum indicating the reading position. Such an opportunity to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other, is a convenient means for expressing the various relationships between several actions and states. Compare: He talked and laughed - He talked, laughed - Talking, he laughed; Crossed and fired - Crossed, fired - Crossed, fired. In many cases, the participles cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire circumstantial significance, for example: Grandmother gloomily leaned against the lintel and sighs, dropping her eyes to the floor (\u003d eyes down); He [grandfather] stands with his head up (\u003d with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, pitying my garden, a hut (\u003d from pity).

The relationships expressed by the participles are very diverse. When using the participles, one should not lose sight of which person belongs to the actions indicated by the participles and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is a condition of the use of the participles that is generally accepted in the Russian language that the actions indicated by the participles are performed by the same person who owns the action indicated by the verb-predicate. This finds a place in personal sentences in which the participle and verb denote the action of the subject: Talking about it I want to remind.Such revolutions are found in works of art and in scientific speech.

The participle can be subordinate to the infinitive, provided that the actions indicated by the participle and the infinitive belong to one person.

Errors in the use of participles is their use depending on the verb when the participle and the verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Entered the room mother stood by the window. Here come inis the speaker’s action (\u003d when I entered the room) and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such revolutions, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action indicated by the participle to the person who acts as the subject of the proposal: for example, if we phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch replaced with a construction with the participle: returning home grandmother fed me lunch, then it would seem that my grandmother returned home.

Errors of this kind are quite often found in student works, for example: Somehow, while sitting at home in the evening, a stranger came to us; After working for three months, his father was transferred to Penza; Having studied at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors closed tightly, afraid that sounds from the street would not reach the lady's ears.

Finally, there are cases where the participle following the verb indicates the subsequent action; however, two groups of examples can be outlined:

a) participle means a consequence of the action expressed by the verb: The harpsichord rang slowlyfilling the air with a sad tremulous bliss (= rang and filled); This little, thin little chick dragged him of his last strength,torn between him and Kolesnikov ... (= dragged him and, as a result, was torn between them). We literally stitched my leg through,leaving a sieve of bloody mess (= asked and left).
b) participle means an action not necessarily arising from the action of a verb, but usually quickly following it: and now she rustledlovingly lusting calves resigned living grass (= rustled and overwhelmed); He threw a cigarette to the ground,trampled her with two blows (= threw and then trampled) Such shades of time in the participle have been developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this happens under the influence of the word order, since perfect verbs denote actions that occur at the same time, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are located ( He took out a book, read it, handed it to his neighbor).

A number of participles are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: imploring - appealing; threatening - menacingly; exciting - exciting.

Such adverbs as exciting, dazzling, in combination with adjectives express a qualitative characteristic and indicate a high degree of quality: Tchaikovsky's melodies are exciting; Fountains flooded with lights are dazzlingly bright and multicolored.

The difference between the incremental action and the circumstance is also observed in cases where the participle goes into an adverb, and as a result, along with the participle, there is an adverb formed from the participle. This includes several different categories. Firstly, some cases when the participle used without explanatory words goes into the adverb: The artist painted while standing, standing here does not indicate the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb, he painted, indicating in which position the painting took place; on the contrary, in the phrase: The artist painted, standing behind the easel: standing means the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the boy writes while sitting at the desk. Secondly, this includes a number of idiomatic expressions: idly, sticking out his tongue, after the sleeves, a little later, outlining his head, breaking his head . Don't sit back it means only: “Do not sit idle”, nothing is said here about the position of the hands, but do not sit with your hands clasped already indicates that the hands are indeed folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Same: run out sticking out tongue (swiftly) and run out sticking out tongue (with protruding tongue); work after sleeves (carelessly) and work, lowering the sleeves (with lowered sleeves). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial connotation. Thirdly, along with the participles there are adverbs in -uchi, -uchi: effortlessly, happily, skillfully, sneak: he effortlessly carried heavy bales (easy, effortless); lives happily ever after (without worries) and dancedchanting in an undertone some motive . Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore. From such dialects at uchi should be distinguished single adverbial participles: general literary being and conversational walking, traveling.

Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of germs have two morphological formations with the same meaning.

So, firstly, the perfect participle with the basis of the vowel sound can have the suffix -v and -lice. They are shorter and more harmonious. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant basis have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up. Secondly, along with forms having suffixes -b, - lice, a number of perfect verbs have adverbial sentences with the suffix -a, -i.

Objectives:

generalization and systematization of students' knowledge on the topics "Communion" and "Participation";
consolidation of the practical ability to find participles and participles in the text of participles and participles;
consolidation of the ability to compose a monological statement on a linguistic topic;
development of logical thinking, skills of independent work with text;
nurturing a sense of mutual assistance, developing interest in reading through analytical work with the text of the novel by N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”.

Lesson Type:combined lesson of the use of ZUN.

Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.

Equipment:

Table “N.V. Gogol. “Taras Bulba”.
Card-informant (4 options).
Cards for individual work.
Table “Distinctive signs of the sacrament and participle” (filled in during the lesson).
Individual counters for counting points earned.

Epigraphs:

They [the sacraments] serve as the abbreviation of the human word, enclosing the name and the verb power.

M.V. Lomonosov

[The participle revolutions] are an affiliation in the main book speech. Their undoubted advantage ... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness.

D.E. Rosenthal

During the classes

I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Guys! We completed the study with the topics “Communion” and “Holy Communion”. Today in the lesson we summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling the table “Distinctive signs of the sacrament and participle”. What is such a table for? Firstly, as has already been said, in order to systematize your knowledge, because the knowledge brought into the system remains in memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, it is possible that some of you have to take an oral exam in the Russian language at the final certification at the end of grade 9. In this case, the table compiled by us will help to quickly recall all the information about the sacrament and gereparticipation. Thirdly, and most importantly, you will be able to compile similar comparative tables on other topics.

At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and participial sentences from the novel by N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”, which you will use to compile the table. Each of you also has an informant card, from where you can take examples to illustrate this or that position of the table.

During the lesson, you will independently calculate the points earned. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team is determined, the one of you who will bring the winning team the most points will receive an additional assessment.

II. Epigraph.

Epigraphs are selected for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are talking about.

(The teacher reads the epigraphs, the guys add the missing words: sacrament, participle turnover.)

III. Table compilation.

What grammatical signs do the participles and germs have? On what grounds will we compare them?

(Students call a grammatical sign, then tell how it manifests itself in the sacrament and participle. The teacher at this time fills the table on the board. It is better to prepare cards in advance and attach them to the board using magnets.

For each position of the table, children give examples from homework or from an information card).

Distinctive signs of the sacrament and participle
Grammatical signs	Participle	Communion
1. What question is answered?	Which one? Which one? Which one? Thinking, woven, telling	What doing What have you done? Playing, admiring
2. What does it mean?	Feature of the item in action: the person who thinks is the thinking person	Incremental action: looked admiring
3. What word does the sentence refer to?	To the noun: falling leaves; sons who studied in bursa	To the verb: let's go, constantly looking back
4. How is it changing?	By cases, numbers and genera: looking - looking; He who looked, those who looked; looking, looking, looking, etc.	Does not change
5. What signs does the verb have?	Type, time, recurrence: looking - looking; laughing	Type, return: looking, looking, laughing
6. How is it formed (suffixes)?	ash-box (looking); entanglement (melting); vsh, w (builder, carried) om-em (slave, visible, readable); enn, nn, t (seen, read, compressed)	and I (looking, hearing) in, lice, shi (having supper, having stopped, lay down)
7. Which member of the sentence is (syntactic role)?	By definition: And they brought to the shaft twisted ropes Cossacks.	Circumstance: Partridges roamed under their thin roots, stretching out their necks.
8. How are punctuation marks distinguished in letters?	The participial revolution is highlighted with commas, if it is after the defined word: She clung to the head of her dear sons, lying nearby.	Single adverbial participle and adverbial revolution are always distinguished by commas: Sobbing, she looked into their eyes.

VI. A coherent story on a linguistic topic.

One representative from each team pulls a ticket and answers the questions: “What do I know about the sacrament?” Or “What do I know about the sacrament?”

During the response, the class listens attentively and reviews the response.

V. Individual work on cards or graphic dictation.

(at the discretion of the teacher)

Summarizing the lesson.

The result is summarized by individual counters:

26-28 points - “5”;

22-25 points - “4”;

17-21 points - “3”.

The student from the winning team who scores the most points receives an additional “5” mark.